Misplaced Pages

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59-537: The original version of the Soloviev D-30 was developed specifically to power the Tupolev Tu-134 short-to-medium range jet airliner ; however, it also served as a base for the development of a family of advanced engines. Engine development was started in the early 60s. By 1966, the engine was put into serial production. The D-30 engine has a two-stage compression spool, a cannular combustion chamber and

118-536: A shoulder wing , T-tail , rear cargo-loading assembly, and heavy-duty retractable landing gear, consisting of three rows, with a pair of wheels for each row, totaling six wheels for each side. According to the deputy general designer, the shortest take-off distance of the Y-20 is 600 to 700 metres (2,000 to 2,300 ft). Y-20 incorporates a total of four large LCD EFIS displays. The Y-20 prototypes were powered by four 12-ton thrust Soloviev D-30KP-2 engines, and

177-511: A 4-stage turbine, and was the first Soviet-built engine to use cooled turbine blades. The turbine was manufactured using the newest heat-resistant material of the time, along with an exhaust nozzle with a lobe mixer. The technical and efficiency parameters of the D-30 were competitive and similar to those of the Western engines of that period. In 1969, an upgraded version, the D-30 engine series II,

236-563: A low-bypass turbofan, was needed to power the new interceptor. The Mikoyan-Gurevich (MiG) design bureau contracted OKB-19 design bureau (now part of Aviadvigatel ) to build such an engine, for the aircraft that would become known as the MiG-31 . The Soloviev design bureau came up with the D-30F6 turbofan. Capable of generating 9,500 kgf (20,900 lbf or 93 kN ) dry thrust and 15,500 kgf (34,200 lbf or 152 kN) afterburning thrust,

295-559: A number of Tu-134s have been converted for use as VIP transports and business jets. A total of 854 Tu-134s were built of all versions (including test bed examples) with Aeroflot as the largest user by 1995, the Tu-134 had carried 360 million passengers for that airline. Following the introduction of engines mounted on pylons on the rear fuselage by the French Sud Aviation Caravelle , airliner manufacturers around

354-624: A separate passenger deck above the cargo. Rails are mounted on the ceiling to facilitate offloading in areas where the rear ramp is inaccessible. In 2014, a report from the People's Liberation Army 's National Defence University stated that the PRC's civil and military transport needed 400 Y-20s. In 2016, Zhu Qian of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China stated that more than a thousand were needed. After incorporating

413-516: A shipment of FK-3 surface-to-air missile systems. On 28 June 2022, six Y-20 arrived in Afghanistan to deliver 105 tonnes of humanitarian aid in response to June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake . On 1 August 2022, Senior Colonel and PLAAF spokesperson, Shen Jinke, told a press conference that Y-20 tanker aircraft started combat readiness training. The aircraft is confirmed in PLAAF service with

472-574: A wholly own subsidiary of China Tri-River Aerospace Group Co., Ltd.(中国三江航天集团) , which is also known as the 9th Academy of the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC). The composites were produced in China, whereas in the past they had to be imported. The Y-20's cabin incorporates flame-retardant composites developed by the 703 Institute of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). The 703 Institute

531-567: Is Y-20's first civilian mission, signaling the increasing military involvement in pandemic response. On 5 June 2021, PLAAF transport aircraft fleet, including Y-20, was observed patrolling the South China Sea, which was accused of intrusion by Malaysia. Japanese Air Self-Defense Force analyst Aita Moriki believed the Chinese action was to display airborne corp's power projection capabilities. On 28 November 2021, Y-20U aerial tanker

590-514: Is a twin-engined , narrow-body jet airliner built in the Soviet Union for short and medium-haul routes from 1966 to 1989. The original version featured a glazed-nose design and, like certain other Russian airliners (including its sister model the Tu-154 ), it can operate from unpaved airfields. One of the most widely used aircraft in former Comecon countries, the number in active service

649-516: Is a large military transport aircraft that was developed by the Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation for the People's Republic of China (PRC). While the official series name of the aircraft is Kunpeng , a mythical giant fish-bird from the Taoist classic Zhuangzi , it is nicknamed "Chubby Girl" ( Chinese : 胖妞 ; pinyin : Pàng niū ) in the Chinese aviation industry because its fuselage

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708-448: Is decreasing because of operational safety concerns and noise restrictions . The model has seen long-term service with some 42 countries, with some European airlines having scheduled as many as 12 daily takeoffs and landings per plane. In addition to regular passenger service, it has also been used in various air force, army and navy support roles; for pilot and navigator training; and for aviation research and test projects. In recent years,

767-488: Is much wider than aircraft previously developed in China. The Y-20 project began in July 2007. Images of the Y-20 prototype emerged at the end of 2012. The first flight occurred on 26 January 2013. According to Chinese media, the Y-20 is the first cargo aircraft to use 3D printing technology. To speed up the development, reduce the workload, and lower its manufacturing cost, Model-based definition (MBD) design technique

826-549: The PLAAF service. In the same month, the executive of Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) announced the that China "[had] overcome all technical bottlenecks" regarding engines such as the WS-20. The Y-20's four-meter tall hold can lift up to 66 tons, and transport up to 2 Type 15 tanks or 1 Type 99A tank over a distance of 7800 km. The aircraft provides various internal configurations, in which one of which allows for

885-621: The Tupolev Tu-16 strategic bomber, and the Tu-134 carried over the glass nose for the navigator and the landing gear fitted with low-pressure tires to permit operation from unpaved airfields. Serial production began in 1966 at the Kharkov Aviation Production Association, and production of the Tu-124 was discontinued. The Tu-134 was designed for short-haul lines with low passenger traffic. Originally

944-613: The 60s. In 1971, Il-76MD with the propulsion unit on the basis of four D-30KP was demonstrated to the country’s leaders. In 1972, engine passed certification tests and then was presented to the public at the next international air show in Le Bourget (France). By 1974 the engine was put into service to power not only military Il-76 itself, but also numerous modifications: tanker plane Il-78, “aircraft-hospital” Il-76MD Scalpel, early warning and control aircraft A-50, weightlessness simulator Il-76K, airborne test rig Il-76LL for in-flight tests of

1003-526: The D-30KU core as a starting point. In the course of designing the D-30KU-154 engine, some of the systems were improved, new components were added, and in 1984 the new engine entered serial production. The replacement of Kuznetsov NK-8 engine with the D-30KU-154 engine on Tu-154 allowed the reduction the fuel consumption by 28%! This ultimately defined the profitability of the air transportations industry in

1062-593: The Ministry of Aviation Industry in the Soviets to re-engine another popular aircraft – the medium-haul passenger airliner Tu-154 . Ultimately, Tu-154M powered by D-30KU-154 was the backbone of the civil aviation industry in the Soviets till the end of the 20th century. The D-30KU-154 engine was developed with a maximum thrust of 10,500 kgf specifically to power the Tu-154. Development started in 1979. Pavel Solovyov used

1121-831: The Russian fuel and energy complex. The Soloviev D-30 was produced in various modifications at the Perm Engine Plant (now JSC UEC-PM). In total, there were about 3000 units of D-30 engines (series I to III) manufactured in this engine plant. The D-30KU engine is capable of generating 11,000 kgf at takeoff and was developed in 1971 to replace the Kuznetsov NK-8 -4 engine on the Il-62 long-haul airliner, which had some difficulties covering intercontinental routes because of its inadequate range. Ilyushin Design Bureau,

1180-584: The Soviet state airline, Aeroflot , updated its requirement specifications to include greater payload and passenger capacity, and since Aeroflot's requirements dictated a larger aircraft than initially planned, the Soloviev Design Bureau developed the more powerful D-30 low-bypass turbofan engines. The Tu-134 prototype, CCCP-45075, first flew on 29 July 1963, initially retaining the designation Tu-124A despite radical differences in design from

1239-425: The Soviets for another 15 years. During the years of active operation of D-30KU-154, the manufacturer, Perm design bureau, continued working on improving the engine. A vivid example of that is the development of the noise suppression system with noise-absorbing structures from polymer composite materials. There were in total more than 1500 D-30KU-154 engines manufactured by Rybinsk Engine Plant (now NPO UEC-Saturn). In

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1298-572: The Tu-134 made its first scheduled flight from Moscow to Adler . The Tu-134 was the first Soviet airliner to receive international certification from the International Civil Aviation Organization , which permitted it to be used on international routes. Due to this certification, Aeroflot used most of its Tu-134s on international routes. In 1968, the first export customers, Interflug of East Germany , LOT Polish Airlines and Malév Hungarian Airlines purchased

1357-1064: The Tu-134 out of use by 2012. On 22 May 2019, the final passenger flight of the Tu-134 in Russia took place. Many Tu-134s have been preserved as memorials at airports throughout the former Soviet Union. A former Malév Tu-134A (registration HA-LBE) is on display at the Aeropark at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport in Hungary. As of 2024, only a few Tupolev Tu-134s remain in civil passenger airline service worldwide: The following airlines, states and other entities at one point operated at least one Tu-134 aircraft: [REDACTED]   Syria Data from OKB Tupolev, OAO Tupolev General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Xi%27an Y-20 The Xi'an Y-20 Kunpeng ( Chinese : 运-20 鲲鹏 ; pinyin : Yùn-20 Kūnpéng ; lit. 'Transport-20 Kunpeng ')

1416-551: The Tu-134. In 1969, the Tu-134 was displayed at the Paris Air Show . From 1972, Aeroflot began placing the Tu-134 in domestic service to Baku , Yerevan , Kyiv , Kishinev , Krasnodar , Leningrad , Omsk , Riga , and Sochi from Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. In its early years, the Tu-134 developed a reputation for reliability and efficiency, especially when compared with previous Soviet designs. After

1475-549: The WS-18 was also reduced in comparison to the D-30, and the mean time between overhaul of the WS-18 was 3000 hours. However, because the increase in thrust was not significant in comparison to the D-30, the WS-18 was only likely to be a stopgap measure before the more modern Shenyang WS-20 was ready. The Chinese had also always intended to replace the Soloviev D-30KP-2 with the 14-ton thrust Shenyang WS-20 , which

1534-520: The Y-20 into the PLAAF service, analysts noted Y-20 had an extremely quick production rate, with a large amount of production aircraft spotted inside the PLAAF testing base. By 2023, PLAAF was equipped with 67 Y-20 aircraft. According to a 2023 assessment by Aviation Week , the Y-20 was scheduled to replace Russian airframes, including the Ilyushin Il-76 and H-6U tanker variants. Analyst Matt Jouppi suggested airborne early warning and control

1593-410: The Y-20 program. The implementation of MBD was initially met with strong resistance, with only a third of suppliers agreeing to implement MBD. However, the general designer of Y-20 declared that those who refused to implement MBD would be banned from participating in the Y-20 program, thus forcing everyone to comply, resulting in increases in productivity. The implementation of MBD greatly shortened

1652-694: The Y-20 was observed undergoing in-flight testing with four Shenyang WS-20 high-bypass engines. According to news reports, the variant of the Y-20 powered by new WS-20 engines had entered operational service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force by April 2023 at the latest. In November 2023, the Y-20B tanker variant was spotted with WS-20 engines, designated YY-20B. The Y-20 uses components made of composite materials. Eight types of different relays used on Y-20 are developed by Guilin Aerospace Co., Ltd.

1711-468: The aircraft designer, made the decision to power the aircraft with newer engines which have lower specific fuel consumption. In contrast with the base D-30, the D-30KU has increased bypass ratio and higher turbine inlet temperature: its development was comparable to Pratt & Whitney's development of the JT8D-200 series, but with an even greater increase in thrust. The first compressor spool has 3 stages,

1770-470: The aircraft engines and others. D-30KP was identical to its predecessor D-30KU - both are low bypass turbofan engines. The engine differs only by having a higher gas temperature at the turbine inlet and an increased compressor pressure ratio and bypass ratio. Powered by four D-30KP engines, Il-76 is capable of lifting a payload of 40 tons (88,000 lb) over a range of 5,000 km (2,700 nmi; 3,100 mi) at cruise speed up to 900 km/ hr. D-30KP engines were manufactured in

1829-498: The aircraft entered production in 2016 with those engines. However, there had always been plans to develop Chinese alternatives. Testing with the Chengdu WS-18 engine (Chinese reverse engineered copy of imported D-30KP-2) may have occurred by late 2017. Compared to the D-30, the WS-18 was 300 kg lighter, weighing in at 2000 kg; with thrust increased from 12.5 per ton of the D-30 to 13.2 per ton; fuel consumption of

Soloviev D-30 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-474: The aircraft had 56 seats in a single class configuration, or 50 seats in a two-class configuration. In 1968, Tupolev began work on an improved Tu-134 variant with a 76-seat capacity. The fuselage received a 2.1-metre (6 ft 11 in) plug for greater passenger capacity and an auxiliary power unit in the tail. As a result, the maximum range was reduced from 3,100 kilometers to 2,770 kilometers. The upgraded D-30 engines now featured thrust reversers, replacing

1947-471: The application on the nose section. It was only after the second attempt, which took another three months on the application on wings did RDBM became successful. The adaptation of RDBM greatly shortened the development time by at least eight months, and the modification of wing design that previously took a week is shortened to half a day. The development of human-machine interface for the Y-20 utilized virtual reality via helmet-mounted display The airlifter

2006-468: The basic model equipped with NK-8-4 engines. A total of 1584 D-30KU engines were manufactured by Rybinsk Engine Plant (now PAO NPO UEC-Saturn) under the authorized supervision of the Perm Design Bureau. Similar to the D-30KU, a new engine variant called D-30KP which delivered 12,000 kgf of thrust was developed for military transport aircraft Il-76 . The development was completed by the end of

2065-403: The city of Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region) at Rybinsk Engine Production Plant (now NPO UEC-Saturn). The D-30KP engines production continues till present for military supplies. More than 4700 D-30KP engines have been manufactured in total. The Chinese Xi'an Y-20 prototype was also powered by four D-30KP-2 engines. The successful replacement of the engines on long-haul Il-62 stimulated the leaders of

2124-537: The confirmed designation YY-20. The designation was later confirmed as YY-20 at Zhuhai Airshow 2022. The YY-20 features redesigned landing gear sponsons with sharper front and back ends, which reduces air turbulence. In September 2022, Chinese released footage of Y-20 tankers providing aerial refueling to Chengdu J-20 fighters. In early September 2022, Y-20 was present at the Airpower 22 airshow in Austria. This

2183-579: The engine gave MiG's new interceptor a top speed exceeding 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph), and a maximum takeoff weight of 45,800 kg (101,000 lb). These powerful engines also allowed the large and complex interceptor to attain supersonic speeds at low altitudes under 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Data from: Aircraft engines of the World 1970, Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1993–94 Comparable engines Related lists Tupolev Tu-134 The Tupolev Tu-134 ( NATO reporting name : Crusty )

2242-521: The establishment of tougher noise standards in the ICAO regulations in 2002, the Tu-134 was banned from most western European airports for its high noise levels. In early 2006, 245 Tu-134s were still in operation, 162 of which were in Russia. After a fatal accident in March 2007, and at the instigation of Russian Minister of Transportation Igor Levitin , Aeroflot announced that it would be retiring its fleet, and

2301-495: The last Tu-134 was removed from service on 1 January 2008. Some were still in operations with Aeroflot subsidiaries on local routes within Russia. The Tu-134 also found a new life as a business jet with many having an expensive business interior installed. High fuel and maintenance costs are increasingly limiting the number used today. In June 2011, as a response to RusAir Flight 9605 which resulted in 47 fatalities, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev ordered preparations for taking

2360-540: The mid-1970s, the Soviet Union began the search for a high-speed interceptor to supplement and replace its MiG-25 . The MiG-25 had two enormously powerful Tumansky R-15 turbojets, allowing Mach 3 speed at high altitudes, but the problem was their weak performance at low altitudes, not even sufficient to cross Mach 1 boundary . More acute problems stemmed from the tendency of the Foxbat's engines to break down at maximum throttle in high-speed situations. A new engine, this time

2419-468: The parachute. The first Tu-134A, converted from a production Tu-134, flew on 22 April 1969. The first airline flight was on 9 November 1970. An upgraded version, the Tu-134B began production in 1980, with the navigator position abandoned, and seating capacity increased to 96 seats. Efforts subsequently began to develop a Tu-134D with increased engine thrust, but the project was cancelled. In September 1967,

Soloviev D-30 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2478-587: The previous model (new engines, new wings, totally re-designed tail, etc). On 20 November 1963, the new airliner was officially designated Tu-134. Meanwhile in October 1963, the prototype British BAC One-Eleven , which had a similar T-tail layout, crashed with the loss of all crew while testing its stalling properties. The results of an exhaustive investigation by the British Accident Investigation Board prompted Tupolev to enlarge

2537-471: The second one has 11 stages, the design of the combustion chamber is however similar to that of D-30. The turbine hot section has a total of 6 stages, the nozzle is common for both flows and has a lobe mixer and a mixing chamber. The D-30KU engine was the first aviation engine in the USSR to include a bucket-type thrust reverser. The Il-62M aircraft equipped with D-30KU had a range extended by 1500 km, compared with

2596-472: The successful development and application of an automated structural strength analysis system. In comparison, similar work for the Xi'an JH-7 took a year. In addition to 3D printing, the Y-20 is also the first aircraft in China to adopt a Relational-Data-Base-Management (RDBM) system for its development. Headed by the deputy general designer of structural design, Mr. Feng Jun (冯军), the initial attempt to implement RDBM actually failed after two months spent on

2655-517: The tail-heavy arrangement. During a 1960 visit to France, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was so impressed by the quiet cabin of the Caravelle, that on 1 August 1960 the Tupolev OKB received an official directive to design a new aircraft with a similar engine arrangement. The requirement was also driven by the need to replace slow, aging piston-engined Il-14s on domestic routes. In 1961,

2714-518: The tailplane on Tu-134s by 30% for greater control authority. Design curiosities of the Tu-134 included a sharp wing sweepback of 35 degrees, compared to 25–28 degrees in its counterparts. The engines on early production Tu-134s lacked thrust reversers, which made the aircraft one of a handful of types from that era that used a brake parachute for landing in adverse conditions. The majority of onboard electronics operated on direct current . The lineage of early Soviet airliners could be traced directly to

2773-408: The time required. For example, without MBD, installation of wings takes a month or two, but with MBD adopted, the time is drastically shortened to just a few hours, and in general, the design work was reduced by 40%, preparation for production was reduced by 75%, and manufacturing cycle reduced by 30%. The structural test was completed in 194 days as opposed to the 300 days originally planned, thanks to

2832-477: The world rushed to adopt the new layout. Its advantages included clean wing airflow without disruption by nacelles or pylons and decreased cabin noise. At the same time, placing heavy engines that far back created challenges with the location of the centre of gravity in relation to the centre of lift, which was at the wings. To make room for the engines, the tailplanes had to be relocated to the tail fin, which had to be stronger and therefore heavier, further compounding

2891-421: Was also implemented, and it was the third aircraft to utilize MBD technology in the world, after Airbus A380 (2000) and Boeing 787 (2005). A project team to implement MBD for the Y-20 program was formally formed in October 2009, and after the initial success in application on the main landing gear, MBD application was expanded to the entire aircraft and became mandatory for all contractors and sub-contractors of

2950-567: Was announced by PLAAF 's military media that Y-20 had recently conducted its first joint airdrop training operations with the PLAAF airborne troops . On 13 February 2020, the Y-20 was part of a fleet that delivered supplies and personnel to Wuhan. The operation was part of an effort to mitigate what became the COVID-19 pandemic . A fleet of 11 aircraft delivered 2,600 military medical staff to Wuhan. The PLAAF fleet of 11 aircraft consists of 6 Y-20s, 3 Il-76s, and 2 Y-9s transport aircraft. This

3009-467: Was created - the main difference being the addition of a thrust reverser and an improved control system. The engine was produced in 1970 through 1987 and was used on the Tu-134FA, Tu-134B, and Tu-134AK aircraft. In 1980, the D-30 engine series III, a further improvement, was created with the maximum thrust of 6930 kgf (with preserving it at up to до = +C) . The number of the engine compressor stages

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3068-449: Was created in March 2009, with development taking three years. The performance of the composites is reportedly comparable to those that fulfil FAR Part 25.835. The 703 Institute achieved another milestone by establishing a comprehensive Chinese evaluation and certification system for aircraft composite materials based on international standards. Cargo is loaded through a large aft ramp that accommodates rolling stock. The Y-20 incorporates

3127-455: Was developed into the YY-20 tanker variant to expand the PLAAF's aerial refueling capability beyond its existing limited and obsolescent Xi'an H-6U fleet. Evidence of the tanker variant emerged in 2018 with satellite images; its first flight occurred that year. Aerial refueling was being performed by the airforce by 2021 and refueling planes formally entered PLAAF service in 2022. In 2020,

3186-495: Was increased to 5, the gas dynamic stability margin was improved, the system was introduced that protected against engine over-speed and gas temperature overheating. The D-30 engine of the third series was produced between 1983 and 1993. These engines were installed on the Tu-134-A-3, Tu-134B-3, and Tu-134UB-L passenger airliners. The core of the third-series D-30 was also taken as a base point for developing gas turbine plants for

3245-401: Was likely under development and that by 2032 China would likely have 75 YY-20 tankers and more than 100 Y-20 transport planes. On 6 July 2016 the first serial Y-20 (serial number 11051) was handed over to the PLAAF in a ceremony. The second aircraft numbered 11052 followed soon after - it was assigned to the 12th Regiment of the 4th Transport Division at Qionglai, Chengdu. On 8 May 2018, it

3304-570: Was required for the Y-20 to achieve its maximum cargo capacity of 66 tons. The WS-20 was derived from the core of the Shenyang WS-10 , an indigenous Chinese turbofan engine for fighter aircraft. Single-engine testing with the WS-20 may have occurred by February 2019. Four-engine in-flight testing may have occurred by December 2020. The engine was still in development in late-2021. In March 2023, Y-20 planes equipped with Shenyang WS-20 engines (designated Y-20B) were likely incorporated into

3363-694: Was spotted around the southwest side of the Taiwan island among 27 military aircraft. This is the first observation of Y-20U outside inland China. On 27 January 2022, two Y-20 aircraft arrived in Tonga after traveling over 10,000 kilometers from Guangzhou Baiyun , delivering 33 tons of supplies including food, fresh water, water purifiers, and tents due to the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami . On 9 April 2022, six Y-20 aircraft landed at Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in Serbia, reportedly delivering

3422-595: Was stolen, he admitted to analyzing and translating documents from English to Chinese, which he then emailed to the Second Department of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department . Su Bin admitted he did so for financial gain, and sought to profit from the data that was stolen. In addition to financial gain, court documents revealed, in emails to the Second Department of the PLA, Su Bin noted

3481-527: Was the first time that the Y-20 was present at an airshow in Western Europe. As of January 10, 2024, the Y-20 is being marketed to Nigeria. On 13 July 2016, Chinese national Su Bin pleaded guilty and admitted to charges that he conspired with others to hack into U.S. defense contractor Boeing and steal documents related to the development of the C-17 , F-22 and F-35 aircraft . Once the information

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