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39-706: The Southern African Power Pool ( SAPP ) is a cooperation of the national electricity companies in Southern Africa under the auspices of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The members of SAPP have created a common power grid between their countries and a common market for electricity in the SADC region. The secretariat of the 17-member country organization is located at 24 Golden Stairs, Emerald Hill , in Harare ,

78-655: A 120MW hybrid HFO and renewable generation plant in Arandis, Namibia . CEC has signed a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the Government of Sierra Leone for a 20-year concession to build and operate a 128MW thermal power project. CEC traces its origin to a company that was called Northern Rhodesia Power Corporation established in 1952. In or around 1954, the company became the Rhodesia-Congo Border Power Corporation whose purpose

117-603: A 20% stake in North South Power Limited which has a 30-year concession to operate the 600MW Shiroro hydro power plant in Niger State . In Namibia , CEC has signed a joint development agreement with the state utility, NamPower , and Kudu Power Limited for development of 800MW-1,050MW combined cycle gas-to-power generation. The company also has a 60% interest in Arandis Power, the developer of

156-888: A 34 MW Solar Power Plant in Riverside, Kitwe. In February 2024 CEC reported it was developing the Itimpi Solar Power Station , a 60 MW solar plant under development in Itimpi area, Kitwe. In Nigeria CEC owns 45% of the Abuja Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC) an electric power distribution company. AEDC has a franchise for distributing electricity in four Nigerian states, the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja , Niger State , Kogi State and Nasarawa State and serves 700,000 customers. CEC holds

195-456: A firm institutional footing under SADC's umbrella failed. On 14 August 2001, the 1992 SADC treaty was amended. The amendment heralded the overhaul of the structures, policies and procedures of SADC, a process which is ongoing. One of the changes is that political and security cooperation is institutionalised in the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS); one of the principal SADC bodies. It

234-612: A lingua franca in the African Great Lakes region, other parts of East Africa, and to a lesser degree, parts of Southern Africa – is an official language of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda and of the African Union . SADC has 27 legally binding protocols dealing with issues such as Defence, Development, Illicit Drug Trade, Free Trade and Movement of People. The SADC Free Trade Area was established in August 2008, after

273-481: A sports programme including athletics , football , netball , boxing and basketball . In 2012, the SADC deployed peacekeepers to the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to counter a rebel threat. The deployed troops were supplied by Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa. In August 2019 SADC adopted Swahili as its fourth working language, alongside English, French and Portuguese. Kiswahili –

312-682: Is a free trade zone spanning the whole continent from the Cape to Cairo ( Cape Town in the Republic of South Africa to Cairo in Egypt ). In addition to eliminating duplicative membership and the problem member states also participating in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine each other, the African Free Trade Zone further aims to strengthen

351-536: Is by consensus. Copperbelt Energy Corporation In Zambia CEC owns and operates an electricity transmission network in the Copperbelt area with 246 km of 220kV power lines and 678 km of 66kV lines. The company purchases electricity from ZESCO , the national power utility, and sells this across its transmission network to 8 Zambian mining customers with a combined demand of 520MW. In 2014 CEC supplied 4,208GWh of electricity to its customers which

390-709: Is expected to be upgraded to a dual circuit with a capacity of 550MW by the end of 2015. The company is developing the 40MW Kabompo Gorge hydropower project on the Kabompo river in the North-Western Province of Zambia. CEC is a member of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) and trades and wheels power within the pool. In 2023, CEC commissioned the Zambia Riverside Solar Power Station ,

429-798: Is subject to the oversight of the organisation's supreme body, the Summit, which comprises the heads of state or government. The organisation holds its own multi-sport event in the form of the SADC Games, which was first held in 2004 in Maputo . Originally planned for an earlier date in Malawi and Lesotho, organisational issues led to abandonment of the plan and the SADC issuing a fine of $ 100,000 against Malawi. The first event in 2004 in Maputo resulted in over 1000 youths under-20 from 10 countries taking part in

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468-551: Is threatened by the existence of different product standards and tariff regimes, weak customs infrastructure and bad roads. The socio-economic and political and security cooperation aims of SADC are equally wide-ranging, and intended to address the various common challenges. One significant challenge is that member states also participate in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine SADC's aims. For example, South Africa and Botswana both belong to

507-501: Is to improve the relationships between the member countries. There is need to develop sustainable development priorities, and to co-ordinate the planning of electric power. Along with industrial productivity, electricity generation can assist in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)’s mandate of poverty elimination across Southern Africa. Only 5 percent of rural areas in Southern Africa have access to electricity. Lack of electric power impedes their access to clean water, limits

546-638: Is working to create conditions for Angola's accession to the SADC Free Trade Area in 2019. The SADC-Customs Union, scheduled to be established by 2010 according to SADC's Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), is unlikely to become reality in the near future. This is because the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with their inherent extra-regional freetrade regimes provided for several SADC members more benefits than deeper regional market integration within

585-578: The East African Community to form the African Free Trade Zone , including all members of each of the organizations. The leaders of the three trading blocs agreed to create a single free trade zone, the African Free Trade Zone, consisting of 26 countries with a GDP of an estimated $ 624bn (£382.9bn). It is hoped the African Free Trade Zone agreement would ease access to markets within the zone and end problems arising from

624-713: The Southern Africa Customs Union , Zambia is a part of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , and Tanzania is a member of the East African Community . According to Human Rights Watch, "SADC has been criticized for its laxity on making human rights compliance within its member states a priority". The organization has six principal bodies: Except for the Tribunal (based in Windhoek , Namibia), SNCs and Secretariat, decision-making

663-661: The Western Power Corridor Project. Member Status The Botswansa Power Corporation, Electricidade de Mocambique, ESKOM, Eswatini Electricity Company, Lesotho Electricity Corporation, NAMPOWER, Societe Nationale d'Electricitite, Zesco Limited, and the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority are operating members of the Power Pool. The Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi, Empresa Nacional de Electricidade, and

702-799: The Congo is the only country that is a member of three pools (SAPP, EAPP and CAPP). Burundi is part of EAPP and CAPP. Tanzania is a member of SAPP and EAPP. Guinea is part of CAPP and WAPP. Southern African Development Community The Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) is an inter-governmental organization headquartered in Gaborone , Botswana . The SADC's goal is to further regional socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 16 countries in southern Africa. Although its primary objectives are development, economic growth, and poverty alleviation, peacekeeping has become increasingly important to

741-598: The FLS and SADCC sometimes differed. SADCC was transformed into SADC on 17 August 1992, with the adoption by the founding members of SADCC and newly independent Namibia of the Windhoek declaration and treaty establishing SADC. The 1992 SADC provided for both socio-economic cooperation and political and security cooperation. In reality, the FLS was dissolved only in 1994, after South Africa's first democratic elections. Subsequent efforts to place political and security cooperation on

780-457: The SADC. As of 2022, the SADC has a total of 16 member states : Burundi has requested to join. The origins of SADC are in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-minority rule in southern Africa. The immediate forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of today's SADC

819-675: The Tanzania Electricity Supply Company Ltd are the non-operating members of the Power Pool. The Copperbelt Energy Corporation is the only Independent Transmission Company of the Power Pool. Despite being the most advanced power pool ever developed in Africa, the SAPP has some challenges and shortcomings. Its takes money to keep the pool running and the SAPP does not have the funds to create new investments. The SAPP also suffers from lack of infrastructure across

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858-493: The availability of food, and constrains access to clean, sustainable sanitation. In 2010, SADC passed the Regional Energy Access Strategy and Action Plan, which aims to combine regional energy resources as a means of ensuring the entire SADC region has access to affordable, sustainable electricity. The plan’s goal is to reduce the number of people in the region without access to energy by 50 percent in

897-863: The bloc's bargaining power when negotiating international deals. Pursuant to the SADC goal of more integration, Botswana and Namibia signed an agreement in February 2023 allowing citizens to travel between the two countries using only identity cards, with passports no longer being needed. Botswana has held talks with Zimbabwe to achieve a similar deal, and expects to open talks with Zambia. SADC countries face many social, development, economic, trade, education, health, diplomatic, defence, security and political challenges. Some of these challenges cannot be tackled effectively by individual members. Cattle diseases and organised-crime gangs know no boundaries. War in one country can suck in its neighbours and damage their economies. The sustainable development that trade could bring

936-480: The capital and largest city in Zimbabwe . The geographical coordinates of the headquarters of SAPP's secretariat are 17°46′35.0″S 31°02′12.0″E  /  17.776389°S 31.036667°E  / -17.776389; 31.036667 . The Southern African Power Pool has many long-term goals it wishes to achieve. One of the main goals is to increase the accessibility of electricity to rural communities. Another goal

975-423: The continent along with lack of maintenance for the existing infrastructure. By 2007, peak demand began to exceed installed capacity. One major challenge is the lack of sufficient adequately skilled staff labor and the difficulty of retention of skilled workers. Power pools can only be sustained in areas with developed grid interconnections. The interconnection between some member states are inadequate. Trust between

1014-428: The fact that several of the member countries belong to multiple groups. The African Free Trade Zone effective has been more than a hundred years in the making—a trade zone spanning the whole African continent from Cape to Cairo and envisioned by Cecil Rhodes and other British imperialists in the 1890s. The only difference is that the African Free Trade Zone is the creation of independent African Countries. The idea

1053-513: The formation of an electricity power pool in the region under the name of the Southern African Power Pool. Later, three other agreements were signed, including one between the respective electricity utilities in the member countries, another that lays down specific rules of operation and prices and the fourth agreement that spells out the operating procedures and guidelines. Power trading between regions started in 1950 after

1092-414: The framework of a SADC-Customs Union. Since these SADC countries formed four different groupings to negotiate and implement different Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union, the chance to establish a SADC-wide common external tariff as prerequisite for a regional customs union is missed. On Wednesday 22 October 2008, SADC joined with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and

1131-549: The group as pre-determined in the document that set up the Power Pool. Today, most of the money that funds the Pool comes from donors, such as The World Bank and the Development Bank of Southern Africa . Currently being planned for future development is a Zambia-Tanzania power line, a Mozambique-Malawi power line, the fixing of the old Zambia power line, and the construction of a third Inga hydropower station by means of

1170-694: The implementation of the SADC Protocol on Trade in 2000 laid the foundation for its formation. Its original members were Botswana , Lesotho , Madagascar , Mauritius , Mozambique , Namibia , South Africa , Eswatini , Tanzania , Zambia and Zimbabwe , with Malawi and Seychelles joining later. Of the 15 SADC member states, only Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo are not yet participating, however Angolan trade minister Joffre Van-Dúnen Júnior said in Luanda that his ministry

1209-793: The link between North and South Africa regarding to the new alternative power plant, hydropower and clean coal. Interconnected grids can expand SAPP activities. Along with the current SAPP members, there are future plans to involve other areas such as Tanzania, Malawi and Angola. Electricity access would expand the use of electricity to more areas in order to make it accessible to new borders. Lastly, strengthen and regulating competitive markets plan that sets up new rules that help meets consumers and investors satisfaction. There are five African Power Pools, (a) Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), (b) Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP) (c) Central African Power Pool (CAPP) (d) West African Power Pool (WAPP) and North African Power Pool (NAPP). The Democratic Republic of

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1248-436: The members is of utmost importance. Despite recent challenges, the SAPP have long committed goals that can help in its expansion and company’s growth. The following plans are investment projects, interconnected grid, electricity access, and competitive market. Investment projects that creates new revenue includes hydropower and clean coal power plant alternative over nuclear. They also plan to improve SAPP central grid to improve

1287-674: The mines until 1986 when it was incorporated into the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines ( ZCCM ) as its Power Division. In 1997, CEC was born out of the privatization of ZCCM - Power Division. Cinergy Global Power of the US and National Grid of the UK acquired the controlling stake in the company. The two investors subsequently sold off their 77 per cent stake in the company to a group of local entrepreneurs. In January 2008, CEC became Zambia’s first power utility to list on

1326-399: The next ten years. Then reduce the remaining population by 50 percent in the next five years, and continue cutting it in half every five years until the region has universal access. The most recent developments to the Southern African Power Pool came between the years of 1995 and 2005, where multiple interconnections were added. In 1995, an interconnector that ran from South Africa to Zimbabwe

1365-409: The signed agreement between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia. Other parts of the continent also started a power trading business until 1995. In 1995 SAPP was founded and it was the first power pool in Africa. Since then the SAPP influenced the energy market and started competitive energy markets such as a day-ahead market (DAM). Every year, each member contributes a certain amount of money to

1404-605: Was 29% of Zambia's total generation of 14,453GWh. CEC also operates 6 gas turbine generators at Luano, Maclaren, Kankoyo and Bancroft for emergency power supply to its mine customers with a total installed capacity of 80MW. CEC owns the Zambian portion of the Zambia - DRC 220kV interconnector line which has a capacity of 250MW and supplies electricity to mining customers in the Katanga Province . The interconnector

1443-487: Was completed, a Mozambique-South Africa interconnector was fixed in 1997, a Mozambique-Zimbabwe interconnector was finished, and most recently two power lines connecting South Africa to Maputo were finished. SAPP was founded in August 1995 at the SADC summit held in Kempton Park , South Africa . At that summit, member governments of SADC (excluding Mauritius) signed an Inter-Governmental Memorandum of Understanding for

1482-511: Was the informal Frontline States (FLS) grouping. It was formed in 1980. The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) was the forerunner of the socio-economic cooperation leg of today's SADC. The adoption by nine majority-ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal establishment of SADCC in April 1980. Membership of

1521-762: Was to supply reliable and secure electricity to the mines in Northern Rhodesia and the Congo by interconnecting separately run thermal power stations in the mining areas. Later, the company sourced and supplied hydroelectric power from the Congo to supply to the mines in Northern Rhodesia before the production of hydroelectricity from the Kariba Dam . At Zambia’s independence in 1964, the Rhodesia-Congo Border Power Corporation became Copperbelt Power Company (CPC), an entity that supplied electricity to

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