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91-659: Soma Hellinon Proskopon is a Non-Governmental Organization that is being governed by 15 member administrative council, which is elected every 4 years by the General Assembly representing Scouts from all the regions in Greece and abroad. Scouts of Greece operate under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs and Sports . During the 1908 Summer Olympics , in London , Athanasios Lefkaditis ,

182-579: A pederastic light . Alexandrian poets at first, then more generally literary mythographers in the early Roman Empire, often re-adapted stories of Greek mythological characters in this fashion. The achievement of epic poetry was to create story-cycles and, as a result, to develop a new sense of mythological chronology. Thus, Greek mythology unfolds as a phase in the development of the world and of humans. While self-contradictions in these stories make an absolute timeline impossible, an approximate chronology may be discerned. The resulting mythological "history of

273-677: A Christian moralizing perspective. The discovery of the Mycenaean civilization by the German amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann in the nineteenth century, and the discovery of the Minoan civilization in Crete by the British archaeologist Arthur Evans in the twentieth century, helped to explain many existing questions about Homer's epics and provided archaeological evidence for many of

364-585: A collection of epic poems , starts with the events leading up to the war: Eris and the golden apple of Kallisti , the Judgement of Paris , the abduction of Helen , the sacrifice of Iphigenia at Aulis . To recover Helen, the Greeks launched a great expedition under the overall command of Menelaus 's brother, Agamemnon, king of Argos, or Mycenae , but the Trojans refused to return Helen. The Iliad , which

455-492: A combination of their name and epithets , that identify them by these distinctions from other manifestations of themselves (e.g., Apollo Musagetes is " Apollo , [as] leader of the Muses "). Alternatively, the epithet may identify a particular and localized aspect of the god, sometimes thought to be already ancient during the classical epoch of Greece. Most gods were associated with specific aspects of life. For example, Aphrodite

546-525: A convenient framework into which to fit their own courtly and chivalric ideals. Twelfth-century authors, such as Benoît de Sainte-Maure ( Roman de Troie [Romance of Troy, 1154–60]) and Joseph of Exeter ( De Bello Troiano [On the Trojan War, 1183]) describe the war while rewriting the standard version they found in Dictys and Dares . They thus follow Horace 's advice and Virgil's example: they rewrite

637-489: A flat disk afloat on the river of Oceanus and overlooked by a hemispherical sky with sun, moon, and stars. The Sun ( Helios ) traversed the heavens as a charioteer and sailed around the Earth in a golden bowl at night. Sun, earth, heaven, rivers, and winds could be addressed in prayers and called to witness oaths. Natural fissures were popularly regarded as entrances to the subterranean house of Hades and his predecessors, home of

728-558: A god "greater than he", Zeus swallowed her. She was already pregnant with Athena , however, and she burst forth from his head—fully-grown and dressed for war. The earliest Greek thought about poetry considered the theogonies to be the prototypical poetic genre—the prototypical mythos —and imputed almost magical powers to it. Orpheus , the archetypal poet, also was the archetypal singer of theogonies, which he uses to calm seas and storms in Apollonius' Argonautica , and to move

819-769: A great variety of programs and activities according to their needs and interests. It exists in all the big cities of Greece and most of the Greek islands and rural areas of the country. Scouts are official ambassadors of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The Scout Motto is Έσo Έτοιμος (Éso Étimos), which translates to Be Prepared in Greek . The ancient Greek moto Αιέν Αριστεύειν ( Modern Greek : Eén Aristévin, Ancient Greek : Aièn Aristeúein), Forever Excelling in Greek , found in Homer's Iliad ,

910-513: A limited number of gods, who were the focus of large pan-Hellenic cults. It was, however, common for individual regions and villages to devote their own cults to minor gods. Many cities also honored the more well-known gods with unusual local rites and associated strange myths with them that were unknown elsewhere. During the heroic age, the cult of heroes (or demigods) supplemented that of the gods. "The origins of humanity [were] ascribed to various figures, including Zeus and Prometheus ." Bridging

1001-405: A musical contest with Apollo . Ian Morris considers Prometheus' adventures as "a place between the history of the gods and that of man." An anonymous papyrus fragment, dated to the third century, vividly portrays Dionysus ' punishment of the king of Thrace , Lycurgus , whose recognition of the new god came too late, resulting in horrific penalties that extended into the afterlife. The story of

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1092-458: A number of local legends became attached. The story of Medea , in particular, caught the imagination of the tragic poets. In between the Argo and the Trojan War, there was a generation known chiefly for its horrific crimes. This includes the doings of Atreus and Thyestes at Argos. Behind the myth of the house of Atreus (one of the two principal heroic dynasties with the house of Labdacus ) lies

1183-507: A spirit to every aspect of nature. Eventually, these vague spirits assumed human forms and entered the local mythology as gods. When tribes from the north of the Balkan Peninsula invaded, they brought with them a new pantheon of gods, based on conquest, force, prowess in battle, and violent heroism. Other older gods of the agricultural world fused with those of the more powerful invaders or else faded into insignificance. After

1274-524: A young physical education teacher, observed with interest the British Scouts ' service and activities at the Games. He met with Robert Baden-Powell and shortly after, introduced Scouting in Greece in 1910. Ever since, Scouts of Greece has been active in social welfare and relief activities during natural disasters such as great fires and earthquakes. In October 1910 , the first Greek Boy Scout Squad

1365-1000: Is also active in Australia , Canada , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , South Africa and the United Kingdom . These groups form a special region within Scouts of Greece's structures. Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs and Sports (Greece) Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs and Sports Υπουργείο Παιδείας, Θρησκευμάτων και Αθλητισμού [REDACTED] Agency overview Formed 27 June 2023 Preceding agency Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs Jurisdiction Government of Greece Headquarters Athens , Greece Minister responsible Kyriakos Pierrakakis , 27 June 2023 Website www .minedu .gov .gr [REDACTED] This article

1456-620: Is also used as a National Scout Motto. The Scout emblem incorporates a phoenix , the mythic bird symbolizing rebirth , allegory to the creation of the modern Greek nation. I promise upon my honour to perform my duty towards God and my Country to help any person at any occasion and uphold the Scout Law. A. E. Benakis was a member of the World Scout Committee of the World Organization of

1547-1550: Is part of a series on Politics of Greece [REDACTED] Constitution Constitutional history Human rights Executive Head of state President of the Republic ( list ): Katerina Sakellaropoulou Presidential Departments Government Prime Minister ( list ): Kyriakos Mitsotakis Cabinet : Kyr. Mitsotakis II Legislature Speaker : Konstantinos Tasoulas Presidium Conference of Presidents Parliamentary committees Constituencies Apportionment Judiciary Supreme courts Special Highest Court Court of Cassation Council of State Chamber of Accounts Subdivisions Regions Municipalities Elections Political parties Recent elections: Parliamentary : 2019 2023 (May) 2023 (June) Local: 2014 2019 2023 European : 2014 2019 2024 Referendums: 1973 1974 2015 Foreign relations Ministry for Foreign Affairs Minister : Giorgos Gerapetritis Diplomatic missions of Greece Diplomatic missions in Greece KYSEA International Relations Passport Visa requirements Politics of

1638-461: Is portrayed as a sacrificer, mentioned as a founder of altars, and imagined as a voracious eater himself; it is in this role that he appears in comedy. While his tragic end provided much material for tragedy— Heracles is regarded by Thalia Papadopoulou as "a play of great significance in examination of other Euripidean dramas." In art and literature, Heracles was represented as an enormously strong man of moderate height; his characteristic weapon

1729-619: Is set in the tenth year of the war, tells of the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles, who was the finest Greek warrior, and the consequent deaths in battle of Achilles' beloved comrade Patroclus and Priam 's eldest son, Hector . After Hector's death, the Trojans were joined by two exotic allies, Penthesilea , queen of the Amazons , and Memnon , king of the Ethiopians and son of the dawn-goddess, Eos . Achilles killed both of these, but Paris then managed to kill Achilles with an arrow in

1820-476: Is that "the Greek gods are persons, not abstractions, ideas or concepts." Regardless of their underlying forms, the Ancient Greek gods have many fantastic abilities; most significantly, the gods are not affected by disease and can be wounded only under highly unusual circumstances. The Greeks considered immortality as the distinctive characteristic of their gods; this immortality, as well as unfading youth,

1911-420: Is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks , and a genre of ancient Greek folklore , today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology . These stories concern the ancient Greek religion 's view of the origin and nature of the world ; the lives and activities of deities , heroes , and mythological creatures ; and the origins and significance of

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2002-749: The Homeric Hymns , in fragments of epic poems of the Epic Cycle , in lyric poems , in the works of the tragedians and comedians of the fifth century BC, in writings of scholars and poets of the Hellenistic Age , and in texts from the time of the Roman Empire by writers such as Plutarch and Pausanias . Aside from this narrative deposit in ancient Greek literature , pictorial representations of gods, heroes, and mythic episodes featured prominently in ancient vase paintings and

2093-589: The Chimera and Medusa . Bellerophon's adventures are commonplace types, similar to the adventures of Heracles and Theseus. Sending a hero to his presumed death is also a recurrent theme of this early heroic tradition, used in the cases of Perseus and Bellerophon. The only surviving Hellenistic epic, the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes (epic poet, scholar, and director of the Library of Alexandria ) tells

2184-476: The Derveni Papyrus now proves that at least in the fifth-century BC a theogonic-cosmogonic poem of Orpheus was in existence. The first philosophical cosmologists reacted against, or sometimes built upon, popular mythical conceptions that had existed in the Greek world for some time. Some of these popular conceptions can be gleaned from the poetry of Homer and Hesiod. In Homer, the Earth was viewed as

2275-520: The Geometric period from c.  900 BC to c.  800 BC onward. In fact, literary and archaeological sources integrate, sometimes mutually supportive and sometimes in conflict; however, in many cases, the existence of this corpus of data is an indication that many elements of Greek mythology have strong factual and historical roots. Mythical narration plays an important role in nearly every genre of Greek literature. Nevertheless,

2366-539: The Hellenistic and Roman ages was primarily composed as a literary rather than cultic exercise. Nevertheless, it contains many important details that would otherwise be lost. This category includes the works of: Prose writers from the same periods who make reference to myths include Apuleius , Petronius , Lollianus , and Heliodorus . Two other important non-poetical sources are the Fabulae and Astronomica of

2457-598: The Parthenon depicting the sack of Troy); this artistic preference for themes deriving from the Trojan Cycle indicates its importance to the Ancient Greek civilization. The same mythological cycle also inspired a series of posterior European literary writings. For instance, Trojan Medieval European writers, unacquainted with Homer at first hand, found in the Troy legend a rich source of heroic and romantic storytelling and

2548-692: The Peloponnesian kingdoms of Mycenae , Sparta and Argos , claiming, according to legend, a right to rule them through their ancestor. Their rise to dominance is frequently called the " Dorian invasion ". The Lydian and later the Macedonian kings, as rulers of the same rank, also became Heracleidae. Other members of this earliest generation of heroes such as Perseus, Deucalion , Theseus and Bellerophon , have many traits in common with Heracles. Like him, their exploits are solitary, fantastic and border on fairy tale , as they slay monsters such as

2639-589: The Roman culture because of the story of Aeneas , a Trojan hero whose journey from Troy led to the founding of the city that would one day become Rome, as recounted in Virgil's Aeneid (Book II of Virgil's Aeneid contains the best-known account of the sack of Troy). Finally there are two pseudo-chronicles written in Latin that passed under the names of Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius . The Trojan War cycle ,

2730-599: The religions in Greece . The incumbent minister is Kyriakos Pierrakakis . Greece is one of the two countries that have not signed the Lisboa convention which has been ratified by all 47 member states of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg (2012).To this day, the independent department of professional recognition of academic degrees called ATEEN, still acts illegally against graduates of recognized open universities. In 2023,

2821-473: The Ancient Greek pantheon, poets composed the Homeric Hymns (a group of thirty-three songs). Gregory Nagy (1992) regards "the larger Homeric Hymns as simple preludes (compared with Theogony ), each of which invokes one god." The gods of Greek mythology are described as having essentially corporeal but ideal bodies. According to Walter Burkert , the defining characteristic of Greek anthropomorphism

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2912-6506: The Council of State published its decision against the ministry's actions of the discriminative non-recognition of degrees. History [ edit ] Years Name 1833-1862 On Religious Affairs and Public Education Secretary of State 1862–1926 Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education 1926–1949 Ministry of Religious Affairs and Education 1949–1955 Ministry of Religious Affairs and National Education 1955–2009 Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs 2009–2012 Ministry of Education, Lifelong Learning and Religious Affairs 2012–2013 Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs, Culture and Sport 2013–2015 Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs January–September 2015 Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs 2015–2019 Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs 2019–2023 Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs 2023 - Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs and Sports Current leadership [ edit ] Minister for Education and Religious Affairs: Kyriakos Pierrakakis Alternate Minister Giannis Vroutsis Deputy Minister Ioanna Lytrivi List of ministers [ edit ] National education and religious affairs (1981–2009) [ edit ] Name Took office Left office Party Eleftherios Veryvakis 21 October 1981 5 July 1982 PASOK Apostolos Kaklamanis 5 July 1982 25 April 1986 Antonis Tritsis 25 April 1986 9 May 1988 Apostolos Kaklamanis 9 May 1988 22 June 1988 George Papandreou 22 June 1988 2 July 1989 Vasilis Kontogiannopoulos  [ el ] 2 July 1989 12 October 1989 New Democracy Konstantinos Despotopoulos 12 October 1989 23 November 1989 Independent Costas Simitis 23 November 1989 13 February 1990 PASOK Konstantinos Despotopoulos 13 February 1990 11 April 1990 Independent Vasilis Kontogiannopoulos 11 April 1990 10 January 1991 New Democracy Georgios Souflias 10 January 1991 13 October 1993 Dimitris Fatouros  [ el ] 13 October 1993 8 July 1994 George Papandreou 8 July 1994 25 September 1996 PASOK Gerasimos Arsenis 25 September 1996 13 April 2000 Petros Efthymiou 13 April 2000 10 March 2004 Marietta Giannakou 10 March 2004 19 September 2007 New Democracy Evripidis Stylianidis 19 September 2007 8 January 2009 Aris Spiliotopoulos 8 January 2009 7 October 2009 Education, lifelong learning and religious affairs (2009–2012) [ edit ] Name Took office Left office Party Notes Anna Diamantopoulou 7 October 2009 7 March 2012 PASOK Georgios Babiniotis 7 March 2012 17 May 2012 Independent National unity government Frosso Kiaou 17 May 2012 21 June 2012 Independent Caretaker government Education, religious affairs, culture and sport (2012–2013) [ edit ] Name Took office Left office Party Notes Konstantinos Arvanitopoulos  [ el ] 21 June 2012 25 June 2013 New Democracy Coalition government Education and religious affairs (2013–2015) [ edit ] Name Took office Left office Party Notes Konstantinos Arvanitopoulos 25 June 2013 10 June 2014 New Democracy Coalition government Andreas Loverdos 10 June 2014 27 January 2015 PASOK Coalition government Culture, education and religious affairs (2015) [ edit ] Name Took office Left office Party Notes Aristides Baltas 27 January 2015 27 August 2015 Syriza Coalition government Frosso Kiaou 28 August 2015 21 September 2015 Independent Caretaker government Education, research and religious affairs (2015–2019) [ edit ] Name Took office Left office Party Notes Nikos Filis 23 September 2015 5 November 2016 Syriza Coalition government Kostas Gavroglou  [ el ] 5 November 2016 9 July 2019 Syriza Coalition government Education and religious affairs (2019–2023) [ edit ] Name Took office Left office Party Notes Niki Kerameus 9 July 2019 26 May 2023 New Democracy Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis Christos Kittas 26 May 2023 26 June 2023 Independent Caretaker Cabinet of Ioannis Sarmas Education, religious affairs and sports (2023–present) [ edit ] Name Took office Left office Party Notes Kyriakos Pierrakakis 26 May 2023 New Democracy Second Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis Deputy Ministers [ edit ] Alternate Minister John Oikonomou (until 2023) Domna Michaelides (until 2023) Zetta Makri  [ el ] (2023 to 2024) References [ edit ] ^ el:Επί των Εκκλησιαστικών και της Δημοσίας Εκπαιδεύσεως Γραμματεία της Επικράτειας External links [ edit ] Ministry website v t e Current Cabinet of Greece Prime Minister : Kyriakos Mitsotakis National Economy and Finance : Kostis Hatzidakis Foreign Affairs : Giorgos Gerapetritis National Defence : Nikos Dendias Interior : Thodoris Livanios  [ el ] Education, Religious Affairs and Sport : Kyriakos Pierrakakis Health : Adonis Georgiadis Infrastructure and Transport : Christos Staikouras Environment and Energy : Theodoros Skylakakis Development : Takis Theodorikakos  [ el ] Labour and Social Security : Niki Kerameus Citizen Protection : Michalis Chrisochoidis Justice : Giorgos Floridis  [ el ] Culture : Lina Mendoni Migration and Asylum : Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos Social Cohesion and

3003-508: The European Union [REDACTED] Greece portal Other countries v t e The Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs and Sports ( Greek : Υπουργείο Παιδείας, Θρησκευμάτων και Αθλητισμού ) is a government department of Greece . One of the oldest ministries, established in 1833, it is responsible for running the country's education system and for supervising

3094-1420: The Family  [ el ] : Sofia Zacharaki Rural Development and Food : Konstantinos Tsiaras Shipping and Island Policy : Christos Stylianides Tourism : Olga Kefalogianni Digital Governance : Dimitris Papastergiou  [ el ] Climate Crisis and Civil Protection  [ el ] : Vasilis Kikilias Ministers of State : Makis Voridis , Akis Skertsos  [ el ] Government Spokesman : Pavlos Marinakis  [ el ] [REDACTED] Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Education,_Religious_Affairs_and_Sports_(Greece)&oldid=1252804540 " Categories : 1833 establishments in Greece Education in Greece Ministries of education Government ministries of Greece Lists of government ministers of Greece Ministries established in 1833 Religion in Greece Hidden categories: Articles containing Greek-language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2024 Greek mythology Greek mythology

3185-809: The Greek Royal Family, the Board of Ministers under Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos and other authorities. The Greek Scouts offered precious services to the Country during the Balkan Wars . The elder, after receiving special training from army's officers, were used as trainers of the recruits and couriers of the General Army Staff. The younger Scouts served as corpsmen in Athens hospitals, nurses' aides, storekeepers, even general aides to

3276-610: The Greek leaders (including the wanderings of Odysseus and Aeneas (the Aeneid ), and the murder of Agamemnon) were told in two epics, the Returns (the lost Nostoi ) and Homer's Odyssey . The Trojan cycle also includes the adventures of the children of the Trojan generation (e.g., Orestes and Telemachus ). The Trojan War provided a variety of themes and became a main source of inspiration for Ancient Greek artists (e.g. metopes on

3367-472: The Greek world and noted the stories they heard, supplied numerous local myths and legends, often giving little-known alternative versions. Herodotus in particular, searched the various traditions he encountered and found the historical or mythological roots in the confrontation between Greece and the East. Herodotus attempted to reconcile origins and the blending of differing cultural concepts. The poetry of

3458-553: The Olympians, the Greeks worshipped various gods of the countryside, the satyr-god Pan , Nymphs (spirits of rivers), Naiads (who dwelled in springs), Dryads (who were spirits of the trees), Nereids (who inhabited the sea), river gods, Satyrs , and others. In addition, there were the dark powers of the underworld, such as the Erinyes (or Furies), said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood-relatives. In order to honor

3549-764: The Roman writer styled as Pseudo- Hyginus , the Imagines of Philostratus the Elder and Philostratus the Younger , and the Descriptions of Callistratus . Finally, several Byzantine Greek writers provide important details of myth, much derived from earlier now lost Greek works. These preservers of myth include Arnobius , Hesychius , the author of the Suda , John Tzetzes , and Eustathius . They often treat mythology from

3640-811: The Scout Movement from 1949 until 1951, and Demetrios Alexatos served on the Committee from 1957 to 1963. In 1963, Alexatos was awarded the Bronze Wolf , the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to World Scouting. Other Scouts Organization of Greece recipients include Demetrios A. Macrides in 1967, Leonidas J. Skyrianidis in 1974, Costas Tsantilis in 2004, Christos Lygeros in 2005, and Christos Papageorgiou (Scouting) in 2016. Scouts of Greece

3731-519: The Trojan cycle, as well as the adventures of Heracles. These visual representations of myths are important for two reasons. Firstly, many Greek myths are attested on vases earlier than in literary sources: of the twelve labors of Heracles, for example, only the Cerberus adventure occurs in a contemporary literary text. Secondly, visual sources sometimes represent myths or mythical scenes that are not attested in any extant literary source. In some cases,

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3822-456: The age when gods lived alone and the age when divine interference in human affairs was limited was a transitional age in which gods and mortals moved together. These were the early days of the world when the groups mingled more freely than they did later. Most of these tales were later told by Ovid's Metamorphoses and they are often divided into two thematic groups: tales of love, and tales of punishment. Tales of love often involve incest, or

3913-405: The ancient Greeks' cult and ritual practices. Modern scholars study the myths to shed light on the religious and political institutions of ancient Greece, and to better understand the nature of mythmaking itself. The Greek myths were initially propagated in an oral-poetic tradition most likely by Minoan and Mycenaean singers starting in the 18th century BC; eventually the myths of

4004-481: The appropriation or invention of some important cultural artifact, as when Prometheus steals fire from the gods, when Tantalus steals nectar and ambrosia from Zeus' table and gives it to his subjects—revealing to them the secrets of the gods, when Prometheus or Lycaon invents sacrifice, when Demeter teaches agriculture and the Mysteries to Triptolemus , or when Marsyas invents the aulos and enters into

4095-681: The army of the dead." Another important difference between the hero cult and the cult of gods is that the hero becomes the centre of local group identity. The monumental events of Heracles are regarded as the dawn of the age of heroes. To the Heroic Age are also ascribed three great events: the Argonautic expedition, the Theban Cycle , and the Trojan War . Some scholars believe that behind Heracles' complicated mythology there

4186-454: The arrival of Dionysus to establish his cult in Thrace was also the subject of an Aeschylean trilogy. In another tragedy, Euripides' The Bacchae , the king of Thebes , Pentheus , is punished by Dionysus, because he disrespected the god and spied on his Maenads , the female worshippers of the god. In another story, based on an old folktale-motif, and echoing a similar theme, Demeter

4277-574: The basis for the collection; however, the "Library" discusses events that occurred long after his death, hence the name Pseudo-Apollodorus. Among the earliest literary sources are Homer 's two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey . Other poets completed the Epic Cycle , but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely. Despite their traditional name, the Homeric Hymns have no direct connection with Homer. The oldest are choral hymns from

4368-409: The beginnings of the universe in human language. The most widely accepted version at the time, although a philosophical account of the beginning of things, is reported by Hesiod , in his Theogony . He begins with Chaos , a yawning nothingness. Next comes Gaia (Earth), "the ever-sure foundation of all", and then Tartarus , "in the depth of the wide-pathed Earth", and Eros (Love), "fairest among

4459-512: The composition of the story of the Argonauts is earlier than Odyssey , which shows familiarity with the exploits of Jason (the wandering of Odysseus may have been partly founded on it). In ancient times, the expedition was regarded as a historical fact, an incident in the opening up of the Black Sea to Greek commerce and colonization. It was also extremely popular, forming a cycle to which

4550-451: The concept and ritual. The age in which the heroes lived is known as the Heroic age . The epic and genealogical poetry created cycles of stories clustered around particular heroes or events and established the family relationships between the heroes of different stories; they thus arranged the stories in sequence. According to Ken Dowden (1992), "there is even a saga effect: We can follow

4641-635: The corps was initially called. In March 1912 there were 128 Boy Scouts in Greece. In the beginning of 1913, Markos Mindler established the first team of Sea Scouts. The first official public appearance of the Boy Scouts took place during the Grand Parade for the National Independence Day, on March 25, 1912. The Boy Scouts marched in front of the officials at the entrance of the "Zappeio" mansion, in front of George I of Greece ,

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4732-400: The culture, arts, and literature of Western civilization and remains part of Western heritage and language. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes. Greek mythology is known today primarily from Greek literature and representations on visual media dating from

4823-408: The dead. Influences from other cultures always afforded new themes. According to Classical-era mythology, after the overthrow of the Titans, the new pantheon of gods and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal Greek gods were the Olympians, residing on Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus. (The limitation of their number to twelve seems to have been a comparatively modern idea.) Besides

4914-413: The deathless gods". Without male assistance, Gaia gave birth to Uranus (the Sky) who then fertilized her. From that union were born first the Titans —six males: Coeus , Crius , Cronus , Hyperion , Iapetus , and Oceanus ; and six females: Mnemosyne , Phoebe , Rhea , Theia , Themis , and Tethys . After Cronus was born, Gaia and Uranus decreed no more Titans were to be born. They were followed by

5005-414: The decoration of votive gifts and many other artifacts. Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC depict scenes from the Epic Cycle as well as the adventures of Heracles . In the succeeding Archaic , Classical , and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence. Greek mythology has had an extensive influence on

5096-462: The divine-focused Theogony and Homeric Hymns in both size and popularity. Under the influence of Homer the "hero cult" leads to a restructuring in spiritual life, expressed in the separation of the realm of the gods from the realm of the dead (heroes), of the Chthonic from the Olympian. In the Works and Days , Hesiod makes use of a scheme of Four Ages of Man (or Races): Golden, Silver, Bronze, and Iron. These races or ages are separate creations of

5187-429: The earlier part of the so-called Lyric age . Hesiod , a possible contemporary with Homer, offers in his Theogony ( Origin of the Gods ) the fullest account of the earliest Greek myths, dealing with the creation of the world, the origin of the gods, Titans , and Giants , as well as elaborate genealogies, folktales, and aetiological myths. Hesiod's Works and Days , a didactic poem about farming life, also includes

5278-410: The evolution of their culture, of which mythology, both overtly and in its unspoken assumptions, is an index of the changes. In Greek mythology's surviving literary forms, as found mostly at the end of the progressive changes, it is inherently political, as Gilbert Cuthbertson (1975) has argued. The earlier inhabitants of the Balkan Peninsula were an agricultural people who, using animism , assigned

5369-405: The fates of some families in successive generations." After the rise of the hero cult, gods and heroes constitute the sacral sphere and are invoked together in oaths and prayers which are addressed to them. Burkert (2002) notes that "the roster of heroes, again in contrast to the gods, is never given fixed and final form. Great gods are no longer born, but new heroes can always be raised up from

5460-454: The first known representation of a myth in geometric art predates its first known representation in late archaic poetry, by several centuries. In the Archaic ( c.  750  – c.  500 BC ), Classical ( c.  480 –323 BC), and Hellenistic (323–146 BC) periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence. Greek mythology has changed over time to accommodate

5551-414: The gods, the Golden Age belonging to the reign of Cronos, the subsequent races to the creation of Zeus . The presence of evil was explained by the myth of Pandora , when all of the best of human capabilities, save hope, had been spilled out of her overturned jar. In Metamorphoses , Ovid follows Hesiod's concept of the four ages. "Myths of origin" or " creation myths " represent an attempt to explain

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5642-425: The heel. Achilles' heel was the only part of his body which was not invulnerable to damage by human weaponry. Before they could take Troy, the Greeks had to steal from the citadel the wooden image of Pallas Athena (the Palladium ). Finally, with Athena's help, they built the Trojan Horse . Despite the warnings of Priam's daughter Cassandra , the Trojans were persuaded by Sinon , a Greek who feigned desertion, to take

5733-444: The heroes of the Trojan War and its aftermath became part of the oral tradition of Homer 's epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey . Two poems by Homer's near contemporary Hesiod , the Theogony and the Works and Days , contain accounts of the genesis of the world, the succession of divine rulers, the succession of human ages, the origin of human woes, and the origin of sacrificial practices. Myths are also preserved in

5824-506: The highest social prestige through his appointment as official ancestor of the Dorian kings. This probably served as a legitimation for the Dorian migrations into the Peloponnese . Hyllus , the eponymous hero of one Dorian phyle , became the son of Heracles and one of the Heracleidae or Heraclids (the numerous descendants of Heracles, especially the descendants of Hyllus —other Heracleidae included Macaria , Lamos, Manto , Bianor , Tlepolemus , and Telephus ). These Heraclids conquered

5915-420: The horse inside the walls of Troy as an offering to Athena; the priest Laocoon, who tried to have the horse destroyed, was killed by sea-serpents. At night the Greek fleet returned, and the Greeks from the horse opened the gates of Troy. In the total sack that followed, Priam and his remaining sons were slaughtered; the Trojan women passed into slavery in various cities of Greece. The adventurous homeward voyages of

6006-703: The injured. The elder were even named corporals, with a right to bear the corresponding insignia on their scout uniform. Also, in 1914, Constantine I of Greece assumed General Leadership of the corps of Boy Scouts of Greece. In 1963 it organized successfully the 11th World Scout Jamboree in Marathon, close to Athens. Also in 2002, it hosted the 36th World Scout Conference in Thessaloniki. In 2016 Refugee crisis, Greek scouts became well known, where numerous volunteers spent more than 52000 hours of service in their local communities supporting refugees and migrants, mostly families, and welcoming them. Mostly because of their work in refugee camps around mainland but especially in

6097-534: The island of Lesbos and Chios Scouts of Greece received attention from international media as well as public figures such as Ban Ki Moon , UN Secretary General. In 2020 , Scouts of Greece celebrates 110 years ! Check out about the scouts History: https://proskopoi110.gr/timeline/ The Scouts of Greece program is based on the Scout method principles that children can more easily acquire skills through experience than through structured training. The young people plan their own progressive development by choosing from

6188-576: The middle of the Archaic period, myths about relationships between male gods and male heroes became more and more frequent, indicating the parallel development of pedagogic pederasty ( παιδικὸς ἔρως , eros paidikos ), thought to have been introduced around 630 BC. By the end of the fifth-century  BC, poets had assigned at least one eromenos , an adolescent boy who was their sexual companion, to every important god except Ares and many legendary figures. Previously existing myths, such as those of Achilles and Patroclus , also then were cast in

6279-456: The myth of the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the mythical land of Colchis . In the Argonautica , Jason is impelled on his quest by king Pelias , who receives a prophecy that a man with one sandal would be his nemesis . Jason loses a sandal in a river, arrives at the court of Pelias, and the epic is set in motion. Nearly every member of the next generation of heroes, as well as Heracles, went with Jason in

6370-427: The mythological details about gods and heroes. The evidence about myths and rituals at Mycenaean and Minoan sites is entirely monumental, as the Linear B script (an ancient form of Greek found in both Crete and mainland Greece) was used mainly to record inventories, although certain names of gods and heroes have been tentatively identified. Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth-century  BC depict scenes from

6461-474: The myths of Prometheus , Pandora , and the Five Ages . The poet advises on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world, rendered yet more dangerous by its gods. Lyrical poets often took their subjects from myth, but their treatment became gradually less narrative and more allusive. Greek lyric poets, including Pindar , Bacchylides and Simonides , and bucolic poets such as Theocritus and Bion , relate individual mythological incidents. Additionally, myth

6552-545: The one-eyed Cyclopes and the Hecatoncheires or Hundred-Handed Ones, who were both thrown into Tartarus by Uranus. This made Gaia furious. Cronus ("the wily, youngest and most terrible of Gaia 's children") was convinced by Gaia to castrate his father. He did this and became the ruler of the Titans with his sister-wife, Rhea, as his consort, and the other Titans became his court. A motif of father-against-son conflict

6643-473: The only general mythographical handbook to survive from Greek antiquity was the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus. This work attempts to reconcile the contradictory tales of the poets and provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic legends. Apollodorus of Athens lived from c.  180 BC to c.  125 BC and wrote on many of these topics. His writings may have formed

6734-459: The problem of the devolution of power and of the mode of accession to sovereignty. The twins Atreus and Thyestes with their descendants played the leading role in the tragedy of the devolution of power in Mycenae. The Theban Cycle deals with events associated especially with Cadmus , the city's founder, and later with the doings of Laius and Oedipus at Thebes; a series of stories that lead to

6825-510: The seduction or rape of a mortal woman by a male god, resulting in heroic offspring. The stories generally suggest that relationships between gods and mortals are something to avoid; even consenting relationships rarely have happy endings. In a few cases, a female divinity mates with a mortal man, as in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite , where the goddess lies with Anchises to produce Aeneas . The second type (tales of punishment) involves

6916-593: The ship Argo to fetch the Golden Fleece. This generation also included Theseus , who went to Crete to slay the Minotaur ; Atalanta , the female heroine, and Meleager , who once had an epic cycle of his own to rival the Iliad and Odyssey . Pindar , Apollonius and the Bibliotheca endeavor to give full lists of the Argonauts. Although Apollonius wrote his poem in the 3rd century BC,

7007-483: The society while the beliefs were held. After they ceased to become religious beliefs, few would have known the rites and rituals. Allusions often existed, however, to aspects that were quite public. Images existed on pottery and religious artwork that were interpreted and more likely, misinterpreted in many diverse myths and tales. A few fragments of these works survive in quotations by Neoplatonist philosophers and recently unearthed papyrus scraps. One of these scraps,

7098-615: The stone, which had been sitting in Cronus's stomach all this time. Zeus then challenged Cronus to war for the kingship of the gods. At last, with the help of the Cyclopes (whom Zeus freed from Tartarus), Zeus and his siblings were victorious, while Cronus and the Titans were hurled down to imprisonment in Tartarus . Zeus was plagued by the same concern, and after a prophecy that the offspring of his first wife, Metis , would give birth to

7189-406: The stony hearts of the underworld gods in his descent to Hades . When Hermes invents the lyre in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes , the first thing he does is sing about the birth of the gods. Hesiod's Theogony is not only the fullest surviving account of the gods but also the fullest surviving account of the archaic poet's function, with its long preliminary invocation to the Muses . Theogony also

7280-473: The tale known to us through tragedy (e.g. Sophocles' Oedipus Rex ) and later mythological accounts. Greek mythology culminates in the Trojan War, fought between Greece and Troy , and its aftermath. In Homer's works, such as the Iliad , the chief stories have already taken shape and substance, and individual themes were elaborated later, especially in Greek drama. The Trojan War also elicited great interest in

7371-577: The war of the Seven against Thebes and the eventual pillage of that city at the hands of the Epigoni . (It is not known whether the Seven figured in early epic.) As far as Oedipus is concerned, early epic accounts seem to have him continuing to rule at Thebes after the revelation that Iokaste was his mother, and subsequently marrying a second wife who becomes the mother of his children—markedly different from

7462-434: The world" may be divided into three or four broader periods: While the age of gods often has been of more interest to contemporary students of myth, the Greek authors of the archaic and classical eras had a clear preference for the age of heroes, establishing a chronology and record of human accomplishments after the questions of how the world came into being were explained. For example, the heroic Iliad and Odyssey dwarfed

7553-598: Was central to classical Athenian drama . The tragic playwrights Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides took most of their plots from myths of the age of heroes and the Trojan War. Many of the great tragic stories (e.g. Agamemnon and his children, Oedipus , Jason , Medea , etc.) took on their classic form in these tragedies. The comic playwright Aristophanes also used myths, in The Birds and The Frogs . Historians Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus , and geographers Pausanias and Strabo , who traveled throughout

7644-622: Was founded. Society was watching the steps of the movement with great interest. In the beginning of 1911, K. M. Melas, G. Panas and N. Paspatis, officers in the Royal Hellenic Navy and Filippos Xrisovelonis, banker, joined the Hellenic Scout movement, supported it, constituted its First Managing Committee and later become members of the Executive Board of "Omilos Hellinon Proskopon" ("Association of Greek Scouts") as

7735-478: Was insured by the constant use of nectar and ambrosia , by which the divine blood was renewed in their veins. Each god descends from his or her own genealogy, pursues differing interests, has a certain area of expertise, and is governed by a unique personality; however, these descriptions arise from a multiplicity of archaic local variants, which do not always agree with one another. When these gods are called upon in poetry, prayer, or cult, they are referred to by

7826-592: Was probably a real man, perhaps a chieftain-vassal of the kingdom of Argos . Some scholars suggest the story of Heracles is an allegory for the sun's yearly passage through the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Others point to earlier myths from other cultures, showing the story of Heracles as a local adaptation of hero myths already well established. Traditionally, Heracles was the son of Zeus and Alcmene , granddaughter of Perseus . His fantastic solitary exploits, with their many folk-tale themes, provided much material for popular legend. According to Burkert (2002), "He

7917-511: Was repeated when Cronus was confronted by his son, Zeus . Because Cronus had betrayed his father, he feared that his offspring would do the same, and so each time Rhea gave birth, he snatched up the child and ate it. Rhea hated this and tricked him by hiding Zeus and wrapping a stone in a baby's blanket, which Cronus ate. When Zeus was full-grown, he fed Cronus a drugged drink which caused him to vomit, throwing up Rhea's other children, including Poseidon , Hades , Hestia , Demeter , and Hera , and

8008-591: Was searching for her daughter, Persephone , having taken the form of an old woman called Doso, and received a hospitable welcome from Celeus , the King of Eleusis in Attica . As a gift to Celeus, because of his hospitality, Demeter planned to make his son Demophon a god, but she was unable to complete the ritual because his mother Metanira walked in and saw her son in the fire and screamed in fright, which angered Demeter, who lamented that foolish mortals do not understand

8099-575: Was the bow but frequently also the club. Vase paintings demonstrate the unparalleled popularity of Heracles, his fight with the lion being depicted many hundreds of times. Heracles also entered Etruscan and Roman mythology and cult, and the exclamation "mehercule" became as familiar to the Romans as "Herakleis" was to the Greeks. In Italy he was worshipped as a god of merchants and traders, although others also prayed to him for his characteristic gifts of good luck or rescue from danger. Heracles attained

8190-431: Was the goddess of love and beauty, Ares was the god of war, Hades the ruler of the underworld, and Athena the goddess of wisdom and courage. Some gods, such as Apollo and Dionysus , revealed complex personalities and mixtures of functions, while others, such as Hestia (literally "hearth") and Helios (literally "sun"), were little more than personifications. The most impressive temples tended to be dedicated to

8281-503: Was the subject of many lost poems, including those attributed to Orpheus, Musaeus , Epimenides , Abaris , and other legendary seers, which were used in private ritual purifications and mystery-rites . There are indications that Plato was familiar with some version of the Orphic theogony. A silence would have been expected about religious rites and beliefs, however, and that nature of the culture would not have been reported by members of

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