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64-450: The SPA was active in lobbying, industry research and anti-piracy efforts, and was behind the 1992 Don't Copy That Floppy campaign. The organization's head of research, Ann Stephens, went on to found PC Data in 1991. By 1995, the SPA had over 1,100 software companies in its membership and according to Wired was among "the most powerful computer-related trade groups" before its merger with

128-545: A "knowledge journalist" as a public intellectual who, like Walter Lippmann , Fareed Zakaria , Naomi Klein , Michael Pollan , and Andrew Revkin , sees their role as researching complicated issues of fact or science which most laymen would not have the time or access to information to research themselves, then communicating an accurate and understandable version to the public as a teacher and policy advisor. In his best-known books, Public Opinion (1922) and The Phantom Public (1925), Lippmann argued that most people lacked

192-524: A certain user requires it. As an example, an activated Microsoft product, contains a Direct License which is locked to the PC where the product is installed. From business standpoint, on the other hand, some services now try to monetize on additional services other than the media content so users can have better experience than simply obtaining the copied product. From a technical standpoint, it seems impossible to completely prevent users from making copies of

256-497: A determined individual will definitely succeed in copying any media, given enough time and resources. Media publishers understand this; copy protection is not intended to stop professional operations involved in the unauthorized mass duplication of media, but rather to stop "casual copying". Copying of information goods which are downloaded (rather than being mass-duplicated as with physical media) can be inexpensively customized for each download, and thus restricted more effectively, in

320-492: A game is of low quality. The authors of FADE explicitly acknowledged this as a reason for including the explicit warning message. Anti-piracy measures are efforts to fight against copyright infringement , counterfeiting , and other violations of intellectual property laws. It includes, but is by no means limited to, the combined efforts of corporate associations (such as the RIAA and MPA ), law enforcement agencies (such as

384-639: A hobby, add their alias to the title screen, and then distribute the "cracked" product to the network of warez BBSes or Internet sites that specialized in distributing unauthorized copies of software. When computer software was still distributed in audio cassettes, audio copying was unreliable, while digital copying was time consuming. Software prices were comparable with audio cassette prices. To make digital copying more difficult, many programs used non-standard loading methods (loaders incompatible with standard BASIC loaders, or loaders that used different transfer speed). Unauthorized software copying began to be

448-449: A minimum, digital copy protection of non-interactive works is subject to the analog hole : regardless of any digital restrictions, if music can be heard by the human ear, it can also be recorded (at the very least, with a microphone and tape recorder); if a film can be viewed by the human eye, it can also be recorded (at the very least, with a video camera and recorder). In practice, almost-perfect copies can typically be made by tapping into

512-586: A problem when floppy disks became the common storage media. The ease of copying depended on the system; Jerry Pournelle wrote in BYTE in 1983 that " CP/M doesn't lend itself to copy protection" so its users "haven't been too worried" about it, while " Apple users, though, have always had the problem. So have those who used TRS-DOS , and I understand that MS-DOS has copy protection features". Pournelle disliked copy protection and, except for games, refused to review software that used it. He did not believe that it

576-618: A process known as " traitor tracing ". They can be encrypted in a fashion which is unique for each user's computer, and the decryption system can be made tamper-resistant . Copyright protection in content platforms also cause increased market concentration and a loss in aggregate welfare. According to research on the European Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market on platform competition, only users of large platforms will be allowed to upload content if

640-403: A professional journalist and a source can be rather complex, and a source can sometimes have an effect on an article written by the journalist. The article 'A Compromised Fourth Estate' uses Herbert Gans' metaphor to capture their relationship. He uses a dance metaphor, "The Tango", to illustrate the co-operative nature of their interactions inasmuch as "It takes two to tango". Herbert suggests that

704-534: A technology that exploits the automatic gain control feature of VCRs by adding pulses to the vertical blanking sync signal. These pulses may negatively affect picture quality, but succeed in confusing the recording-level circuitry of many consumer VCRs. This technology, which is aided by U.S. legislation mandating the presence of automatic gain-control circuitry in VCRs, is said to "plug the analog hole" and make VCR-to-VCR copies impossible, although an inexpensive circuit

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768-621: Is a misnomer for some systems, because any number of copies can be made from an original and all of these copies will work, but only in one computer, or only with one dongle , or only with another device that cannot be easily copied. The term is also often related to, and confused with, the concept of digital restrictions management . Digital restrictions management is a more general term because it includes all sorts of management of works, including copy restrictions. Copy restriction may include measures that are not digital. A more appropriate term may be "technological protection measures" (TPMs), which

832-468: Is a type of journalist who researches , writes and reports on information in order to present using sources . This may entail conducting interviews , information-gathering and/or writing articles. Reporters may split their time between working in a newsroom , from home or outside to witness events or interview people. Reporters may be assigned a specific beat (area of coverage). Matthew C. Nisbet , who has written on science communication , has defined

896-585: Is any measure to enforce copyright by preventing the reproduction of software, films, music, and other media. Copy protection is most commonly found on videotapes , DVDs , Blu-ray discs , HD-DVDs , computer software discs, video game discs and cartridges, audio CDs and some VCDs . It also may be incorporated into digitally distributed versions of media and software. Some methods of copy protection have also led to criticism because it caused inconvenience for paying consumers or secretly installed additional or unwanted software to detect copying activities on

960-423: Is most commonly found on videotapes , DVDs, computer software discs, video game discs and cartridges, audio CDs and some VCDs . Many media formats are easy to copy using a machine, allowing consumers to distribute copies to their friends, a practice known as "casual copying". Companies publish works under copyright protection because they believe that the cost of implementing the copy protection will be less than

1024-474: Is often defined as the use of technological tools in order to restrict the use or access to a work. Unauthorized copying and distribution accounted for $ 2.4   billion per year in lost revenue in the United States alone in 1990, and is assumed to be causing impact on revenues in the music and the video game industry , leading to proposal of stricter copyright laws such as PIPA . Copy protection

1088-404: Is programmable on modern cards). With the rise of virtualization , however, the practice of locking has to add to these simple hardware parameters to still prevent copying. During the 1980s and 1990s, video games sold on audio cassette and floppy disks were sometimes protected with an external user-interactive method that demanded the user to have the original package or a part of it, usually

1152-532: Is protected by the FADE system. You can play with a pirated game- but not for long. The quality of a pirated game will degrade over time. Purchase only genuine software at legitimate stores. The usage of copy protection payloads which lower playability of a game without making it clear that this is a result of copy protection is now generally considered unwise, due to the potential for it to result in unaware players with unlicensed copies spreading word-of-mouth that

1216-420: Is used by many countries to prevent color photocopiers from producing counterfeit currency . The Counterfeit Deterrence System is used to prevent counterfeit bills from being produced by image editing software. Similar technology has been proposed to prevent 3D printing of firearms , for reasons of gun control rather than copyright. Journalist A journalist is a person who gathers information in

1280-469: Is widely available that will defeat the protection by removing the pulses. Macrovision had patented methods of defeating copy prevention, giving it a more straightforward basis to shut down manufacture of any device that descrambles it than often exists in the DRM world. While used for pre-recorded tapes, the system was not adopted for television broadcasts; Michael J. Fuchs of HBO said in 1985 that Macrovision

1344-1132: The Academy Awards . The Excellence in Software Awards were later renamed the "CODiE Awards", and are now presented by the Software and Information Industry Association. The CODiE are awards to two broad categories: business technology and education technology. There are awards in more than 75 categories, advertised with the statement, "With a grand total of more than 75 different categories, you're sure to find several to meet your marketing/PR objectives!". Notable past winners include companies such as Adobe , BrainPOP , Google , Knewton , McGraw-Hill Education , Jigsaw , Netsuite , Red Hat , Rosetta Stone , Salesforce.com , Digimind , Scribe Software , Vocus , WSJ.com , codemantra, IXL Learning, itslearning , and more. The Jesse H. Neal Awards were created in 1955 for editorial excellence in business Media and named after Jesse H. Neal, Connectiv's first managing director. Nations Restaurant News says winning

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1408-594: The Atari ST "is almost unusable without its manual of over 600 pages!". (The magazine was mistaken; the ST version was so widely pirated that the company threatened to discontinue it. ) Copy protection sometimes causes software not to run on clones , such as the Apple II-compatible Laser 128 , or even the genuine Commodore 64 with certain peripherals. To limit reusing activation keys to install

1472-924: The Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom and advocate for journalistic freedom. As of November 2024, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 1625 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder (71%), crossfire or combat (17%), or on dangerous assignment (11%). The "ten deadliest countries" for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq (230 deaths), Philippines (109), Russia (77), Colombia (76), Mexico (69), Algeria (61), Pakistan (59), India (49), Somalia (45), Brazil (31) and Sri Lanka (30). The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of 1 December 2010, 145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. Current numbers are even higher. The ten countries with

1536-526: The FBI and Interpol ), and various international governments to combat copyright infringement relating to various types of creative works, such as software, music and films. These measures often come in the form of copy protection measures such as DRM , or measures implemented through a content protection network , such as Distil Networks or Incapsula. Richard Stallman and the GNU Project have criticized

1600-450: The Hamas attack , Russian invasion of Ukraine and the presidential election . American consumers turned away from journalists at legacy organizations as social media became a common news source. Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger, particularly when reporting in areas of armed conflict or in states that do not respect the freedom of the press . Organizations such as

1664-610: The Medill School of Journalism, Media, Integrated Marketing Communications at Northwestern University . In January 2024, The Los Angeles Times , Time magazine and National Geographic all conducted layoffs, and Condé Nast journalists went on strike over proposed job cuts. The Los Angeles Times laid off more than 20% of the newsroom. CNN , Sports Illustrated and NBC News shed employees in early 2024. The New York Times reported that Americans were suffering from “news fatigue” due to coverage of major news stories like

1728-773: The Information Industry Association. While Microsoft became a member of the SPA in 1986, it split with the SIIA in 2000 after the group sided against Microsoft in United States v. Microsoft Corp. The Wall Street Journal described Microsoft as the SIIA's "largest member" before the departure. Until 1999, the Software Publishers Association hosted the SPA Annual Conference for software companies. It

1792-735: The Neal Award is like winning the Pulitzer Prize for Business-to-business (B2B) platforms. Entries are judged in three areas ~ editorial craftsmanship, extent of service to the field and journalistic enterprise. Out of the 21 categories one winner will be selected for The Grand Neal Award. As of 2018 there have been 23 winners of The Grand Neal Award. In 2019 John Heltman, Business and Finance Reporter with American Banker and SourceMedia won with Nobody's Home Copy protection#Anti-piracy Copy protection , also known as content protection , copy prevention and copy restriction ,

1856-671: The SPA beginning in 1992. The video for the campaign, starring M. E. Hart as "MC Double Def DP", was filmed at Cardozo High School in Washington, D.C. and produced by cooperation between the SPA, the Educational Section Anti-Piracy Committee, and the Copyright Protection Fund, in association with Vilardi Films. The groups distributed the film for general viewing through VHS tapes that were mailed to schools. In later years,

1920-480: The analog output of a player (e.g. the speaker output or headphone jacks) and, once redigitized into an unprotected form, duplicated indefinitely. Copying text-based content in this way is more tedious, but the same principle applies: if it can be printed or displayed, it can also be scanned and OCRed . With basic software and some patience, these techniques can be applied by a typical computer-literate user. Since these basic technical facts exist, it follows that

1984-403: The capacity, time and motivation to follow and analyze news of the many complex policy questions that troubled society. Nor did they often experience most social problems or directly access expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a news media that tended to oversimplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes , partisan viewpoints and prejudices . As a consequence, Lippmann believed that

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2048-402: The case MPAA v. Hotfile , Judge Kathleen M. Williams granted a motion to deny the prosecution the usage of words she views as "pejorative". This list included the word "piracy", the use of which, the motion by the defense stated, would serve no purpose but to misguide and inflame the jury. The plaintiff argued the common use of the terms when referring to copyright infringement should invalidate

2112-440: The consumer's computer. Making copy protection effective while protecting consumer rights remains a problem with media publication. Media corporations have always used the term copy protection , but critics argue that the term tends to sway the public into identifying with the publishers, who favor restriction technologies, rather than with the users. Copy prevention and copy control may be more neutral terms. "Copy protection"

2176-417: The content is sufficiently valuable and network effects are strong. For information on individual protection schemes and technologies, see List of copy protection schemes or relevant category page. Copy protection for computer software, especially for games, has been a long cat-and-mouse struggle between publishers and crackers . These were (and are) programmers who defeated copy protection on software as

2240-474: The copy protection in about an hour"; its purpose was to prevent large companies from purchasing one copy and easily distributing it internally. While reiterating his dislike of copy protection, Pournelle wrote "I can see Kahn's point". In 1989, Gilman Louie , head of Spectrum Holobyte , stated that copy protection added about $ 0.50 per copy to the cost of production of a game. Other software relied on complexity; Antic in 1988 observed that WordPerfect for

2304-425: The copy was successful, but eventually render themselves unplayable via subtle methods. Many games use the "code checksumming" technique to prevent alteration of code to bypass other copy protection. Important constants for the game - such as the accuracy of the player's firing, the speed of their movement, etc. - are not included in the game but calculated from the numbers making up the machine code of other parts of

2368-473: The country reportedly go unsolved. Bulgarian Victoria Marinova was beaten, raped and strangled. Saudi Arabian dissident Jamal Khashoggi was killed inside Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul. From 2008 to 2019, Freedom Forum 's now-defunct Newseum in Washington, D.C. featured a Journalists Memorial which honored several thousand journalists around the world who had died or were killed while reporting

2432-690: The film became an internet meme on websites such as YouTube . SIIA filed briefs in Allen v. Cooper , which was decided in 2020: the Supreme Court of the United States abrogated the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act as unconstitutional, SIIA had argued the opposite view. Beginning in 1986, the Software Publishers Association hosted the "Excellence in Software Awards" ceremony, an annual black-tie event that The Washington Post and Los Angeles Times compared to

2496-683: The following profile: In 2019 the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Digital News Report described the future for journalists in South Africa as “grim” because of low online revenue and plummeting advertising. In 2020 Reporters Without Borders secretary general Christophe Deloire said journalists in developing countries were suffering political interference because the COVID-19 pandemic had given governments around

2560-579: The form of a targeted sexual violation, often in reprisal for their work. Mob-related sexual violence aimed against journalists covering public events; or the sexual abuse of journalists in detention or captivity. Many of these crimes are not reported as a result of powerful cultural and professional stigmas. Increasingly, journalists (particularly women) are abused and harassed online, via hate speech , cyber-bullying , cyber-stalking , doxing, trolling, public shaming , intimidation and threats. According to Reporters Without Borders ' 2018 annual report, it

2624-505: The form of text, audio or pictures, processes it into a newsworthy form and disseminates it to the public. This is called journalism . Journalists can be broadcast, print, advertising or public relations personnel. Depending on the form of journalism, "journalist" may also describe various categories of people by the roles they play in the process. These include reporters, correspondents , citizen journalists , editors , editorial writers , columnists and photojournalists . A reporter

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2688-496: The fourth estate being driven by the fifth estate of public relations. Journalists can face violence and intimidation for exercising their fundamental right to freedom of expression . The range of threats they are confronted with include murder, kidnapping , hostage-taking, offline and online harassment, intimidation , enforced disappearances, arbitrary detention and torture. Women in journalism also face specific dangers and are especially vulnerable to sexual assault, whether in

2752-404: The game. If the code is changed, the calculation yields a result which no longer matches the original design of the game and the game plays improperly. Copying commercial games, such as this one, is a criminal offense and copyright infringement. Copying and re-supplying games such as this one can lead to a term of imprisonment. Think of a pirated game as stolen property. This game

2816-404: The largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey (95), China (34), Iran (34), Eritrea (17), Burma (13), Uzbekistan (6), Vietnam (5), Cuba (4), Ethiopia (4) and Sudan (3). Apart from physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their editorial offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with

2880-471: The legal remedies available to publishers or authors whose copyrights are violated. Software usage models range from node locking to floating licenses (where a fixed number licenses can be concurrently used across an enterprise), grid computing (where multiple computers function as one unit and so use a common license) and electronic licensing (where features can be purchased and activated online). The term license management refers to broad platforms which enable

2944-399: The manual. Copy protection was activated not only at installation, but every time the game was executed. Several imaginative and creative methods have been employed, in order to be both fun and hard to copy. These include: All of these methods proved to be troublesome and tiring for the players, and as such greatly declined in usage by the mid-1990s, at which point the emergence of CDs as

3008-413: The media they purchase, as long as a "writer" is available that can write to blank media. All types of media require a "player"—a CD player, DVD player, videotape player, computer or video game console —which must be able to read the media in order to display it to a human. Logically, a player could be built that reads the media and then writes an exact copy of what was read to the same type of media. At

3072-500: The motion, but the Judge did not concur. Today copyright infringement is often facilitated by the use of file sharing . In fact, infringement accounts for 23.8% of all internet traffic in 2013. In an effort to cut down on this, both large and small films and music corporations have issued DMCA takedown notices, filed lawsuits, and pressed criminal prosecution of those who host these file sharing services. The EURion constellation

3136-918: The news. After the Newseum closed in December 2019, supporters of freedom of the press persuaded the United States Congress in December 2020 to authorize the construction of a memorial to fallen journalists on public land with private funds. By May 2023, the Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation had begun the design of the memorial. In the US, nearly all journalists have attended university, but only about half majored in journalism. Journalists who work in television or for newspapers are more likely to have studied journalism in college than journalists working for

3200-493: The primary video game medium made copy protection largely redundant, since CD copying technology was not widely available at the time. Some game developers , such as Markus Persson , have encouraged consumers and other developers to embrace the reality of unlicensed copying and utilize it positively to generate increased sales and marketing interest. Starting in 1985 with the video release of The Cotton Club ( Beta and VHS versions only), Macrovision licensed to publishers

3264-538: The public needed journalists like himself who could serve as expert analysts, guiding "citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important". In 2018, the United States Department of Labor's Occupational Outlook Handbook reported that employment for the category "reporters, correspondents and broadcast news analysts" will decline 9 percent between 2016 and 2026. A worldwide sample of 27,500 journalists in 67 countries in 2012–2016 produced

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3328-606: The reporters they expose to danger. Hence, a systematic and sustainable way of psychological support for traumatized journalists is strongly needed. Few and fragmented support programs exist so far. On 8 August 2023, Iran's Journalists' Day, Tehran Journalists' Association head Akbar Montajabi noted over 100 journalists arrested amid protests, while HamMihan newspaper exposed repression against 76 media workers since September 2022 following Mahsa Amini's death-triggered mass protests, leading to legal consequences for journalists including Niloufar Hamedi and Elaheh. The relationship between

3392-547: The revenue produced by consumers who buy the product instead of acquiring it through casually copied media. Opponents of copy protection argue that people who obtain free copies only use what they can get for free and would not purchase their own copy if they were unable to obtain a free copy. Some even argue that free copies increase profit; people who receive a free copy of a music CD may then go and buy more of that band's music, which they would not have done otherwise. Some publishers have avoided copy-protecting their products on

3456-467: The software on multiple machines, it has been attempted to tie the installed software to a specific machine by involving some unique feature of the machine. Serial number in ROM could not be used because some machines do not have them. Some popular surrogate for a machine serial number were date and time (to the second) of initialization of the hard disk drive or MAC address of Ethernet cards (although this

3520-433: The software", he said "It's wrong to copy-protect programs ... There ought to be some way to stop [piracy] without creating products that are unusable". Philippe Kahn of Borland justified copy-protecting Sidekick because, unlike his company's unprotected Turbo Pascal , Sidekick can be used without accompanying documentation and is for a general audience. Kahn said, according to Pournelle, that "any good hacker can defeat

3584-513: The source often leads, but journalists commonly object to this notion for two reasons: The dance metaphor goes on to state: A relationship with sources that is too cozy is potentially compromising of journalists' integrity and risks becoming collusive. Journalists have typically favored a more robust, conflict model, based on a crucial assumption that if the media are to function as watchdogs of powerful economic and political interests, journalists must establish their independence of sources or risk

3648-485: The specification, enforcement and tracking of software licenses . To safeguard copy protection and license management technologies themselves against tampering and hacking, software anti-tamper methods are used. Floating licenses are also being referred to as Indirect Licenses , and are licenses that at the time they are issued, there is no actual user who will use them. That has some technical influence over some of their characteristics. Direct Licenses are issued after

3712-445: The theory that the resulting inconvenience to their users outweighs any benefit of frustrating "casual copying". From the perspective of the end user, copy protection is always a cost. DRM and license managers sometimes fail, are inconvenient to use, and may not afford the user all of the legal use of the product they have purchased. The term copy protection refers to the technology used to attempt to frustrate copying, and not to

3776-413: The use of the word "piracy" in these situations, saying that publishers use the word to refer to "copying they don't approve of" and that "they [publishers] imply that it is ethically equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and murdering the people on them". Certain forms of anti-piracy (such as DRM) are considered by consumers to control the use of the products content after sale . In

3840-497: The world the chance “to take advantage of the fact that politics are on hold, the public is stunned and protests are out of the question, in order to impose measures that would be impossible in normal times”. In 2023 the closure of local newspapers in the US accelerated to an average of 2.5 per week, leaving more than 200 US counties as “news deserts” and meaning that more than half of all U.S. counties had limited access to reliable local news and information, according to researchers at

3904-408: Was "not good technology" because it reduced picture quality and consumers could easily bypass it, while Peter Chernin of Showtime said "we want to accommodate our subscribers and we know they like to tape our movies". Over time, software publishers (especially in the case of video games ) became creative about crippling the software in case it was duplicated. These games would initially show that

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3968-487: Was renamed the InfoSoft Essentials conference in 1999. Public Policy ~ legal and public policy IP Protection ~ protecting software content Connectiv ~ business information ETIN ~ Education Technology FISD ~ Financial & Information SIPA ~ Specialized Information Publishers SSD ~ Software & Services Don't Copy That Floppy was an anti- copyright infringement campaign run by

4032-495: Was the worst year on record for deadly violence and abuse toward journalists; there was a 15 percent increase in such killings since 2017, with 80 killed, 348 imprisoned and 60 held hostage. Yaser Murtaja was shot by an Israeli army sniper. Rubén Pat was gunned down outside a beach bar in Mexico. Mexico was described by Reporters Without Borders as "one of world's deadliest countries for the media"; 90% of attacks on journalists in

4096-587: Was useful, writing in 1983 that "For every copy protection scheme there's a hacker ready to defeat it. Most involve so-called nibble/nybble copiers, which try to analyze the original disk and then make a copy". In 1985, he wrote that " dBASE III is copy-protected with one of those 'unbreakable' systems, meaning that it took the crackers almost three weeks to break it". IBM 's Don Estridge agreed: "I guarantee that whatever scheme you come up with will take less time to break than to think of it." While calling piracy "a threat to software development. It's going to dry up

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