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26-518: Written Altai is based on Southern Altai. According to some reports, however, it is rejected by Northern Altai children. Dialects include Altai Proper and Talangit. Southern Altai is a member of the Turkic language family. Within this family, there have been various attempts to classify Altai, and not all of them agree as to its position as it has a number of ambiguous characteristics. Due to certain similarities with Kyrgyz , some scholars group Altai with

52-574: A Russian translation, was prepared by Radloff's student Katanov, who was a Sagay himself, and contains further Khakas materials. The Khakas literary language, which was developed only after the Russian Revolution of 1917 , is based on the central dialects Sagay and Kacha; the Beltir dialect has largely been assimilated by Sagay, and the Koybal dialect by Kacha. In 1924, a Cyrillic alphabet

78-569: A script similar to the Missionary's Alphabet. About this time, many post-revolution letters were adopted to better compose Russian words adopted into the language. As such, it took on this form (non-Russian letters emboldened): Interestingly, in the same space, many considered adapting the old Mongolian Script for use in writing Altai. The Latin Alphabet was eventually adopted and was used from 1922 to 1928. The final version of this alphabet

104-411: A treatise on the Koybal dialect, and recorded an epic. Wilhelm Radloff traveled the southern Siberian region extensively between 1859 and 1870. The result of his research was, among others, published in his four-volume dictionary, and in his ten-volume series of Turkic texts. The second volume contains his Khakas materials, which were provided with a German translation. The ninth volume, provided with

130-552: A version of the Cyrillic alphabet with additional characters to represent sounds not found in Russian. This article about a Turkic language or related topic is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Russian culture is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Altai languages#Modern Standard Altai Alphabet Altai ( Altay : Алтай тил , romanized:  Altay til )

156-495: A word-initial palatal stop (in all of these languages from an earlier palatal approximant *j ) develops into an alveolar nasal /n/ or a palatal nasal /ɲ/ , when followed by another word-internal nasal consonant . Latin alphabet (1929–1939): Cyrillic alphabet (1939–present): Standard Khakas has 10 grammatical cases. от от grass от тың grass- GEN от тың grass-GEN of (the) grass от ха grass- DAT от ха grass-DAT to

182-917: Is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas , who mainly live in the southwestern Siberian Republic of Khakassia , in Russia . The Khakas number 73,000, of whom 42,000 speak the Khakas language. Most Khakas speakers are bilingual in Russian . Traditionally, the Khakas language is divided into several closely related dialects, which take their names from the different tribes: Sagay  [ ru ] , Kacha  [ ru ] , Koybal , Beltir , and Kyzyl . In fact, these names represent former administrative units rather than tribal or linguistic groups. The people speaking all these dialects simply referred to themselves as Тадар (Tadar, i.e. Tatar ). The people who speak

208-657: Is a set of Turkic languages spoken officially in the Altai Republic , Russia . The standard vocabulary is based on the Southern Altai language , though it is also taught to and used by speakers of the Northern Altai language as well. Gorno–Altai refers to a subgroup of languages in the Altai Mountains . The languages were called Oyrot (ойрот) prior to 1948. Altai is spoken primarily in

234-600: The Altai Republic . There is a small community of speakers in the neighbouring Altai Krai as well. Due to its isolated position in the Altai Mountains and contact with surrounding languages, the exact classification of Altai within the Turkic languages has often been disputed. Because of its geographic proximity to the Shor and Khakas languages , some classifications place it in a Northern Turkic subgroup. Due to certain similarities with Kyrgyz , it has been grouped as

260-867: The Fuyu Kyrgyz language originated in the Yenisei region of Siberia but were relocated into the Dzungar Khanate by the Dzungars , and then the Qing moved them from Dzungaria to northeastern China in 1761, and the name may be due to the survival of a common tribal name. The Yenisei Kirghiz were made to pay tribute in a treaty concluded between the Dzungars and Russians in 1635. Sibe Bannermen were stationed in Dzungaria while Northeastern China (Manchuria)

286-604: The Northern varieties. According to modern classifications—at least since the middle of the 20th century—they are considered to be two separate languages. Written Altai is based on Southern Altai, and according to Ethnologue is rejected by Northern Altai children. In 2006, a Cyrillic alphabet was created for the Kumandy variety of Northern Altai for use in Altai Krai . Dialects are as follows: Closely related to

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312-531: The Yenisei Kyrgyz . It is now spoken in northeastern China's Heilongjiang province, in and around Fuyu County , Qiqihar (300 km northwest of Harbin ) by a small number of passive speakers who are classified as Kyrgyz nationality. The first major recordings of the Khakas language originate from the middle of the 19th century. The Finnish linguist Matthias Castrén , who travelled through northern and Central Asia between 1845 and 1849, wrote

338-732: The Kyrgyz–Kipchak subgroup of the Kypchak languages . Southern Altai is primarily spoken in the Altai Republic, where it has official status alongside Russian . Baskakov identifies three dialects of Southern Altai, some of which have distinctive sub-varieties: Some sources consider Telengit and Teleut to be distinct languages. Southern Altai has 8 vowels, which may be long or short, and 20 consonants, plus marginal consonants that occur only in loan words. Phonemes in parentheses occur only in Russian loanwords . Southern Altai employs

364-520: The Kyrgyz–Kipchak subgroup with the Kypchak languages which is within the Turkic language family. A classification by Talat Tekin places Southern Altai in its own subgroup within Turkic and groups the Northern Altai dialects with Lower Chulym and the Kondoma dialect of Shor . Though they are traditionally considered one language, Southern Altai is not fully mutually intelligible with

390-714: The Northern Altai Republic. The following features refer to the outcome of commonly used Turkic isoglosses in Northern Altai. The sounds of the Altai language vary among different dialects. The voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ varies greatly from dialect to dialect, especially in the initial position, and may be recognized as a voiced affricate /d͡z/ . Forms of the word јок "no" include [coq] (Kuu dialect) and [joq] (Kumandy). Even within dialects, this phoneme varies greatly. There are eight vowels in Altai. These vowels may be long or short. The language

416-550: The Teleut dialect and was used mostly for Church publications. The first books were printed in Altai not long thereafter and in 1868, the first Altaic Alphabet was published. There was no stable form of this alphabet, and it changed from edition-to-edition. With this in mind, this is an inventory of some of these letters: After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, publishing books into Altai was resumed in 1921, using

442-620: The Turkic-speaking Yugurs of Gansu and the Fuyu Kyrgyz language of a small group of people in Manchuria also share some similarities with languages of this subgroup. The Khakas language has also been part of a wider language area covering the Southern Samoyedic languages Kamassian and Mator . A distinctive feature that these languages share with Khakas and Shor is a process of nasal assimilation, whereby

468-552: The equivalent sounds are written as ⟨йа⟩ , ⟨йо⟩ and ⟨йу⟩ , for native words. So, words that were written as кая 'cliff, rock' and коён 'hare' are now written as кайа and койон respectively . Altai has six personal pronouns: мен men мен men I бис bis бис bis we сен sen сен sen you (singular) слер sler слер sler you (plural, formal) ол ol ол ol Khakas language Khakas , also known as Xakas ,

494-629: The letter ⟨ Ҥҥ ⟩ , for the phonemes /d͡ʒ/ and /ŋ/ respectively. However, this was later rejected, because it could not accurately represent all of Altai's phonological inventory. To amend for this, the Institute's first revised alphabet saw the graphemes ⟨ Ёё ⟩ and ⟨ Юю ⟩ for Altai's vowels /ø~œ/ and / y / fall out of use, and the addition of two digraphs and two letters: ⟨ Дь дь ⟩ for /d͡ʒ/, ⟨ Нъ нъ ⟩ for /ŋ/, ⟨ Ӧӧ ⟩ for /ø~œ/, and ⟨ Ӱӱ ⟩ for /y/. In

520-481: The northern varieties are Kondoma Shor and Lower Chulym , which have -j- for proto-Turkic inter-vocalic *d, unlike Mras Shor and Middle Chulym , which have -z- and are closer to Khakas . Alongside Russian , Altai is an official language of the Altai Republic . The official language is based on the Southern Altai language spoken by the group called the Altay-Kiži, however in the few years it has also spread to

546-425: The second revision, however, ⟨Нъ нъ⟩ was replaced with ⟨ Ҥҥ ⟩ . Thus was created: Altai speakers accepted the first variant, but generally preferred ⟨ Н' н' ⟩ over ⟨Ҥҥ⟩ . Their second Cyrillic alphabet had many shortcomings, thus begging for a reform, which was carried out in 1944. The usage of ⟨Ёё⟩ and ⟨Юю⟩ /ø~œ/ and /y/

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572-653: Was devised, which was replaced by a Latin alphabet in 1929, and by a new Cyrillic alphabet in 1939. In 2012, an Enduring Voices expedition documented the Xyzyl language from the Republic of Khakassia. Officially considered a dialect of Khakas, its speakers regard Xyzyl as a separate language of its own. The Khakas language is part of the South Siberian subgroup of Turkic languages, along with Shor , Chulym , Tuvan , Tofa , and Northern Altai . The language of

598-512: Was dropped entirely, being replaced by the adoption of the Institute's second revision's usages of ⟨Ӧӧ⟩ , and ⟨Ӱӱ⟩ , for native words. ⟨Дь дь⟩ was dropped in favour of ⟨Јј⟩ ; for ⟨Н' н'⟩ , they finally accepted ⟨Ҥҥ⟩ . The letters ⟨Ёё⟩ , ⟨Юю⟩ , and ⟨Яя⟩ are still used, though they are reserved for only non-native, Russian loan-words. So, in modern Standard Altai,

624-593: Was published in 1931, taking this form: The Latin letters correspond as follows to the modern Cyrillic letters: In 1938, the Central Research Institute of Language and Writing of the Peoples of the USSR began the project of designing a new alphabet for Altai, based on the Cyrillic script. Their new alphabet consisted of all 33 Russian letters, as well as the digraph ⟨ Дь дь ⟩ and

650-551: Was where some of the remaining Öelet Oirats were deported to. The Nonni basin was where Oirat Öelet deportees were settled. The Yenisei Kirghiz were deported along with the Öelet. Chinese and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kirghiz during Manchukuo as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Yenisei Kirghiz. The present-day Kyrgyz people originally lived in the same area that the speakers of Fuyu Kyrgyz at first dwelled within modern-day Russia. These Kyrgyz were known as

676-554: Was written with the Latin script from 1928 to 1938, but has used Cyrillic (with the addition of 9 extra letters: Јј [d͡z~ɟ], Ҥҥ [ŋ], Ӧӧ [ø~œ], Ӱӱ [y~ʏ], Ғғ [ʁ], Ққ [q], Һһ [h], Ҹҹ [d͡ʑ], Ii [ɨ̹]) since 1938. The letter Ÿ is sometimes used instead of Ӱ. The first writing system for Altai was invented by missionaries from the Altai Spiritual Mission in the 1840s; it was based on the Cyrillic alphabet and invented for

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