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98-551: Snaresbrook Crown Court is a historic, Grade II listed building situated in Snaresbrook , an area within the London Borough of Redbridge . It is one of 12 Crown Court centres serving Greater London and is designated as a third-tier court. It is set within 18 acres of grounds and has its own lake, known as Eagle Pond. It operates 20 court rooms and manages 7,000 cases a year, making it the busiest Crown Court centre in

196-646: A heritage asset legally protected) is called 'designation'. Several different terms are used because the processes use separate legislation: buildings are 'listed'; ancient monuments are 'scheduled', wrecks are 'protected', and battlefields, gardens and parks are 'registered'. A heritage asset is a part of the historic environment that is valued because of its historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have extra legal protection through designation. Buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest can still be regarded as

294-905: A listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England , Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland , Cadw in Wales , and the Historic Environment Division of the Department for Communities in Northern Ireland . The classification schemes differ between England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland (see sections below). The term has also been used in

392-436: A material consideration in the planning process. As a very rough guide, listed buildings are structures considered of special architectural and historical importance. Ancient monuments are of 'national importance' containing evidential values, and can on many occasions also relate to below ground or unoccupied sites and buildings. Almost anything can be listed. Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in

490-713: A secondary modern , which was funded by the Local Education Authority. By the late 1960s the school experienced a decline in pupil admissions and fell into financial difficulties. It closed in 1971 and the Royal National Children's Foundation became established. On Christmas Day 1971 the building came into the ownership of the Department of the Environment . A report carried out by the royal commission on assizes and court of quarter sessions , chaired by Lord Beeching , identified

588-494: A Celebration , edited by Simon Bradley and Bridget Cherry, fifty years after BE1 was published: it includes twelve essays and a selection of text from the series. In 2012, Susie Harries, one of Pevsner's biographers, wrote The Buildings of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales: A Sixtieth Anniversary Catalogue of the Pevsner Architectural Guides , which was published in a limited edition of 1,000 copies by

686-661: A building. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities before any alteration to a listed structure. There are about 8,500 listed buildings in Northern Ireland, divided into four grades, defined as follows: In Scotland, listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947, and the current legislative basis for listing is the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 . As with other matters regarding planning, conservation

784-463: A commitment to sharing the understanding of the historic environment and more openness in the process of designation. In 2008, a draft Heritage Protection Bill was subject to pre-legislative scrutiny before its passage through UK Parliament. The legislation was abandoned despite strong cross-party support, to make room in the parliamentary legislative programme for measures to deal with the credit crunch, though it may be revived in future. The proposal

882-485: A court, the building has had various extensions added externally and has received many alterations to its interior. In 1988 an outer annex, not connected to the original building, was built to accommodate further court rooms, to a cost of £3 million. The court is located on Hollybush Hill, and is opposite the junction to High Street, Wanstead . The nearest tube station is Snaresbrook on the Central line . The building

980-544: A fire destroyed three courtrooms and damaged two others. Further renovations were made, and by 1988, five more court rooms, including a separate annex, built to a cost of £3 million, had been added, bringing the total of fully functioning court rooms to 20. The court manages around 7,000 cases a year, making it the busiest Crown Court centre in the United Kingdom. The building received Grade II listed status on 11 November 1968. There are two associated buildings to

1078-494: A governor at the school, arranged for the evacuation of the school's children to neighbouring boroughs, and the building was occupied by British troops, as well as holding Italian prisoners of war. During the conflict, the building's south west corner sustained some bomb damage; it was rebuilt in 1948. The school received grammar school status in the years after the establishment of the Education Act in 1944 and then became

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1176-404: A group that is—for example, all the buildings in a square. This is called 'group value'. Sometimes large areas comprising many buildings may not justify listing but receive the looser protection of designation as a conservation area . The specific criteria include: The state of repair of a building is not generally deemed to be a relevant consideration for listing. Additionally: Although

1274-451: A list of locally listed buildings as separate to the statutory list (and in addition to it). There is no statutory protection of a building or object on the local list but many receive a degree of protection from loss through being in a Conservation Area or through planning policy. Councils hope that owners will recognise the merits of their properties and keep them unaltered if at all possible. Listing began later in Northern Ireland than in

1372-403: A listed building is a criminal offence and owners can be prosecuted. A planning authority can also insist that all work undertaken without consent be reversed at the owner's expense. See also Category:Grade II* listed buildings for examples of such buildings across England and Wales. See also Category:Grade II listed buildings for examples of such buildings across England and Wales. It

1470-558: A listed building which involves any element of demolition. Exemption from secular listed building control is provided for some buildings in current use for worship, but only in cases where the relevant religious organisation operates its own equivalent permissions procedure. Owners of listed buildings are, in some circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained,

1568-687: A listed structure. Applications for consent are made on a form obtained from Historic Environment Scotland. After consulting the local planning authority, the owner, where possible, and an independent third party, Historic Environment Scotland makes a recommendation on behalf of the Scottish Ministers. The scheme for classifying buildings is: There are about 47,400 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, around 8 percent (some 3,800) are Category A, 50 percent are Category B, and 42 percent are listed at Category C. Although

1666-525: A new format with integrated colour illustrations. In most cases the City Guides have preceded a revision of the volume on the county in which they are located, although they go into greater detail than the county volumes and have more illustrations. The Bristol guide, for example, superseded part of North Somerset and Bristol , which at that point was fifty years old, and provided material for Somerset: North and Bristol , published three years later. Two of

1764-558: A non-statutory basis. Although a limited number of 'ancient monuments' were given protection under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 , there was reluctance to restrict the owners of occupied buildings in their actions related to their property. The extensive damage to buildings caused by German bombing during World War II prompted efforts to list and protect buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. Three hundred members of

1862-532: A process of reform, including a review of the criteria used for listing buildings. A Review of Heritage Policy in 2006 was criticised, and the Government began a process of consultation on changes to Planning Policy Guidance 15 , relating to the principles of selection for listing buildings in England. The government's White Paper "Heritage Protection for the 21st Century", published on 8 March 2007, offered

1960-519: A provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 covering England and Wales, and the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947 covering Scotland. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1972. The listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. The process of protecting the built historic environment (i.e. getting

2058-453: A sequential BE reference number, with Cornwall being BE 1. The last volume to be so numbered was Gloucestershire 2: The Vale and the Forest of Dean ( BE 41). Thereafter ISBNs identify each volume. Beginning in 1983, a larger format was introduced, and all subsequent new editions have been issued in this format (while, pending revisions, pre-1983 volumes continued to be reprinted in

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2156-557: A single document, the National Planning Policy Framework . A consultation draft of this was published on 25 July 2011 and the final version on 27 March 2012. This became a material consideration in planning matters on publication. It has since been revised in 2018, 2019 and 2021. The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission in England and Cadw in Wales list buildings under three grades, with Grade I being

2254-511: A volume focusing on church buildings and another on dwelling houses (including vernacular architecture ). In 1986, Penguin published an anthology from Pevsner's volumes edited by Bridget Cherry and John Newman , The Best Buildings of England , ISBN   0-670-81283-8 . It has an introduction by Newman assessing Pevsner's aims and methods. In 2001, the Penguin Collectors Society published The Buildings of England:

2352-618: A wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and structures. These include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. However, in 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in Dill v Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government and another that buildings in

2450-802: Is a power devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government . The authority for listing rests with Historic Environment Scotland (formerly Historic Scotland ), an executive agency of the Scottish Government, which inherited this role from the Scottish Development Department in 1991. The listing system is administered by Historic Environment Scotland on behalf of the Scottish Ministers. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities before any alteration to

2548-401: Is built using London stock brick with slate roofs. Further to its exterior there are stone mullion and transom windows, turrets and ogee domes. The round arched entrance features an entablature above the main doors with the inscription "A structure of hope built on the foundations of faith by the hand of charity", which is flanked either side by arcaded ground floors. Rain water heads around

2646-404: Is no single approach for which volume should include the structure in its main gazetteer. In some cases, one volume refers the reader to the other, and in other cases only a few lines appear in one volume and a fuller entry appears in the other. In a very few cases (listed below) a full entry appears in both volumes. The revision of the series has rendered some original volumes obsolete, usually as

2744-441: Is not unusual for historic sites, particularly large sites, to contain buildings with multiple, sometimes varying, designations. For example, Derwent Valley Mills , a World Heritage Site contains 838 listed buildings, made up of 16 listed at Grade I, 42 at Grade II* and 780 at Grade II. A further nine structures are Scheduled monuments . Many councils, for example, Birmingham City Council and Crawley Borough Council , maintain

2842-552: Is possible but is rare. One example is Anmer Hall in Norfolk, which was listed in 1984 and de-listed in 1988. In an emergency, the local planning authority can serve a temporary " Building Preservation Notice " (BPN), if a building is in danger of demolition or alteration in such a way that might affect its historic character. This remains in force for six months until the Secretary of State decides whether or not to formally list

2940-481: Is single storey and of rectangular plan; the architect is unknown. The internal swimming pool still exists, but is drained, and as of 2019 is covered by a wooden floor. Like the lodge, the pool building is empty and is used for storage. Along with the lodge, it was designated as a Grade II listed building on 3 December 2019 for its group value with the court. Listed building In the United Kingdom ,

3038-566: Is six bays long by five bays wide. It has a quarry-faced plinth, ashlar quoins and stepped buttresses between Perpendicular windows to the ground floor. The chancel window has four trefoil-headed lights beneath more elaborate curvilinear tracery. Upon its completion, the interior of the orphanage was sparely fitted out and was described in The Builder as being "lofty and lacking comfort". The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner , in his Buildings of England series of books, described

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3136-535: Is underway some of the remaining five volumes: Belfast, Antrim, and County Down ; Connacht/Connaught ; Dublin: County ; Munster, except Cork ; and South Leinster . The series generally uses the traditional provinces and counties of Ireland as its boundaries and ignores the Irish border . A standalone volume covering the island, authored by Jonathan Kewley, was published in early 2023. A number of bridges connect areas covered by different volumes. However, there

3234-482: The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) to deliver the government policy on the protection to historic buildings and other heritage assets. The decision about whether or not to list a building is made by the Secretary of State, although the process is administered in England by Historic England . The listed building system in Wales formerly also operated under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, as in England, until this

3332-547: The Penguin Collectors Society . In 1997, the BBC broadcast a series of documentaries entitled Travels with Pevsner , in which six writers and broadcasters travelled through a county which had particular significance to them. They revisited buildings mentioned by Pevsner, critically examining his views on them. A further series was broadcast in 1998. John Grundy, who presented the programme on Northumberland,

3430-558: The Republic of Ireland , where buildings are protected under the Planning and Development Act 2000, although the statutory term in Ireland is " protected structure ". A listed building may not be demolished, extended, or altered without permission from the local planning authority, which typically consults the relevant central government agency. In England and Wales , a national amenity society must be notified of any work to be done on

3528-701: The Royal Institute of British Architects and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings were dispatched to prepare the list under the supervision of the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments, with funding from the Treasury. The listings were used as a means to determine whether a particular building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing, with varying degrees of success. In Scotland,

3626-499: The University of Cambridge , spent the academic holidays touring the country to make personal observations and to carry out local research, before writing up the finished volumes. The first of the original forty-six volumes, Cornwall , was published in 1951, and the last, Staffordshire , in 1974. Pevsner wrote thirty-two volumes himself and ten with collaborators. A further four of the original series were written by other authors:

3724-751: The architecture of the British Isles . The Buildings of England series was begun in 1945 by the art historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner , with its forty-six original volumes published between 1951 and 1974. The fifteen volumes in The Buildings of Scotland series were completed between 1978 and 2016, and the ten in The Buildings of Wales series between 1979 and 2009. The volumes in all three series have been periodically revised by various authors; Scotland and Wales have been partially revised, and England has been fully revised and reorganised into fifty-six volumes. The Buildings of Ireland series

3822-558: The 2008 draft legislation was abandoned, Historic England (then part of English Heritage) published a single list of all designated heritage assets within England in 2011. The National Heritage List for England is an online searchable database which includes 400,000 English Listings, this includes individual listed buildings, groups of multiple listed buildings which share the same listing, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, protected historic wrecks and registered battlefields and World Heritage Sites in one place. The 400,000 in

3920-763: The DCLG published Planning Policy Statement 5 , "Planning for the Historic Environment". This replaced PPG15 and set out the government's national policies on the conservation of the historic environment in England. PPS5 was supported by a Practice Guide, endorsed by the DCLG, the DCMS, and English Heritage, which explained how to apply the policies stated in PPS5. In December 2010, the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that in England all PPSs and Planning Policy Guidance Notes would be replaced by

4018-643: The Docklands area meant that the volume was superseded when London 5: East was published seven years later, but the City Churches volume remains current and was reissued by Yale in 2002. The first volume of The Buildings of Scotland was Lothian, except Edinburgh , which was written by Colin McWilliam and published in 1978. Nikolaus Pevsner was enthusiastic about establishing a Scottish series, having responded warmly to an unrealised 1959 suggestion by

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4116-605: The Firestone demolition, the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Heseltine , also initiated a complete re-survey of buildings to ensure that everything that merited preservation was on the lists. In England, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) works with Historic England (an agency of the DCMS), and other government departments, e.g. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) and

4214-519: The Government's Heritage Protection Reform (HPR) report in July 2003 by the DCMS, entitled "Protecting our historic environment: Making the system work better", asked questions about how the current designation systems could be improved. The HPR decision report "Review of Heritage Protection: The Way Forward", a green paper published in June 2004 by the DCMS, committed the UK government and English Heritage to

4312-649: The Infant Orphanage Asylum; later it became the Royal National Children's Foundation . Under various titles, it remained an orphanage until 1938 when it became the Royal Wanstead School. The building continued as a school until 1971 when it passed into the ownership of the British government who converted the building into a crown court at a cost of £1.6m in 1973. The building opened as a crown court on 26 November 1974. Since becoming

4410-499: The Royal Wanstead School, after a request from King George VI and Prince George, Duke of Kent became its patron. As well as a refuge for orphans, it also allowed children from impoverished families to join its register. These inductions were brief and stopped altogether in 1942 owing to the introduction of the welfare state , which allowed poor families to live together. During the Second World War , Winston Churchill ,

4508-458: The Scottish volumes are internally subdivided; for example , Argyll and Bute has separate gazetteers for mainland Argyll, its islands, and Bute. Unlike The Buildings of England , none of the Scottish volumes adopt a hierarchy of ecclesiastical buildings, instead grouping them together. The series has also been extended to Wales, and was completed with the issue of Gwynedd in 2009. Only

4606-696: The UK's architectural heritage; England alone has 14,500 listed places of worship (4,000 Grade I, 4,500 Grade II* and 6,000 Grade II) and 45% of all Grade I listed buildings are places of worship. Some of the listed churches are no longer in use; between 1969 and 2010, some 1,795 churches were closed by the Church of England , equalling roughly 11% of the stock, with about a third listed as Grade I or Grade II. The criteria for listing include architectural interest, historic interest and close historical associations with significant people or events. Buildings not individually noteworthy may still be listed if they form part of

4704-522: The United Kingdom. Construction of the building began in 1841 and finished two years later. It was built in the Jacobean gothic style by the English architects George Gilbert Scott and William Bonython Moffatt , who were prolific designers of workhouses , hospitals and churches. Snaresbrook Crown Court was originally built as an orphanage at the behest of the philanthropist Andrew Reed who named it

4802-686: The amount of information available, especially to travellers wanting to inform themselves about the architecture of a particular district, was limited. To rectify this shortcoming, when he was invited to suggest ideas for future publications by Allen Lane , the founder of Penguin Books , he proposed a series of comprehensive architectural guides to the English counties. Work on The Buildings of England began in 1945. Lane employed two part-time assistants, both German refugee art historians, who prepared notes for Pevsner from published sources. Pevsner, who held positions at Birkbeck College, University of London and

4900-549: The architectural and historic interest. The Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether to list or delist the building. In England, the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 . Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England 'Heritage at Risk' Register . In 1980, there

4998-488: The architectural historian Andor Gomme that the latter could produce it. A major contributor to the Scottish series is John Gifford, who before his death in 2013 authored five volumes and oversaw research on all but one of the remainder. After Lothian , which was the only volume published in the original small format, a major task was producing Edinburgh (1984) and Glasgow (1990), which were ambitious in their scope of coverage of urban buildings. The remainder of Scotland

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5096-521: The area of coverage has changed. For example, the county of Cumbria was created after the publication of Cumberland and Westmorland and North Lancashire , leading to the merger of material from both volumes in a single-volume Cumbria , a revision with a new geographical focus. The following volumes have been wholly or partially superseded: In some published volumes and in advance publicity, certain titles were announced which were ultimately never published. A number of factors accounted for this, including

5194-618: The boundaries of the historic counties of England , which were current at the time of writing. They largely continue to use the historic boundaries, but have been partially updated to reflect changes in London, Birmingham and the Black Country , and Cumbria. The volume on the historic county of Middlesex , for example, has been superseded by three of the six volumes covering the Greater London area, whereas Tyne and Wear , which

5292-524: The building as an "impressive, but rather dull symmetrical Jacobean composition". The Wanstead Infant Orphan Asylum was founded by the philanthropist Andrew Reed in 1827 and was based in Hackney . In the 1830s, and owing to a lack of space in the current building, Reed applied to the Crown Estate for a section of land in Snaresbrook , which was then part of Wanstead Forest, and a grant to help fund

5390-412: The building of a new premises. The application was successful and construction started on 27 June 1841. Scott and Moffatt were chosen to design the orphanage; the foundation stone was laid by Albert, Prince Consort in 1841. The Infant Orphanage Asylum was officially opened on 27 June 1843 by Leopold I of Belgium . It is designed in the Jacobean gothic style and cost £35,000 to construct. Queen Victoria

5488-557: The building. Until the passing of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 an application for a Certificate of Immunity from Listing (CoI) could only be made if planning permission was being sought or had been obtained in England. However, the changes brought about by the Act means that now anyone can ask the Secretary of State to issue a Certificate of Immunity in respect of a particular building at any time. In England and Wales,

5586-488: The children up to the age of 15. The youngest recorded child to reside at the orphanage was a six-month-old girl in 1849. An infirmary was added to the orphanage in the 1850s, followed by an assembly hall in 1862 and a swimming pool in 1880. By 1860 there were 595 fatherless children housed at the orphanage. In 1919 King George V renamed the premises the Royal Infant Orphanage. In 1939 the building became

5684-407: The decision to list a building may be made on the basis of the architectural or historic interest of one small part of the building, the listing protection nevertheless applies to the whole building. Listing applies not just to the exterior fabric of the building itself, but also to the interior, fixtures, fittings, and objects within the curtilage of the building even if they are not fixed. De-listing

5782-470: The final unrevised first edition, Staffordshire , was superseded by an updated edition in 2024. The books are compact and intended to meet the needs of both specialists and the general reader. Each contains an extensive introduction to the architectural history and styles of the area, followed by a town-by-town – and in the case of larger settlements, street-by-street – account of individual buildings. These are often grouped under

5880-475: The first volume, Powys (1979), appeared in the original small format style; this volume has now been superseded by a revised large-format edition, published in 2013. The volumes of the series are organised using a combination of the current principal areas (e.g. Pembrokeshire ), the preserved counties (e.g. Gwynedd ), and the historic counties (e.g. Glamorgan ). The Irish series is incomplete, with six volumes being published between 1979 and 2020. Research

5978-462: The former orphanage within the grounds of the Crown Court centre. The gatekeeper's lodge was built in 1841, probably by Scott and Moffatt, and is adjacent to what was the main opening onto Hollybush Hill. Like the court, the lodge was constructed by the builder William Jay who was then based at London Wall. The lodge was purpose-built for the orphanage's bailiff and his wife, the latter of whom

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6076-479: The guides, one covering Hull and the other Newcastle and Gateshead, remain the most recent volumes on their areas of coverage, as the corresponding county volume has not been revised since their publication. This series appears to be on a hiatus, with no new volumes published since 2010 and none confirmed as in planning. Two supplementary works – thus far the only of their type – were published in 1998, one covering London's City Churches and

6174-581: The heading "Perambulation", as Pevsner intended the books to be used as the reader was walking about the area. The guides offer both detailed coverage of the most notable buildings and notes on lesser-known and vernacular buildings; all building types are covered but there is a particular emphasis on churches and public buildings. Each volume has a central section with several dozen pages of photographs, originally in black and white, though colour illustrations have featured in revised volumes published by Yale University Press since 2003. The volumes originally used

6272-602: The highest grade, as follows: There was formerly a non-statutory Grade III , which was abolished in 1970. Additionally, Grades A, B and C were used mainly for Anglican churches in active use, loosely corresponding to Grades I, II and III. These grades were used mainly before 1977, although a few buildings are still listed using these grades. In 2010, listed buildings accounted for about 2% of English building stock. In March 2010, there were about 374,000 list entries, of which 92% were Grade II, 5.5% were Grade II* and 2.5% were Grade I. Places of worship are an important part of

6370-410: The listing should not be confused with the actual number of listed buildings, which will be much larger than the listing, because a listing can include more than one building that share the same listing number. The legislative frameworks for each type of historic asset remains unchanged. A photographic library of English listed buildings was started in 1999 as a snapshot of buildings listed at the turn of

6468-452: The main building carry the date "1842", emboldened on the front face. At the south end of the main range there is a chapel, which was added in 1860, indicated by dated rainwater heads to the walls. Internally, the chapel has a wide chancel arch with a canted apse and some stained glass windows, depicting the Life of Christ and Acts of Mercy , by William Morris . It is two-storeys high and

6566-407: The main elevation of the court. The lodge became a private dwelling thereafter, but has remained empty for many years, as of 2019. The lodge was designated as a Grade II listed building on 3 December 2019 to acknowledge its group value with the court. In 1880 the asylum trustees commissioned the building of an indoor swimming pool, which was erected opposite to the gatekeepers lodge. The pool building

6664-462: The main guides. No further print publications were issued, but the title survives as an introductory website to architectural terms and selected buildings which feature in the Pevsner guides. In 1995 a CD-ROM entitled A Compendium of Pevsner's Buildings of England was issued by Oxford University Press , designed as a searchable database of the volumes published for England only. A second edition

6762-536: The management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (i.e., not DCMS, which originally listed the building). There is a general principle that listed buildings are put to 'appropriate and viable use' and recognition that this may involve the re-use and modification of the building. However, listed buildings cannot be modified without first obtaining Listed Building Consent through

6860-553: The millennium. This is not an up-to-date record of all listed buildings in England – the listing status and descriptions are only correct as at February 2001. The photographs were taken between 1999 and 2008. It is maintained by the Historic England archive at the Images of England project website. The National Heritage List for England contains the up-to-date list of listed buildings. Buildings of England The Pevsner Architectural Guides are four series of guide books to

6958-481: The need for a higher court than a magistrates' court to deal with indictable offences . It was to be called a crown court and its purpose was detailed in the Courts Act 1971 . The school was identified as being a suitable venue and it was leased by the Department of the Environment for works to begin on its conversion to a court in 1973, at a cost of £1.6m. Internally, the building's chapel and North Wing are

7056-464: The only two areas to remain in their original states, together with the exterior. The renovations established six new crown court rooms which were intended to serve North East London. Building work was completed in 1974 and was opened on 26 November 1974 by Lord Widgery , who was, at that time, Lord Chief Justice . Further improvements were made to the site between 1976 and 1979, but in November 1981

7154-417: The original, smaller format). All editions are now published by Yale University Press . The list below is of the volumes that are currently in print; for superseded volumes, see below . Where revisions were spread over more than one volume, the preceding edition remained in print until the whole area had been revised. The first of the paperback City Guides, covering Manchester, appeared in 2001. It featured

7252-518: The other the Docklands area (see London Docklands in Superseded and unpublished volumes below). Both were issued in the format of the main series rather than the City Guides. However, unlike the Docklands edition which represented preliminary work for an expanded main volume, the City Churches volume augmented the text in London 1: The City , published the previous year. The continued development of

7350-671: The owners are often required to use specific materials or techniques. Although most sites appearing on the lists are buildings, other structures such as bridges, monuments, sculptures, war memorials, milestones and mileposts , and the Abbey Road zebra crossing made famous by the Beatles , are also listed. Ancient, military, and uninhabited structures, such as Stonehenge , are sometimes instead classified as scheduled monuments and are protected by separate legislation. Cultural landscapes such as parks and gardens are currently "listed" on

7448-577: The process slightly predated the war with the Marquess of Bute (in his connections to the National Trust for Scotland ) commissioning the architect Ian Lindsay in September 1936 to survey 103 towns and villages based on an Amsterdam model using three categories (A, B and C). The basis of the current more comprehensive listing process was developed from the wartime system. It was enacted by

7546-462: The readiness of parts of the text covering certain areas and the anticipated size of the volumes. Unpublished titles included: In 1995 Penguin, in conjunction with English Heritage , released a publication based on the guides entitled Looking at Buildings . Focusing on the East Riding of Yorkshire volume, Pevsner's text was adapted as an introduction, with a greater number of illustrations than

7644-539: The relevant local planning authority. In Wales, applications are made using a form obtained from the relevant local authority. There is no provision for consent to be granted in outline. When a local authority is disposed to grant listed building consent, it must first notify the Welsh Parliament ( i.e. Cadw ) of the application. If the planning authority decides to refuse consent, it may do so without any reference to Cadw. Carrying out unauthorised works to

7742-571: The responsibility for the listing process rests with the Historic Environment Division of the Department for Communities , which took over the built heritage functions of the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (formerly the Environment and Heritage Service) following the break up of the Department of the Environment. Following the introduction of listing, an initial survey of Northern Ireland's building stock

7840-579: The rest of the UK: the first provision for listing was contained in the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1972; and the current legislative basis for listing is the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991. Under Article 42 of the Order, the relevant Department of the Northern Ireland Executive is required to compile lists of buildings of "special architectural or historic interest". Since 2016,

7938-456: The scheme must meet certain criteria – "a three-fold test which involved considering size, permanence and degree of physical attachment" – referred to as the Skerritts test in reference to a previous legal case in England. Both Historic Environment Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners. In England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to

8036-413: The secretary of state; this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England . The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed. Full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on

8134-480: The trustees to be either "creditable" (not earning less than £50 a year upon their death), "respectable" (£100 a year), or "very respectable" (£400 a year). In exceptional circumstances, the institution accepted children whose fathers were still alive but "subject to confirmed lunacy or paralysis", according to a reporter for the Derbyshire Courier . Once admitted the institution would house and look after

8232-481: The two Gloucestershire volumes by David Verey, and the two volumes on Kent by John Newman . The first volume of The Buildings of Scotland was published in 1978, and the first volumes in The Buildings of Wales and The Buildings of Ireland in 1979. Revisions to the original English series began in 1962, and continued after Pevsner's death in 1983. Several volumes are now in their third or fourth revisions, and

8330-564: Was begun in 1974. By the time of the completion of this First Survey in 1994, the listing process had developed considerably, and it was therefore decided to embark upon a Second Survey, which is still ongoing, to update and cross-check the original information. Information gathered during this survey, relating to both listed and unlisted buildings, is entered into the publicly accessible Northern Ireland Buildings Database. A range of listing criteria, which aim to define architectural and historic interest, are used to determine whether or not to list

8428-517: Was begun in 1979 and remains incomplete, with six of a planned eleven volumes published. A standalone volume covering the Isle of Man was published in 2023. The series were published by Penguin Books until 2002, when they were sold to Yale University Press . After moving to the United Kingdom from his native Germany as a refugee in the 1930s, Nikolaus Pevsner found that the study of architectural history had little status in academic circles, and that

8526-404: Was built to a 'H' plan. The original ranges are constructed of London stock brick, with a coursed, squared and hammer-dressed Sneaton stone facing, and Bath and Caen stone dressings to the front and side elevations. The roofs are covered using Westmorland slate and lead. Internally, there are cast-iron beams that support its timber floors. To the rear is the former assembly hall, added in 1862, which

8624-399: Was completed in 2024 with publication of the second edition of Staffordshire , replacing that published in 1974. Until 1953, all volumes were published in paperback only, after which both hardback and paperback versions were issued. The revision of London: 1 in 1962 was the first volume to be issued in hardback alone, and no further paperbacks were issued after 1964. Until 1970 volumes bore

8722-401: Was covered in the following decades, with the final volume, Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire , published in 2016. A revision of Lothian was published in 2024, the first full revision of a Scottish volume. The series is organised using a mixture of Scotland's current council areas (e.g. Highland and Islands ) and its historic shires (e.g. Fife and Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire ). Some of

8820-448: Was designed by George Gilbert Scott and William Bonython Moffatt who were in partnership between 1835 and 1844 and were prolific designers of workhouses , hospitals and churches, although it was Scott who designed the external appearance of the building. The building was an early commission for Scott, who had been in practise for around 10 years. The appointed builder was William Jay, who was based at Tower Hill . The original building

8918-598: Was established from parts of County Durham and Northumberland in 1974, is covered in the volumes about those two counties. Since 1962, the guides have undergone a gradual programme of updating to reflect architectural-history scholarship and to include significant new buildings. Pevsner left virtually all the revisions to others, acting as supervisor only. He ultimately revised only two of his original editions alone: London 1: The Cities of London and Westminster (1962) and Cambridgeshire (1970). Both were later revised again by others. The programme of revision of first editions

9016-490: Was public outcry at the sudden destruction of the art deco Firestone Tyre Factory ( Wallis, Gilbert and Partners , 1928–29). It was demolished over the August bank holiday weekend by its owners Trafalgar House , who had been told that it was likely to be 'spot-listed' a few days later. In response, the government undertook to review arrangements for listing buildings in order to protect worthy ones from such demolition. After

9114-442: Was released in 2005. Bibliographies of the guides themselves were published in 1983, 1998 and 2012 by the Penguin Collectors Society . In 2016, Yale University Press published three volumes, each serving as an introduction to some of the buildings and the architectural terms mentioned in the text of the guides. Published as Pevsner Architectural Guides: Introductions these are: an architectural glossary (also available as an app ),

9212-507: Was replaced in 2024 with Wales-specific heritage legislation. In Wales, the authority for listing is granted to the Welsh Ministers by section 76 of the Historic Environment (Wales) Act 2023, although the listing system is in practice administered by Cadw . There have been several attempts to simplify the heritage planning process for listed buildings in England. As of 2021, few changes had been implemented. The review process

9310-572: Was started in February 2000 by Alan Howarth , then minister at the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The outcome was the paper "Power of Place" in December 2000, followed by the subsequent policy document "The Historic Environment: A Force for Our Future", published by the DCMS and the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DTLR) in December 2001. The launch of

9408-696: Was that the existing registers of buildings, parks and gardens, archaeology and battlefields, maritime wrecks, and World Heritage Sites be merged into a single online register that will "explain what is special and why". English Heritage would become directly responsible for identifying historic assets in England and there would be wider consultation with the public and asset owners, and new rights of appeal. There would have been streamlined systems for granting consent for work on historic assets. After several years of consultation with heritage groups, charities, local planning authorities, and English Heritage, in March 2010,

9506-445: Was the first in a long line of royal patrons. The 1881 census recorded there being 74 staff and over 400 children at the institution. King George V , who was the patron of Reed's charity, renamed the asylum the Royal Infant Orphanage in 1919. The charity's eligibility criteria required that children had to be either fatherless or entirely orphaned; under the age of seven; and that their late fathers would have to have been considered by

9604-436: Was the site's gatekeeper. The lodge is made of the same materials as the court building, being of coursed, squared and hammer-dressed Sneaton stone with Bath and Caen stone dressings. It has a single-storey, complete with attics , and is built in a T-shaped plan. During the main building's 1970s conversion from a school to a court, the lodge entrance was closed off and a new entrance was laid out further up Hollybush Hill, towards

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