Longwall mining is a form of underground coal mining where a long wall of coal is mined in a single slice (typically 0.6–6.0 m (2 ft 0 in – 19 ft 8 in) thick). The section of rock that is being mined, known as the longwall panel, is typically 3–4 km (1.9–2.5 mi) long, but can be up to 7.5 km (4.7 mi) long and 250–400 m (820–1,310 ft) wide. The longwall method compares with shortwall, room-and-pillar, and several others .
69-633: Sodepur Area is one of the 14 operational areas of Eastern Coalfields Limited located mainly in Asansol subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district and partly of Raghunathpur subdivision in Purulia district , both in the state of West Bengal , India. The earliest attempts at coal mining in India by Suetonius Grant Heatly and John Sumner were at places such as Ethora , Chinakuri and others further west and not identified with modern-day places. Chinakuri
138-404: A long line, side by side for up to 400 m (1,300 ft) in length in order to support the roof of the coal face . An individual chock can weigh 30–40 tonnes, extend to a maximum cutting height of up to 6 m (20 ft) and have yield rating of 1000–1250 tonnes each, and hydraulically advance itself 1 m (3 ft 3 in) at a time. The coal is cut from the coal face by
207-442: A machine called the shearer (power loader). This machine can weigh 75–120 tonnes typically and comprises a main body, housing the electrical functions, the tractive motive units to move the shearer along the coal face and pumping units (to power both hydraulic and water functions). At either end of the main body are fitted the ranging arms which can be ranged vertically up down by means of hydraulic rams, and on to which are mounted
276-487: A region where LWMS is heavily done. This is important to consider as some longwall mine sites can span lengths of several kilometers. That being said, hydrological flow systems, root systems from trees, and vegetative species can suffer from the amounts of soil being removed beneath them, and these stresses lead to surface erosion. Abandoned mines are also an issue with regards to areas where residential development has moved in. Houses erected near abandoned longwall mines face
345-429: A result of bedrock cracking from mining beneath waters such as lakes or rivers, there have been groundwater losses of varying extents. Mines within a few hundred meters of the surface are susceptible to receiving great inputs of water from these bodies. Moreover, after mining interference disturbing the natural landscape near the mines, the natural water flow paths can be redirected which results in additional erosion across
414-474: A speed of 10–30 m/min (33–98 ft/min) depending on cutting conditions. The AFC is placed in front of the powered roof supports, and the shearing action of the rotating drums cutting into the coal seam disintegrates the coal, this being loaded on to the AFC. The coal is removed from the coal face by a scraper chain conveyor to the main gate. Here it is loaded on to a network of conveyor belts for transport to
483-578: A stream or river bank. Additional mining in concentrated areas continuously move these water flow paths, which take years to return to their original states. Many ecosystems rely on the annual consistency of water inputs and outputs, and disturbing these patterns can result in unsustainable conditions for species reliant on water for species reproduction. Longwall mining can also result in localized water temperature change, stimulating algal bloom which can use up available oxygen required for other species health. Longwall mining has limited available research on
552-529: A typical longwall mine face from 200 to 300 metres (660 to 980 ft) was not found to release significantly more methane. Methane emissions from closed longwall mines can continue for up to fifteen years, however it is possible to measure the volume of potential methane emissions based on water flow in the closed mines. Canada has some of the largest coal reserves in the world, and until 2013 there had been no longwall mines in Canada for over 25 years. A mine
621-1244: Is 753.75 km and surface right area is 237.18 km It is spread across West Bengal and Jharkhand. ECL operates in Raniganj Coalfield in West Bengal, Mugma field (in Dhanbad district), Rajmahal Coalmines Projects (in Godda district) and Chitra-Saharjuri Coalfield (in Deoghar district) in Jharkhand. The heart of the Raniganj Coalfield is located south of the Ajay River and north of the Damodar River in Paschim Bardhaman district. Mejia (in Bankura district) and Parbelia (in Purulia district) are located south of
690-494: Is a coal producer based in India. The company was founded in 1975 after nationalisation of coal mines in India . It operates coal mines in Jharkhand and West Bengal states of India. It inherited all the private sector coal mines of the Raniganj Coalfield . It is one of the fully owned subsidiaries of Coal India Limited . The company has its headquarters at Sanctoria , in West Bengal . Coalmining in India first started in
759-643: Is in what is now the Sodepur Area of ECL. In 1843, when Carr, Tagore and Company joined hands with Gilmore Homfray and Company to form the Bengal Coal Company, the new company had its headquarters at Sanctoria in what is now the Sodepur Area. The Sodepur Area is located around 23°41′12″N 86°52′24″E / 23.6868°N 86.8732°E / 23.6868; 86.8732 Located primarily in Paschim Bardhaman district ,
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#1732801117467828-495: Is located in the south-western part of Raniganj Coalfield and is under the administrative control of the Sodepur Area of ECL. The pits of the colliery are located to the north of the Damodar , while the mine workings are to the south. It is the deepest coal mine in India. A total of ten standard coal seams are present in Raniganj Coalfield of which seams R-VII, R-IV, R-X, and partially R-II have been worked or are being worked within
897-414: Is minimised by increasing the block's adjacent chain pillar widths, decreasing extracted block widths and heights, and by giving consideration to the depth of cover as well as competency and thickness of overlying strata. Longwall mining can result in geological disruptions in the rockbed, and can in turn affect water movement and result in water moving away from the surface, through the mined area, and into
966-432: Is the single-largest coal producer in the world. Eastern Coalfields Ltd. is one of the 7 wholly owned producing subsidiaries of CIL At the time of nationalisation, 414 coal mines, almost wholly in the Raniganj Coalfield, came under the jurisdiction of ECL. The mines were regrouped to around 123 mines. Production from these mines in 1973-74 was 21 million tonnes, of which 20.744 million tonnes were from underground mines and
1035-609: The Damodar . The Sactoria Hospital of ECL in Disergarh functions with 250 beds. Medical facilities (dispensaries) in the Sodepur Area of ECL are available at Chinakuri I & II (PO Sundarchak), Chinakuri Mine III (PO Radhanagar), Parbelia (PO Neturia), Narsamuda (PO Mithani), Bejdih (PO Kulti), Mithani (PO Mithani), Patmohna (PO Patmohna), Sodepur 9/10 (PO Sundarchak), Mouthdih (PO Sundarchak), Dhemo Main (PO Main Dhemo). Eastern Coalfields Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL)
1104-859: The Damodar River in the Purulia district of West Bengal. An overview of the proposed mining activity plan in Cluster 5 , a group of 2 mines in the Sodepur Area, as of 2015–16, is as follows: 1. Parbelia underground mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.15 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.19mt, had an expected life of more than 25 years. Parbelia open cast patch had an expected life of 1.5 years. The mine has one depillaring panel by caving method with manual loading and one development section with 2 nos. of SDLs. 2. Dubeswari UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.135 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.18 mt, had an expected life of more than 50 years. Dubswari OC patch had an expected life of 2.5 years. Dubeswari colliery
1173-535: The Raniganj Coalfield . In 1774, John Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly of the British East India Company found coal near Ethora , presently in Salanpur community development block. The early exploration and mining operations were carried out in a haphazard manner. Regular mining started in 1820, led by an agency house, Alexander & Co. In 1835, Prince Dwarkanath Tagore bought over
1242-595: The aquifer . A resulting loss in surface water can negatively impact riparian ecosystems. On top of this, if there are present dams near to the longwall mining site, this could doubly impact the riparian ecosystems as it would have a reduced inflow rate as well as the loss to the underlying rock fracturing. As of 2014, measures were taken by the Australian government to mitigate water impacts from longwall mining. Legislative assemblies have called for action to improve mine infrastructure to minimize disturbances. As
1311-440: The geology of the coal. Return air is extracted by ventilation fans mounted on the surface. Other ventilation methods can be used where intake air also passes the main gate and into a bleeder or back return road reducing gas emissions from the goaf on to the face, or intake air travels up the tail gate and across the face in the same direction as the face chain in a homotropal system. To avoid spontaneous combustion of coal in
1380-402: The slope where a hoist hauled the tubs to the surface. Longwall mining has been extensively used as the final stage in mining old room and pillar mines. In this context, longwall mining can be classified as a form of retreat mining . Gate roads are driven to the back of each panel before longwall mining begins. The gate road along one side of the block is called the maingate or headgate;
1449-633: The Chinakuri Colliery. In Mine No. 1 galleries and longwall panels were developed till 1994 to a depth of 700 m (2,300 ft). The last available longwall panel was exhausted in November 2008. 68.46 million tonnes of coal reserves were available in the virgin areas of Mine No. 1. As of 2016, there was no active mining in Mine No. 1, but plans were there to start mining again in Mine No. 1. Mine No 2 has exhausted its reserves. As of 2016,
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#17328011174671518-998: The Damodar. Palasthali (in Birbhum district) is located north of the Ajay. The Mugma field is located west of the Barakar River and north of the Damodar. The formation of coal seams in the Raniganj Coalfield-Mugma field of ECL has occurred mainly in Raniganj measures and Barakar measures. The Santhal Pargana mines and the Rajmahal Area are mainly related to Barakar measures and Talchair series. As of 1 April 2012 , ECL has proved reserves of 16.94 billion tonnes – 12.42 billion tonnes in West Bengal and 4.52 billion tonnes in Jharkhand. Total reserves in
1587-492: The ECL command area, up to a depth of 600 m, was 49.17 billion tonnes. As of 2017 , Eastern Coalfields had 14 operating areas with 87 working mines, 60 being underground mines, 19 open cast and 8 mixed mines. In 2016–17, ECL produced 40.517 million tonnes of coal, of which 32.319 million tonnes were from open cast mines and 8.127 million tonnes were from underground mines. It was the highest ever production. Offtake of coal from ECL by
1656-690: The Sodepur Area extends into the coal mining areas in Purulia district , across the Damodar . It is bounded by the Salanpur Area on the north, neighbourhoods of Asansol on the east, rural areas of Purulia district on the south and the Mugma Area , in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand, across the Barakar on the west. The map alongside shows some of the collieries in the Area. However, as the collieries do not have individual pages, there are no links in
1725-582: The Sodepur Area in 2018 are: Bejdih Colliery, Chinakuri I & II Colliery, Chinakuri III Colliery, Dhemomain Incline Colliery, Dhemomain Pit Colliery, Dubeswary Colliery, Methani Colliery, Mouthdih Colliery, Narsamuda Colliery, Parbelia Colliery, Patmohana Colliery and Sodepur Colliery. This website does not show Sitarampur as a separate Area. The mines of Cluster 5 are in the south-western part of Raniganj Coalfield and south or right bank of
1794-884: The Sodepur Area involving 121.16 hectares of land. Amongst the major accidents in Indian coal mines in the post-independence period, 3 have occurred in what is now the Sodepur Area. On 12 July 1952, 12 people were killed in Dhemomain Colliery, then owned by Dhemo Main Collieries Limited, because of roof fall. On 26 September 1956, 28 people were killed in Burra Dhemo Colliery, then owned by North Dhemo Coal Company, because of inundation. On 19 February 1958, 175 people were killed in Chinakuri Colliery, then owned by Bengal Coal Company, because of explosion of fire damp. According to an Envis report about
1863-411: The accident at Burra Dhemo, "There was an abnormally heavy rainfall on 25th September (315 mm) and 26th September, 1956 (142 mm) and all the water courses were flooded leading to submergence of the surrounding areas… Increased percolation of water through the strata caused the roof over a gallery in old workings to collapse right through to the surface creating a hole of about 5 m x 1.6 m. Water rushed into
1932-409: The advancing longwall mining method may be used. In the retreat type, the panel is a face connecting them both. Only the maingate road is formed in advance of the face. The tailgate road is formed behind the coal face by removing the stone above coal height to form a roadway that is high enough to travel in. The end of the block that includes the longwall equipment is called the face. The other end of
2001-420: The block is usually one of the main travel roads of the mine. The cavity behind the longwall is called the goaf, goff or gob. Typically, intake (fresh) air travels up the main gate, across the face, and then down the tail gate, known as 'U' type ventilation. Once past the face the air is no longer fresh air, but return air carrying away coal dust and mine gases such as methane , carbon dioxide , depending on
2070-419: The coal industry was in stages. The management of coking coal mines was taken over in 1971 and the coking coal mines were nationalised in 1972. The management of non-coking coal mines was taken over on 31 January 1973 and these were nationalised on 1 May 1973. Coal India Limited, a holding company, was formed in 1975, encompassing the entire coal industry. In 2016–17, CIL produced 554.14 million tonnes of coal. It
2139-431: The collieries and Carr, Tagore and Company led the field. For the entire 19th century and a major part of the 20th century, Ranigunj coalfields was the major producer of coal in the country. At the behest of William Princep, Carr, Tagore and Company joined hands with Gilmore Homfray and Co. in 1843 to form Bengal Coal Co., which opened up coal mining activities. Their headquarters was at Sanctoria . Nationalisation of
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2208-485: The death of many labourers. As per the Ministry of Coal, Government of India, there are 203 illegal mining sites in ECL spread over Satgram, Sripur, Salanpur, Sodepur, Kunstoria, Pandveshwar, Mugma, Santhal Parganas Mines and Rajmahal. Traditionally many underground collieries have left a void after taking out the coal. As a result, almost all areas are facing subsidence. As per CMPDIL, there were 7 points of subsidence in
2277-547: The end of the ordeal is nothing short of a miracle." "The Chinakuri Colliery was a combined mine consisting of the workings of Nos. 1 and 2 pits colliery and of No.3 pit colliery working the Disergarh seam. The Disergarh seam was known to produce inflammable gas and its average make in the workings of Nos. 1 and 2 pits was 8.5 m/ min. The explosion took place in the workings of Nos. l and 2 pits on 19th February, 1958." Efforts were made to save as many persons as possible and bring
2346-531: The face and to place wooden roof props to control the fall of the roof. Such low-technology longwall mines continued in operation into the 1970s. The best known example was the New Gladstone Mine near Centerville, Iowa , "one of the last advancing longwall mines in the United States". This longwall mine did not use a conveyor belt, instead relying on ponies to haul coal tubs from the face to
2415-621: The fire under control. When preliminary efforts to control the fire failed and more explosions occurred the mine was flooded with water to control the fire. Altogether 20 men were rescued and out of them 4 died later. "The large majority of the dead bodies was found at or near the working faces suggesting that they were overpowered by such an unexpected danger that they could not make the least attempt to save themselves." According to CMPDI Report (1988), fire affected areas in Raniganj Coalfield had been identified at Dishergarh, Sanctoria, Amritnagar, Jay Kay Nagar, Laikdih, Victoria West and Damogoria. Fire
2484-414: The focus was on developing seam R-VIII in Mine No. 3. Seam R-VIII (Borachak/ Hijuli) has a total geological reserve of 22 million tonnes and was being worked by Mine No. 3 and Parbelia Colliery. Its depth exceeds 600 m (1,968 ft). Coal blocks held by CIL overlap 81 percent of India's potential area exploitable by CBM /CMM. Based on the average Seam R-IV, in Mine No. 1, gas content, it is estimated that
2553-569: The full screen map. As per the Shodhganga website, collieries in the Sodepur Area of Eastern Coalfields are: Sodepur, Mouthdih, Parbelia, Dubeswari, Chinakuri I, Chinakuri II, Chinakuri III, Ranipur and Poidih. As per the Shodhganga website, collieries in the Sitarampur Area of Eastern Coalfields are: Mithani, Bejdi, Dhemomain, Narsamuda, BC Incline and Patmohana. As per the ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in
2622-433: The gate-roads. Briefly, Inertial navigation system outputs are used in a dead reckoning calculation to estimate the shearer positions. Optimal Kalman filters and smoothers can be applied to improve the dead reckoning estimates prior to repositioning the longwall equipment at the completion of each shear. Expectation-maximization algorithms can be used to estimate the unknown filter and smoother parameters for tracking
2691-609: The goaf area, gases may be allowed to build up behind seals so as to exclude oxygen from the sealed goaf area. Where a goaf may contain an explosive mixture of methane and oxygen, nitrogen injection/inertisation may be used to exclude oxygen or push the explosive mixture deep into the goaf where there are no probable ignition sources. Seals are required to be monitored each shift by a certified mine supervisor for damage and leaks of harmful gases. A number of hydraulic jacks , called powered roof supports, chocks or shields, which are typically 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) wide and placed in
2760-402: The impacts of nearby forests, however emerging satellite imagery studies have shown possible relations to drier surface soil near regions where longwall mining has recently occurred. In addition to drier soils, forest canopy moisture has been observed to be reduced. Longwall mines have been observed to release methane gas , a common greenhouse gas into the environment, however the increase of
2829-479: The landscape above the mines. At Newstan Colliery in New South Wales , Australia "the surface has dropped by as much as five metres in places" above a multi-level mine. In some cases the subsidence causes damage to natural features such as drainage to water courses or man-made structures such as roads and buildings. " Douglas Park Drive was closed for four weeks because longwall panels ... destabilised
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2898-434: The longwall shearer positions. Compared to manual control of the mine equipment, the automated system yields improved production rates. In addition to productivity gains, automating longwall equipment leads to safety benefits. The coal face is a hazardous area because methane and carbon monoxide are present, while the area is hot and humid since water is sprayed over the face to minimize the likelihood of sparks occurring when
2967-446: The mineral from coal seam. The shearer is carried along the length of the face on the armoured face conveyor (AFC); using a chain-less haulage system, which resembles a ruggedised rack and pinion system specially developed for mining. Prior to the chainless haulage systems, haulage systems with chain were popular, where a heavy duty chain was run along the length of the coal face for the shearer to pull itself along. The shearer moves at
3036-439: The miners is enhanced by the fact that they are always under the hydraulic roof supports when they are extracting coal. Longwall mining has traditionally been a manual process in which alignment of the face equipment was done with string lines. Technologies have been developed which automates several aspects of the longwall mining operation, including a system that aligns the face of the retreating longwall panel perpendicularly to
3105-468: The mines for agricultural related work, which also was more remunerative. It forced the mine-owners to bring in outside labour, mostly from Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. In time the migrants dominated the mining and industrial scenario. The pauperization and alienation of the adivasis have been major points of social concern. Sources: The Asansol–Gaya section , which is a part of Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line and Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line passes through
3174-404: The most prominent piece of machinery involved. Unlike earlier longwall mining, the use of a conveyor belt parallel to the coal face forced the face to be developed along a straight line. The only other machinery used was an electric cutter to undercut the coal face and electric drills for blasting to drop the face. Once dropped, manual labor was used to load coal on to the conveyor parallel to
3243-403: The northern edges of the Sodepur Area. There are freight lines in the Sodepur Area to take out the coal. The Grand Trunk Road passes through the northern parts of the Sodepur Area and crosses over to Dhanbad district in Jharkhand over a bridge across the Barakar . State Highway 5 passes through the Sodepur Area, crossing over to the colliery areas in Purulia district, over a bridge across
3312-480: The power sector was 40.121 million tonnes in 2016–17. A broad area-wise distribution of coalmines of Eastern Coalfield Limited is given below: Note: All the linked Area pages provide relevant details of the collieries and carry maps indicating the location of the collieries An overview of the mining plan of ECL covering 12 clusters is given below. Further details are available on the linked Area pages. Longwall mining The basic idea of longwall mining
3381-428: The proposed mining activity plan in Cluster 6 , a group of 9 mines in the Sodepur Area, as of 2015–16, is as follows: 1. Dhemomain underground mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.155 million tonnes and peak annual production capacity of 0.21 mt, had an expected life of over 50 years. At Dhemomain incline one, bord and pillar development district was being run with SDLs. The fallen coal from old working
3450-521: The rest from manual quarries. The percentage of production from the underground mines has declined from 98.49% at the time of nationalisation to 18.23% in 2014–15. The focus is on technological upgradation of underground mines. In 2014–15, the technology-wise production from the underground mines (in million tonnes) was: conventional bord and pillar – 0.539, mechanised bord and pillar – 5.335, mechanised longwall (including road header) – 0.025, continuous miner – 1.397, Total – 7.296. ECL mining leasehold area
3519-402: The road on the other side is called the tailgate. Where the thickness of the coal allows, these gate roads have been previously developed by continuous miner units, as the longwall itself is not capable of the initial development. The layout of Longwall could be either "advancing" type or of "retreat" type. In the advancing type, the gate roads are formed as the coal face advances. In thinner seams
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#17328011174673588-743: The road. In 2000, the State Government stopped mining when it came within 600 metres from the twin bridges. A year later there were reports of 40-centimetre gaps appearing in the road, and the bridge had to be jacked sideways to realign it." A 2005 geotechnical report commissioned by the Roads & Traffic Authority warned that "subsidence could happen suddenly and occur over many years". However, there are several mines, which were successfully mined with little to no measurable surface subsidence including mines under lakes, oceans, important water catchments and environmentally sensitive areas. Subsidence
3657-428: The shearer cutting drums which are fitted with 40–60 cutting picks. Within the ranging arms are housed very powerful electric motors (typically up to 850 kW) which transfer their power through a series of lay gears within the body and through the arms to the drum mounting locations at the extreme ends of the ranging arms where the cutting drums are. The cutting drums are rotated at a speed of 20–50 revs/min to cut
3726-416: The shearer picks strike rock. By automating manual processes, face workers can be removed from these hazardous areas. As with many mining techniques, it is important to consider the local and regional environmental impacts from longwall mining. Longwall mine subsidence (LWMS) is an anthropogenic process that has many ecological and environmental impacts, particularly on soil health and water movement in
3795-423: The surface. At the main gate the coal is usually reduced in size in a crusher, and loaded on to the first conveyor belt by the beam stage loader (BSL). As the shearer removes the coal, the AFC is snaked over behind the shearer and the powered roof supports move forward into the newly created cavity. As mining progresses and the entire longwall progresses through the seam, the goaf increases. This goaf collapses under
3864-432: The technology has changed considerably, the basic idea remains the same, to remove essentially all of the coal from a broad coal face and allow the roof and overlying rock to collapse into the void behind, while maintaining a safe working space along the face for the miners. Starting around 1900, mechanization was applied to this method. By 1940, some referred to longwall mining as "the conveyor method" of mining, after
3933-458: The threat of future damage from sinkholes and poor soil quality , even up to thirty years after mine abandonment. Since longwall mining is namely, very long, it can effect areas of over 200 acres (81 ha). Over these largest spans, it has been observed that longwall mines underlying mountain sides demonstrate more visible subsidence in mountain landscapes than it does for valley landscapes. There have been cases of surface subsidence altering
4002-413: The underground workings through this hole flooding all the dip workings in a couple of minutes. 28 persons working in the dip area were drowned. However, 11 persons who got trapped in the rise area due to the submergence of the exits (one shaft and one incline) came out after 19 days. How they had survived for those 19 days in the dark confines below ground and still had the strength to walk up the incline at
4071-414: The virgin portion of the study area holds approximately 11.6 Bcf, or 328 Mm3, of gas resources. Efforts are on to recover this gas. Mines abandoned, after economic extraction is over, are the main sources of illegal mining , which is generally done in small patches in a haphazard manner and mining sites keep on changing. Illegal mining leads to roof falling, water flooding, poisonous gas leaking, leading to
4140-649: The weight of the overlying strata. The strata approximately 2.5 times the thickness of the coal seam removed collapses and the beds above settle on to the collapsed goaf. This collapsing can lower surface height, causing problems such as changing the course of rivers and severely damaging building foundations. Longwall and room and pillar methods of mining can both be used for mining suitable underground coal seams. Longwall has better resource recovery (about 80% compared with about 60% for room and pillar method), fewer roof support consumables are needed, higher volume coal clearance systems, minimal manual handling and safety of
4209-716: Was also reported from private mining areas like Sarisatali in the Salanpur Area. Prior to coal mining, the entire region was a low-productive rice crop area in what was once a part of the Jungle Mahals . The ownership of land had passed on from local adivasis to agricultural castes before mining started. However, the Santhals and the Bauris , referred to by the colonial administrators as "traditional coal cutters of Raniganj" remained attached to their lost land and left
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#17328011174674278-558: Was also running. 4. Patmohana UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.12 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.12 mt, had an expected life of over 40 years. The proposed Patmohana OC patch had an expected life of 1 year. In Patmohana UG mine only one depillaring district at west side was being run with caving method. 5. Chinakuri I UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.06 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.08 mt, had an expected life of over 50 years. In Chinakuri I UG mine, one development district
4347-760: Was being carried out in Sripur (R-VI) seam. In Pit No. 1, Raghunath purbati (R-VA) and Baradhemo (R-V) seams had been exhausted. 8. Methani UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.10 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.20 mt, had an expected life of over 20 years. The proposed Methani OC patch had an expected life of 1.5 years. In Methani UG mine, manual development was being carried out in Baradhemo (R-V) seam, through Pit No. 1. 9. Sheetalpur UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.12 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.50 mt, had an expected life of over 30 years. Chinakuri mining area
4416-436: Was being loaded by UG loaders. One depillaring district was about to be started. At Dhemomain pit, one bord and pillar development district was running with manual loading. 2. Sodepur UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.12 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.15 mt, had an expected life of over 10 years. Sodepur open cast patch had an expected life of 2 years. In Sodepur UG mine, depillaring operation
4485-525: Was being worked. Previous depillaring had been done by caving method but later working goaf pillar method was being followed in one district. Another depillaring district was being worked with hydraulic sand stowing. One development section in the east of main dip section was being worked with SDL. 7. Bejdih I UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.04 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.10 mt, had an expected life of over 20 years. In Bejdih UG mine, Incline I & 2, manual development work
4554-586: Was developed in England in the late 17th century, although it may have been anticipated in the pre-industrial era by a similar technique utilized by the Hopi of Northeastern Arizona in the 14th century. Miners undercut the coal along the width of the coal face, removing coal as it fell, and used wooden props to control the fall of the roof behind the face. This was known as the Shropshire method of mining. While
4623-537: Was going on in Hatnal seam (R-III). Out of the three working panels stowing was being done in two panels. 3. Narsamuda UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.148 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.19 mt, had an expected life of over 10 years. The Narsamuda UG mine was being worked by the board and pillar method with manual loading. Two depillaring panels were running; one with caving method and another with limited span method. One development section
4692-429: Was running with CCM. In another panel depillaring was being done by longwall retreating method with hydraulic stowing. Average depth of the mine was 600m. 6. Chinakuri III UG mine, with normative annual production capacity of 0.15 mt and peak annual production capacity of 0.20 mt, had an expected life of over 25 years. The proposed Chinakuri OC patch had an expected life of 1 year. In Chinakuri III UG mine, Barachak seam
4761-580: Was working the Hijuli seam (R-VIII) through three inclines No. 1, 2 & 3. Two districts were running; one depillaring with caving in Panel-P2 and the other depillaring with stowing in Panel-A. The mines in cluster 6 are in the western part of Raniganj Coalfield and are situated towards west of Asansol and IISCO Steel Plant . Damodar River forms the boundary of the cluster on the southwest. An overview of
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