Misplaced Pages

#530469

103-411: The terms programmer and coder overlap software engineer , but they imply only the construction aspect of typical software engineer workload. A software engineer applies a software development process , which involves defining, implementing , testing , managing , and maintaining software systems and, creating and modifying the development process. Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering

206-483: A flight simulator . Simple programs can be written in a few hours. More complex ones may require more than a year of work, while others are never considered 'complete' but rather are continuously improved as long as they stay in use. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer's supervision. Programming editors, also known as source code editors , are text editors that are specifically designed for programmers or developers to write

309-418: A certain category or domain of projects. Software design is the process of making high-level plans for the software. Design is sometimes divided into levels: Software construction typically involves programming (a.k.a. coding), unit testing , integration testing , and debugging so as to implement the design. “Software testing is related to, but different from, ... debugging”. Testing during this phase

412-529: A computer to do. Knuth embodied the idea of literate programming in the WEB system. The same WEB source is used to weave a TeX file, and to tangle a Pascal source file. These in their turn produce a readable description of the program and an executable binary respectively. A later iteration of the system, CWEB , replaces Pascal with C , C++ , and Java . Knuth used WEB to program TeX and METAFONT, and published both programs as books, both originally published

515-516: A continuous ability to have human oversight on business-critical processes 24 hours per day, without paying overtime compensation or disrupting a key human resource, sleep patterns. While global outsourcing has several advantages, global – and generally distributed – development can run into serious difficulties resulting from the distance between developers. This is due to the key elements of this type of distance that have been identified as geographical, temporal, cultural and communication (that includes

618-493: A core issue with software engineering is that its approaches are not empirical enough because a real-world validation of approaches is usually absent, or very limited and hence software engineering is often misinterpreted as feasible only in a "theoretical environment." Edsger Dijkstra , a founder of many of the concepts in software development today, rejected the idea of "software engineering" up until his death in 2002, arguing that those terms were poor analogies for what he called

721-415: A decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031. and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032. Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower. Furthermore, the ratio of women in many software fields has also been declining over

824-450: A demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers; some were distributed between users of a particular machine for no charge, while others were sold on a commercial basis. Other firms, such as Computer Sciences Corporation (founded in 1959), also started to grow. Computer manufacturers soon started bundling operating systems , system software and programming environments with their machines;

927-578: A few times a year at Stanford University , which he calls "Computer Musings". He was a visiting professor at the Oxford University Department of Computer Science in the United Kingdom until 2017 and an Honorary Fellow of Magdalen College . Knuth is an organist and a composer . He and his father served as organists for Lutheran congregations. Knuth and his wife have a 16-rank organ in their home. In 2016 he completed

1030-421: A further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031. and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032. Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower. However, for software developers BLS projects for 2019 to 2029 a 22% increase in employment, from 1,469,200 to 1,785,200 jobs with

1133-402: A lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers. For programmers, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook originally predicted a growth for programmers of 12 percent from 2010 to 2020 and thereafter a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026,

SECTION 10

#1732765800531

1236-501: A long association with Burroughs as a consultant from 1960 to 1968 until his move into more academic work at Stanford in 1969. In 1962, Knuth accepted a commission from Addison-Wesley to write a book on computer programming language compilers . While working on this project, he decided that he could not adequately treat the topic without first developing a fundamental theory of computer programming, which became The Art of Computer Programming . He originally planned to publish this as

1339-630: A master's degree, rather than the expected bachelor's degree. Impressed by the ALGOL syntax chart, symbol table, recursive-descent approach and the separation of the scanning, parsing and emitting functions of the compiler Knuth suggested an extension to the symbol table that one symbol could stand for a string of symbols. This became the basis of the DEFINE in Burroughs ALGOL, which has since been adopted by other languages. However, some really disliked

1442-414: A median base salary of $ 110,000 per year. This prediction is lower than the earlier 2010 to 2020 predicted increase of 30% for software developers. Though the distinction is somewhat ambiguous, software developers engage in a wider array of aspects of application development and are generally higher skilled than programmers, making outsourcing less of a risk. Another reason for the decline for programmers

1545-572: A more balanced analysis of the licensing issue in 2002. In the U.K. the British Computer Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Chartered IT Professional (CITP) , available to fully qualified members ( MBCS ). Software engineers may be eligible for membership of the British Computer Society or Institution of Engineering and Technology and so qualify to be considered for Chartered Engineer status through either of those institutions. In Canada

1648-715: A new television and enough candy bars for all of his schoolmates to eat. Knuth received a scholarship in physics to the Case Institute of Technology (now part of Case Western Reserve University ) in Cleveland , Ohio, enrolling in 1956. He also joined the Beta Nu Chapter of the Theta Chi fraternity . While studying physics at Case, Knuth was introduced to the IBM 650 , an early commercial computer . After reading

1751-625: A piece for organ, Fantasia Apocalyptica , which he calls a "translation of the Greek text of the Revelation of Saint John the Divine into music". It was premièred in Sweden on January 10, 2018. Knuth's Chinese name is Gao Dena ( simplified Chinese : 高德纳 ; traditional Chinese : 高德納 ; pinyin : Gāo Dénà ). He was given this name in 1977 by Frances Yao shortly before making

1854-409: A programmer, although professional certifications are commonly held by programmers. Programming is considered a profession . Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business for which they are writing programs. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on an aircraft for pilots training in

1957-648: A programmer. Generally, a programmer writes code in a computer language and with an intent to build software that achieves some goal . Sometimes a programmer or job position is identified by the language used or target platform. For example, assembly programmer , web developer . The job titles that include programming tasks have differing connotations across the computer industry and to different individuals. The following are notable descriptions. A software developer primarily implements software based on specifications and fixes bugs . Other duties may include reviewing code changes and testing . To achieve

2060-436: A school magazine in 1957 under the title "The Potrzebie System of Weights and Measures". In it, he defined the fundamental unit of length as the thickness of Mad No. 26, and named the fundamental unit of force "whatmeworry". Mad published the article in issue No. 33 (June 1957). To demonstrate the concept of recursion , Knuth intentionally referred "Circular definition" and "Definition, circular" to each other in

2163-463: A single book, but as he developed his outline for the book, he concluded that he required six volumes, and then seven, to thoroughly cover the subject. He published the first volume in 1968. Just before publishing the first volume of The Art of Computer Programming , Knuth left Caltech to accept employment with the Institute for Defense Analyses' Communications Research Division , then situated on

SECTION 20

#1732765800531

2266-438: A team of programmers, communicating with customers, managers and other engineers, considering system stability and quality, and exploring software development methodologies. Sometimes, a software engineer is required to have a degree in software engineering, computer engineering , or computer science. Some countries legally require an engineering degree to be called engineer . British countess and mathematician Ada Lovelace

2369-567: A thesis titled Finite Semifields and Projective Planes . In 1963, after receiving his PhD, Knuth joined Caltech's faculty as an assistant professor. While at Caltech and after the success of the Burroughs B205 ALGOL compiler, he became consultant to Burroughs Corporation, joining the Product Planning Department. At Caltech he was operating as a mathematician but at Burroughs as a programmer working with

2472-438: A threat to software engineering itself; a related career, computer programming does appear to have been affected. Nevertheless, the ability to smartly leverage offshore and near-shore resources via the follow-the-sun workflow has improved the overall operational capability of many organizations. When North Americans leave work, Asians are just arriving to work. When Asians are leaving work, Europeans arrive to work. This provides

2575-467: A three-week trip to China . In the 1980 Chinese translation of Volume 1 of The Art of Computer Programming ( simplified Chinese : 计算机程序设计艺术 ; traditional Chinese : 計算機程式設計藝術 ; pinyin : Jìsuànjī chéngxù shèjì yìshù ), Knuth explains that he embraced his Chinese name because he wanted to be known by the growing numbers of computer programmers in China at the time. In 1989, his Chinese name

2678-722: A vocational school. One standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was defined by the Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula of the IEEE Computer Society and the Association for Computing Machinery , and updated in 2014. A number of universities have Software Engineering degree programs; as of 2010, there were 244 Campus Bachelor of Software Engineering programs, 70 Online programs, 230 Masters-level programs, 41 Doctorate-level programs, and 69 Certificate-level programs in

2781-550: A week, but about 15 percent of software engineers and 11 percent of programmers worked more than 50 hours a week in 2008. Potential injuries in these occupations are possible because like other workers who spend long periods sitting in front of a computer terminal typing at a keyboard, engineers and programmers are susceptible to eyestrain, back discomfort, Thrombosis , Obesity , and hand and wrist problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome . The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) counted 1,365,500 software developers holding jobs in

2884-409: A working, program-controlled, electronic computer. From 1943 to 1945, per computer scientist Wolfgang K. Giloi and AI professor Raúl Rojas et al., Zuse created the first, high-level programming language , Plankalkül . Members of the 1945 ENIAC programming team of Kay McNulty , Betty Jennings , Betty Snyder , Marlyn Wescoff , Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman have since been credited as

2987-451: Is a prerequisite for becoming a software engineer. In 2004, the IEEE Computer Society produced the SWEBOK , which has been published as ISO/IEC Technical Report 1979:2005, describing the body of knowledge that they recommend to be mastered by a graduate software engineer with four years of experience. Many software engineers enter the profession by obtaining a university degree or training at

3090-471: Is also associated with the title of a NATO conference in 1968 by Professor Friedrich L. Bauer . Margaret Hamilton described the discipline of "software engineering" during the Apollo missions to give what they were doing legitimacy. At the time there was perceived to be a " software crisis ". The 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2018) celebrates 50 years of "Software Engineering" with

3193-536: Is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a professor emeritus at Stanford University . He is the 1974 recipient of the ACM Turing Award , informally considered the Nobel Prize of computer science. Knuth has been called the "father of the analysis of algorithms ". Knuth is the author of the multi-volume work The Art of Computer Programming . He contributed to the development of

Software engineering - Misplaced Pages Continue

3296-495: Is considered one of the major computing disciplines. Notable definitions of software engineering include: The term has also been used less formally: Margaret Hamilton promoted the term "software engineering" during her work on the Apollo program . The term "engineering" was used to acknowledge that the work should be taken just as seriously as other contributions toward the advancement of technology. Hamilton details her use of

3399-474: Is eyewash: if you carefully read its literature and analyse what its devotees actually do, you will discover that software engineering has accepted as its charter "How to program if you cannot." Programmer A programmer , computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming . The professional titles software developer and software engineer are used for jobs that require

3502-590: Is further down from their 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate. Due to this trend, job growth may not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead be outsourced to computer software engineers in countries such as India and other foreign countries. In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook predicts

3605-462: Is generally performed by the programmer and with the purpose to verify that the code behaves as designed and to know when the code is ready for the next level of testing. Software testing is an empirical, technical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the software under test. When described separately from construction, testing typically is performed by test engineers or quality assurance instead of

3708-676: Is not, but that it should be. Donald Knuth has said that programming is an art and a science. Edsger W. Dijkstra claimed that the terms software engineering and software engineer have been misused in the United States. Requirements engineering is about elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of requirements for software . Software requirements can be functional , non-functional or domain. Functional requirements describe expected behaviors (i.e. outputs). Non-functional requirements specify issues like portability, security, maintainability, reliability, scalability, performance, reusability, and flexibility. They are classified into

3811-523: Is often considered to be the first computer programmer. She authored an algorithm , which was published in October 1842, for calculating Bernoulli numbers on the Charles Babbage analytical engine . Because the machine was not completed in her lifetime, she never experienced the algorithm in action. In 1941, German civil engineer Konrad Zuse was the first person to execute a program on

3914-552: Is their skills are being merged with other professions, such as developers, as employers increase the requirements for a position over time. Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in artificial intelligence might impact the demand for future generations of Software professions. As of 2024 in Japan , the demand for programmers is increasing rapidly. Numerous programming schools have opened to meet this demand, including TechAcademy , Tech i.s. and NinjaCode . On

4017-490: Is through story." In the 1970s, Knuth called computer science "a totally new field with no real identity. And the standard of available publications was not that high. A lot of the papers coming out were quite simply wrong. ... So one of my motivations was to put straight a story that had been very badly told." From 1972 to 1973, Knuth spent a year at the University of Oslo among people such as Ole-Johan Dahl . This

4120-487: Is where he had originally intended to write the seventh volume in his book series, which was to deal with programming languages. But Knuth had finished only the first two volumes when he came to Oslo, and thus spent the year on the third volume, next to teaching. The third volume came out just after Knuth returned to Stanford in 1973. By 2011, Volume 4A had been published. Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science 2nd ed., which originated with an expansion of

4223-524: The Journal of Recreational Mathematics beginning in the 1960s, and was acknowledged as a major contributor in Joseph Madachy 's Mathematics on Vacation . Knuth also appears in a number of Numberphile and Computerphile videos on YouTube , where he discusses topics from writing Surreal Numbers to why he does not use email. Knuth had proposed the name " algorithmics " as a better name for

Software engineering - Misplaced Pages Continue

4326-585: The Canadian Information Processing Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Information Systems Professional (ISP) . In Ontario, Canada, Software Engineers who graduate from a Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) accredited program, successfully complete PEO's ( Professional Engineers Ontario ) Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and have at least 48 months of acceptable engineering experience are eligible to be licensed through

4429-630: The Computer Modern family of typefaces. As a writer and scholar, Knuth created the WEB and CWEB computer programming systems designed to encourage and facilitate literate programming , and designed the MIX / MMIX instruction set architectures . He strongly opposes the granting of software patents , and has expressed his opinion to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and European Patent Organisation . Donald Knuth

4532-607: The Department of Computing at Imperial College London introduced the first three-year software engineering bachelor's degree in the world; in the following year, the University of Sheffield established a similar program. In 1996, the Rochester Institute of Technology established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States; however, it did not obtain ABET accreditation until 2003,

4635-541: The IBM 1620 came with the 1620 Symbolic Programming System and FORTRAN . The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the personal computer (PC) in the mid-1970s, which brought computing to the average office worker. In the following years, the PC also helped create a constantly growing market for games, applications and utility software. This resulted in increased demand for software developers for that period of time. Computer programmers write, test, debug , and maintain

4738-585: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Technology Review , these Knuth reward checks are "among computerdom's most prized trophies". Knuth had to stop sending real checks in 2008 due to bank fraud, and now gives each error finder a "certificate of deposit" from a publicly listed balance in his fictitious "Bank of San Serriffe ". He once warned a correspondent, "Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it." Knuth published his first "scientific" article in

4841-584: The Princeton campus, which was performing mathematical research in cryptography to support the National Security Agency . In 1967, Knuth attended a Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics conference and someone asked what he did. At the time, computer science was partitioned into numerical analysis , artificial intelligence , and programming languages . Based on his study and The Art of Computer Programming book, Knuth decided

4944-483: The Professional Engineers Ontario and can become Professional Engineers P.Eng. The PEO does not recognize any online or distance education however; and does not consider Computer Science programs to be equivalent to software engineering programs despite the tremendous overlap between the two. This has sparked controversy and a certification war. It has also held the number of P.Eng holders for

5047-406: The U.S. in 2018. Due to its relative newness as a field of study, formal education in software engineering is often taught as part of a computer science curriculum, and many software engineers hold computer science degrees. The BLS estimates from 2023 to 2033 that computer software engineering would increase by 17%. This is down from the 2022 to 2032 BLS estimate of 25% for software engineering. And,

5150-425: The interior-point method of linear programming . He has expressed his disagreement directly to both the United States Patent and Trademark Office and European Patent Organisation . In the 1970s, the publishers of TAOCP abandoned Monotype in favor of phototypesetting . Knuth became so frustrated with the inability of the latter system to approach the quality of the previous volumes, which were typeset using

5253-416: The "radical novelty" of computer science : A number of these phenomena have been bundled under the name "Software Engineering". As economics is known as "The Miserable Science", software engineering should be known as "The Doomed Discipline", doomed because it cannot even approach its goal since its goal is self-contradictory. Software engineering, of course, presents itself as another worthy cause, but that

SECTION 50

#1732765800531

5356-826: The Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers has recognized several software engineering programs. In 1998, the US Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) established the first doctorate program in Software Engineering in the world. Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through

5459-594: The Certified Software Development Associate (CSDA). The ACM had a professional certification program in the early 1980s, which was discontinued due to lack of interest. The ACM and the IEEE Computer Society together examined the possibility of licensing of software engineers as Professional Engineers in the 1990s, but eventually decided that such licensing was inappropriate for the professional industrial practice of software engineering. John C. Knight and Nancy G. Leveson presented

5562-627: The Computer Science and Engineering Department at California State University, Fullerton . Steve McConnell opines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers. ETS (École de technologie supérieure) University and UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge ( SWEBOK ), which has become an ISO standard describing

5665-680: The Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) designation. In Europe, Software Engineers can obtain the European Engineer (EUR ING) professional title. Software Engineers can also become professionally qualified as a Chartered Engineer through the British Computer Society . In the United States, the NCEES began offering a Professional Engineer exam for Software Engineering in 2013, thereby allowing Software Engineers to be licensed and recognized. NCEES ended

5768-694: The Plenary Sessions' keynotes of Frederick Brooks and Margaret Hamilton . In 1984, the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) was established as a federally funded research and development center headquartered on the campus of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , United States. Watts Humphrey founded the SEI Software Process Program, aimed at understanding and managing

5871-572: The United States. In addition to university education, many companies sponsor internships for students wishing to pursue careers in information technology. These internships can introduce the student to real-world tasks that typical software engineers encounter every day. Similar experience can be gained through military service in software engineering. Half of all practitioners today have degrees in computer science , information systems , or information technology . A small but growing number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987,

5974-556: The body of knowledge covered by a software engineer. Legal requirements for the licensing or certification of professional software engineers vary around the world. In the UK, there is no licensing or legal requirement to assume or use the job title Software Engineer. In some areas of Canada, such as Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, software engineers can hold the Professional Engineer (P.Eng) designation and/or

6077-424: The computer's manual, Knuth decided to rewrite the assembly and compiler code for the machine used in his school because he believed he could do it better. In 1958, Knuth created a program to help his school's basketball team win its games. He assigned "values" to players in order to gauge their probability of scoring points, a novel approach that Newsweek and CBS Evening News later reported on. Knuth

6180-510: The condition that you could not do anything else but study as a graduate student so he would not be able to continue as a consultant to Burroughs. He chose to turn down the fellowships and continued with Burroughs. In summer 1962, he wrote a FORTRAN compiler for Univac, but considered that “I sold my soul to the devil” to write a FORTRAN compiler. After graduating, Knuth returned to Burroughs in June 1961 but did not tell them he had graduated with

6283-409: The detailed instructions, called computer programs , that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of

SECTION 60

#1732765800531

6386-593: The development of software were established. The origins of the term software engineering have been attributed to various sources. The term appeared in a list of services offered by companies in the June 1965 issue of "Computers and Automation" and was used more formally in the August 1966 issue of Communications of the ACM (Volume 9, number 8) in "President's Letter to the ACM Membership" by Anthony A. Oettinger. It

6489-474: The discipline of computer science. In addition to his writings on computer science, Knuth, a Lutheran , is also the author of 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated , in which he examines the Bible by a process of systematic sampling , namely an analysis of chapter 3, verse 16 of each book. Each verse is accompanied by a rendering in calligraphic art, contributed by a group of calligraphers led by Hermann Zapf . Knuth

6592-513: The distance / time zone difference that prevented human interaction between clients and developers and the massive job transfer. This had a negative impact on many aspects of the software engineering profession. For example, some students in the developed world avoid education related to software engineering because of the fear of offshore outsourcing (importing software products or services from other countries) and of being displaced by foreign visa workers . Although statistics do not currently show

6695-527: The end of his senior year at Case in 1960, Knuth proposed to Burroughs Corporation to write an ALGOL compiler for the B205 for $ 5,500. The proposal was accepted and he worked on the ALGOL compiler between graduating from Case and going to Caltech . In 1963, with mathematician Marshall Hall as his adviser, he earned a PhD in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology , with

6798-527: The exam after April 2019 due to lack of participation. Mandatory licensing is currently still largely debated, and perceived as controversial. The IEEE Computer Society and the ACM , the two main US-based professional organizations of software engineering, publish guides to the profession of software engineering. The IEEE's Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge – 2004 Version , or SWEBOK , defines

6901-702: The field and describes the knowledge the IEEE expects a practicing software engineer to have. The most current SWEBOK v3 is an updated version and was released in 2014. The IEEE also promulgates a "Software Engineering Code of Ethics". There are an estimated 26.9 million professional software engineers in the world as of 2022, up from 21 million in 2016. Many software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work for themselves as freelancers . Some organizations have specialists to perform each of

7004-444: The field of software engineering: Some call for licensing, certification and codified bodies of knowledge as mechanisms for spreading the engineering knowledge and maturing the field. Some claim that the concept of software engineering is so new that it is rarely understood, and it is widely misinterpreted, including in software engineering textbooks, papers, and among the communities of programmers and crafters. Some claim that

7107-778: The first ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award . He has received various other awards, including the Turing Award , the National Medal of Science , the John von Neumann Medal , and the Kyoto Prize . Knuth was elected a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (DFBCS) in 1980 in recognition of his contributions to the field of computer science. In 1990, he was awarded the one-of-a-kind academic title Professor of The Art of Computer Programming ;

7210-586: The first professional computer programmers. The first company founded specifically to provide software products and services was the Computer Usage Company in 1955. Before that time, computers were programmed either by customers or the few commercial computer manufacturers of the time, such as Sperry Rand and IBM . The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, governments, and businesses created

7313-404: The following types: interface constraints, performance constraints (such as response time, security, storage space, etc.), operating constraints, life cycle constraints (maintainability, portability, etc.), and economic constraints. Knowledge of how the system or software works is needed when it comes to specifying non-functional requirements. Domain requirements have to do with the characteristic of

7416-615: The idea and wanted DEFINE removed. The last person to think it was a terrible idea was Edsger Dijkstra on a visit to Burroughs. Knuth worked on simulation languages at Burroughs producing SOL ‘Simulation Oriented Language’, an improvement on the state-of-the-art, co-designed with J. McNeeley. He attended a conference in Norway in May, 1967 organised by the people who invented the Simula language. Knuth influenced Burroughs to use Simula. Knuth had

7519-403: The index of The Art of Computer Programming , Volume 1 . The preface of Concrete Mathematics has the following paragraph: When DEK taught Concrete Mathematics at Stanford for the first time, he explained the somewhat strange title by saying that it was his attempt to teach a math course that was hard instead of soft. He announced that, contrary to the expectations of his colleagues, he

7622-410: The letters in "Ziegler's Giant Bar" could be rearranged to create; the judges had identified 2,500 such words. With time gained away from school due to a fake stomachache, Knuth used an unabridged dictionary and determined whether each dictionary entry could be formed using the letters in the phrase. Using this algorithm, he identified over 4,500 words, winning the contest. As prizes, the school received

7725-406: The mathematical preliminaries section of Volume 1 of TAoCP , was published in 1994. In April 2020, Knuth said he anticipated that Volume 4 will have at least parts A through F. Volume 4B was published in October 2022. Knuth is also the author of Surreal Numbers , a mathematical novelette on John Conway 's set theory construction of an alternate system of numbers. Instead of simply explaining

7828-405: The new "term" per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right. Individual commentators have disagreed sharply on how to define software engineering or its legitimacy as an engineering discipline. David Parnas has said that software engineering is, in fact, a form of engineering. Steve McConnell has said that it

7931-519: The next time someone asked he would say, "Analysis of algorithms". In 1969, Knuth left his position at Princeton to join the Stanford University faculty, where he became Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science in 1977. He became Professor of The Art of Computer Programming in 1990, and has been emeritus since 1993. Knuth is a writer as well as a computer scientist. "The best way to communicate from one human being to another

8034-452: The older system, that he took time out to work on digital typesetting and created TeX and Metafont . While developing TeX, Knuth created a new methodology of programming, which he called literate programming , because he believed that programmers should think of programs as works of literature: Instead of imagining that our main task is to instruct a computer what to do, let us concentrate rather on explaining to human beings what we want

8137-582: The other hand, despite the fact that there are more than 1.2 million programmers in Japan as of 2020, more than 40% of Japanese companies say they do not have enough IT personnel, including programmers; by 2030, the number of programmers will exceed 1.6 million, but about 800 000 people, including programmers A shortage of engineers is expected to occur. Donald Knuth Donald Ervin Knuth ( / k ə ˈ n uː θ / kə- NOOTH ; born January 10, 1938)

8240-532: The people he considered to have written the best software at the time in the ALGOL compiler for the B220 computer (successor to the B205). He was offered a $ 100,000 contract to write compilers at Green Tree Corporation but turned it down making a decision not to optimize income and continued at Caltech and Burroughs. He received a National Science Foundation Fellowship and Woodrow Wilson Foundation Fellowship but they had

8343-688: The profession exceptionally low. The vast majority of working professionals in the field hold a degree in CS, not SE. Given the difficult certification path for holders of non-SE degrees, most never bother to pursue the license. The initial impact of outsourcing, and the relatively lower cost of international human resources in developing third world countries led to a massive migration of software development activities from corporations in North America and Europe to India and later: China, Russia, and other developing countries. This approach had some flaws, mainly

8446-590: The programmers who wrote it. It is performed at the system level and is considered an aspect of software quality . Program analysis is the process of analyzing computer programs with respect to an aspect such as performance , robustness , and security . Software maintenance refers to supporting the software after release. It may include but is not limited to: error correction , optimization, deletion of unused and discarded features, and enhancement of existing features. Usually, maintenance takes up 40% to 80% of project cost. Knowledge of computer programming

8549-434: The programming work done today. Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization. Programmers work in many settings, including corporate information technology (IT) departments, big software companies , small service firms and government entities of all sizes. Many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client sites as contractors . Licensing is not typically required to work as

8652-483: The required skills for the job, they might obtain a computer science or associate degree, attend a programming boot camp or be self-taught . A software engineer usually is responsible for the same tasks as a developer plus broader responsibilities of software engineering including architecting and designing new features and applications, targeting new platforms, managing the software development lifecycle (design, implementation, testing, and deployment), leading

8755-469: The rigorous analysis of the computational complexity of algorithms and systematized formal mathematical techniques for it. In the process, he also popularized the asymptotic notation . In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science , Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and

8858-535: The same year as Rice University , Clarkson University , Milwaukee School of Engineering , and Mississippi State University . In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering. Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees, SE2004 ,

8961-561: The same year: TeX: The Program (1986); and METAFONT: The Program (1986). Around the same time, LaTeX , the now-widely adopted macro package based on TeX, was first developed by Leslie Lamport , who later published its first user manual in 1986. Donald Knuth married Nancy Jill Carter on 24 June 1961, while he was a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology. They have two children: John Martin Knuth and Jennifer Sierra Knuth. Knuth gives informal lectures

9064-760: The software engineering process. The Process Maturity Levels introduced became the Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development (CMMI-DEV), which defined how the US Government evaluates the abilities of a software development team. Modern, generally accepted best-practices for software engineering have been collected by the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 subcommittee and published as the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK). Software engineering

9167-456: The source code of an application or a program. Most of these editors include features useful for programmers, which may include color syntax highlighting , auto indentation, auto-complete , bracket matching, syntax check , and allows plug-ins . These features aid the users during coding, debugging and testing. According to BBC News , 17% of computer science students could not find work in their field six months after graduation in 2009 which

9270-457: The subject, the book seeks to show the development of the mathematics. Knuth wanted the book to prepare students for doing original, creative research. In 1995, Knuth wrote the foreword to the book A=B by Marko Petkovšek , Herbert Wilf and Doron Zeilberger . He also occasionally contributes language puzzles to Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics . Knuth has delved into recreational mathematics . He contributed articles to

9373-620: The tasks in the software development process . Other organizations require software engineers to do many or all of them. In large projects, people may specialize in only one role. In small projects, people may fill several or all roles at the same time. Many companies hire interns , often university or college students during a summer break, or externships . Specializations include analysts , architects , developers , testers , technical support , middleware analysts , project managers , software product managers , educators , and researchers . Most software engineers and programmers work 40 hours

9476-461: The term: When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Not because of his acceptance of

9579-427: The use of different languages and dialects of English in different locations). Research has been carried out in the area of global software development over the last 15 years and an extensive body of relevant work published that highlights the benefits and problems associated with the complex activity. As with other aspects of software engineering research is ongoing in this and related areas. There are various prizes in

9682-500: The vendors of these technologies. These certification programs are tailored to the institutions that would employ people who use these technologies. Broader certification of general software engineering skills is available through various professional societies. As of 2006, the IEEE had certified over 575 software professionals as a Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP). In 2008 they added an entry-level certification known as

9785-790: The years as compared to other engineering fields. Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in Artificial Intelligence might impact the demand for future generations of Software Engineers. However, this trend may change or slow in the future as many current software engineers in the U.S. market flee the profession or age out of the market in the next few decades. The Software Engineering Institute offers certifications on specific topics like security , process improvement and software architecture . IBM , Microsoft and other companies also sponsor their own certification examinations. Many IT certification programs are oriented toward specific technologies, and managed by

9888-744: Was not going to teach the Theory of Aggregates, nor Stone's Embedding Theorem , nor even the Stone–Čech compactification . (Several students from the civil engineering department got up and quietly left the room.) At the TUG 2010 Conference, Knuth announced a satirical XML -based successor to TeX, titled "iTeX" ( pronounced [iː˨˩˦tɛks˧˥] , performed with a bell ringing), which would support features such as arbitrarily scaled irrational units, 3D printing , input from seismographs and heart monitors, animation, and stereophonic sound. In 1971, Knuth received

9991-518: Was born in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , to Ervin Henry Knuth and Louise Marie Bohning. He describes his heritage as "Midwestern Lutheran German". His father owned a small printing business and taught bookkeeping. While a student at Milwaukee Lutheran High School , Knuth thought of ingenious ways to solve problems. For example, in eighth grade, he entered a contest to find the number of words that

10094-583: Was defined by a steering committee between 2001 and 2004 with funding from the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Computer Society . As of 2004, about 50 universities in the U.S. offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering master's degree was established at Seattle University in 1979. Since then, graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada,

10197-423: Was invited to give a set of lectures at MIT on the views on religion and computer science behind his 3:16 project, resulting in another book, Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About , where he published the lectures God and Computer Science . Knuth strongly opposes granting software patents to trivial solutions that should be obvious, but has expressed more nuanced views for nontrivial solutions such as

10300-402: Was one of the founding editors of the Case Institute's Engineering and Science Review , which won a national award as best technical magazine in 1959. He then switched from physics to mathematics, and received two degrees from Case in 1960: his Bachelor of Science, and simultaneously a master of science by a special award of the faculty, who considered his work exceptionally outstanding. At

10403-463: Was placed atop the Journal of Computer Science and Technology 's header, which Knuth says "makes me feel close to all Chinese people although I cannot speak your language". Knuth used to pay a finder's fee of $ 2.56 for any typographical errors or mistakes discovered in his books, because "256 pennies is one hexadecimal dollar", and $ 0.32 for "valuable suggestions". According to an article in

10506-460: Was recognized as a separate field of engineering . The development of software engineering was seen as a struggle. Problems included software that was over budget, exceeded deadlines, required extensive debugging and maintenance, and unsuccessfully met the needs of consumers or was never even completed. In 1968, NATO held the first software engineering conference where issues related to software were addressed. Guidelines and best practices for

10609-610: Was the highest rate of the university subjects surveyed while 0% of medical students were unemployed in the same survey. After the crash of the dot-com bubble (1999–2001) and the Great Recession (2008), many U.S. programmers were left without work or with lower wages. In addition, enrollment in computer-related degrees and other STEM degrees (STEM attrition) in the US has been dropping for years, especially for women, which, according to Beaubouef and Mason, could be attributed to

#530469