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63-545: The full grand ducal style was Grand Duke of Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach , Landgrave in Thuringia , Margrave of Meissen , Princely Count of Henneberg , Lord of Blankenhayn , Neustadt and Tautenburg . The Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach branch has been the most genealogically senior extant branch of the House of Wettin since 1672. The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach consisted of three greater areas, each of which formed

126-497: A Kreis administratively, plus several exclaves . Neighboring countries were Prussia , Saxony , Bavaria , Hesse-Kassel (until 1866, when it was incorporated in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau ), and all the other Thuringian states ( Saxe-Altenburg , Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , Saxe-Meiningen , Reuss Elder Line , Reuss Junior Line , Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen ). The northern part of

189-532: A kingdom . It arose because the title of duke had gradually lost status and precedence during the Middle Ages by having been granted to rulers of relatively small fiefs (feudal territories), instead of the large tribal regions or even national territories to which the title was once attached. One of the first examples occurred when Count Gonçalo I Mendes of Portucale (in northwest Portugal and considered as that country's original nucleus) took, in 987,

252-540: A royal duchy , since 1581 with the King assuming the secondary title Grand Duke of Finland (Finnish: Suomen suuriruhtinas , Swedish: Storfurste av Finland ). Grand princes (or sometimes great princes ) were medieval monarchs who usually ruled over several tribes and/or were feudal overlords of other princes. At the time, the title was usually translated as " king ", sometimes also as "minor king" or "little king" ( German : Kleinkönig ). However, grand princes did not have

315-537: A State Museum was founded in Weimar. 50°59′0″N 11°10′0″E  /  50.98333°N 11.16667°E  / 50.98333; 11.16667 Grand Duke Grand duke (feminine: grand duchess ) is a European hereditary title , used either by certain monarchs or by members of certain monarchs' families. In status, a grand duke traditionally ranks in order of precedence below an emperor , king , grand prince , archduke , or prince-archbishop , and above

378-472: A group of monarchies of intermediate importance with that title. Thus the 19th century saw a new group of monarchs titled grand duke in central Europe, especially in present-day Germany. The title was also used for the part of Poland granted to Prussia – the Grand Duchy of Posen – which was formally held in a personal union with Prussia (and so nominally separate) until its incorporation in 1848. In

441-541: A major power ( Großfürst , Grootvorst ). In 1582, King John III of Sweden added " Grand Duke of Finland " to the subsidiary titles of the Swedish kings, but without any political consequences, as Finland was already a part of the Swedish realm. After the Russian conquests, the title continued to be used by the Russian emperors in their role as rulers of both ( de facto non-sovereign) Lithuania (1793–1917) and

504-422: A monarch (respectively Prinz , Prins ) and for a sovereign prince ( Fürst , Vorst ), there is also a clear linguistic difference between a sovereign grand duke reigning over a state of central and western Europe ( Großherzog , Groothertog ) and a non-sovereign, purely ceremonial grand duke of either the Russian imperial family or other non-sovereign territories that are de facto dependencies of

567-527: A niece of King Frederick the Great of Prussia . A year later she gave birth to her son, Charles Augustus and after another year, when she was already a widow, to her son Constantine . As Dowager Duchess Anna Amalia actively took up the regency , with the approval of the Empress Maria Theresa and the support of her ethical Minister Baron von Fritsch. As educator for her sons, she employed

630-845: A paint factory, could also be found in Eisenach. Furthermore, there were a paper mill in Oberweimar and a toy factory in Ilmenau. Wicker-work was manufactured in the Kuppenrhön area and pipes were made in Geisa . In 1895, there were 257 breweries in the grand duchy; the largest of these were in Apolda and Ilmenau. Ilmenau and Ruhla were important mining centers in the Thuringian Forest . Around 1900, potash industry began to develop in

693-557: A sovereign prince or sovereign duke . The title is used in some current and former independent monarchies in Europe, particularly: The term grand duke as a monarch reigning over an independent state was a later invention (in Western Europe at first in 1569 for the ruler of Tuscany ) to denote either a particularly mighty duke or a monarchy playing an important political, military and/or economic role, but not large enough to be

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756-650: The Urburschenschaft and celebrated Wartburg Festival at the Wartburg in October 1817. Many liberal-minded people participated and the speakers, most of them students, must be regarded as having been among the earliest democrats in Germany. Maria Pavlovna , who was grand duchess from 1828, featuring composers like Franz Liszt and Peter Cornelius . Her art-loving son Charles Alexander (1818–1901), who

819-694: The German Confederation from 1815, the grand duchy was not seriously affected by the German revolutions of 1848 and remained neutral during the growing friction between Austria and Prussia over the following two decades. After the Austro-Prussian War the grand duchy became a member of the North German Confederation and in 1871 joined the new German Empire as a constituent state. In 1901 Charles Alexander

882-617: The Goldene Aue area. The harvest of 1895 consisted of: Fruit was mainly grown in the Saale valley, around Jena and Bürgel . There was some viticulture north of Jena, between Dornburg and Camburg . Stock breeding was also widespread. In 1892, there were 19,121 horses in the grand duchy, 119,720 cattle, 113,208 sheep, 122,974 pigs, 46,405 goats and 16,999 beehives. Game was only found near Eisenach, in Eichenzell and in

945-641: The Kupenrhön mountains and finally, in the far south, the main chain of the Rhön mountains. The district Neustadt was located in hills with altitudes between 200 and 400 meters. The main rivers in the country were: The highest elevation in the grand duchy were the Kickelhahn ( 861 m above  sea level (NN) ) near Ilmenau, the Ellenbogen ( 814 m above  sea level (NN) ) in

1008-789: The Napoleonic Wars . Though at first an ally of Prussia in the Napoleonic War of the Fourth Coalition , Duke Charles Augustus escaped his deposition by joining the Confederation of the Rhine on 15 December 1806. After the official merger in 1809, the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach consisted of the separate districts around the capital Weimar in the north and Eisenach in the west. Thanks to their Russian connection,

1071-583: The Rhön area, the Eisenacher Oberland  [ de ] was created from adjacent former parts of Hesse-Kassel and territories held by the secularized Princely Abbey of Fulda . Finally, the country was raised to a grand duchy. The cosmopolitan Grand Duke Charles Augustus gave his grand duchy the first liberal constitution in Germany, on 5 May 1816. Students of the University of Jena organized themselves as Germany's first fraternity,

1134-650: The Russian Imperial Family . Triptis Triptis is a town in the Saale-Orla-Kreis district, in Thuringia , Germany . It is situated 22 km southwest of Gera . The town is the seat of the municipal association Triptis . Within the German Empire (1871–1918), Triptis was part of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach . In East Germany , it was part of Bezirk Gera . This Saale-Orla-Kreis location article

1197-702: The Weimar district was flat and part of the Thuringian Basin ; the southern and eastern parts were situated on the Ilm-Saale Plateau and in the Saale valley. The northern part of Eisenach district was hilly (Hörselberge and Hainich hills); the central part with the town of Eisenach was in the Hörsel valley; further south were the mountains of the Thuringian Forest , followed by the Werra valley,

1260-554: The Werra valley, around Vacha and Berka/Werra . There were salt works in Creuzburg and Bad Sulza . The major transport centers were Weimar and Eisenach. Many banks opened branch offices here. In 1895, there were 23 branch offices of savings banks in the grand duchy, and they were managing deposits totalling approximately 40 million Reichsmark . The grand duchy was part of the Thuringian Toll Union , except for

1323-477: The history of Lithuania from 1230s to 1795, most of its leaders were referred to as Grand Duke of Lithuania , even when they jointly held the title King of Poland and other titles. From 1328 the Velikii Kniaz of Muscovy appeared as the grand duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as tsar . Thereafter the title was given to sons and grandsons (through male lines) of

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1386-465: The (equally non-sovereign) autonomous Finland (1809–1917). The Habsburg monarchy also instituted the similarly non-sovereign Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen ( Grand Principality of Transylvania ) in 1765, and the (purely nominal) Großherzogtum Krakau ( Grand Duchy of Kraków ) in 1846. The Latin title dux (the etymological root of duke ), which was phonetically rendered doux (δούξ) in Greek,

1449-583: The 15th century, when they ruled most of present-day northeastern France as well as almost the entire Low Countries. They tried—ultimately without success—to create from these territories under their control a new unified country between the Kingdom of France in the west and the Holy Roman Empire (mainly present-day Germany) in the east. Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (reigned 1419–67) assumed the subsidiary, legally void style and title of "Grand Duke of

1512-639: The Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Trade, the Chamber of Agriculture and the Chamber of Labour. The highest court in the land was the Court of Appeals in Jena, which dealt with appeals from all Thuringian states. There were Regional Courts in Weimar and Eisenach. The grand duchy had one infantry regiment, which after 1871 was part of the Imperial German Army 's 11th Army Corps. In 1895, 37.9% of

1575-535: The Grand Duchy. The Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach granted "city" status to three localities in the state, namely Berka/Werra (Eisenach district, 1847), Ruhla (Eisenach district, 1886, administered jointly with the Duke of Saxe-Gotha) and Münchenbernsdorf (Neustadt district, 1904). In 1840, there were 13 cities with over 2,000 inhabitants. In the 70 years to 1910, the Grand Duchy industrialized heavily and

1638-517: The Ilmenau exclave, where the grand duke's largest hunting ground was located on the banks of the Gabelbach . About 50% of the forests were state-owned (450 km [170 sq mi]). The dominant tree species were beech (in the Weimar district), pine (especially in the Neustadt district) and spruce (in the Eisenach district and around Ilmenau). The grand duchy's State Forestry Office

1701-612: The Kings (Polish: król ) of Poland during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The first monarchs ever officially titled grand duke were the Medici sovereigns of Tuscany , starting from the late 16th century. This official title was granted by Pope Pius V in 1569 to Cosimo I de' Medici . Napoleon I awarded the title extensively: during his era, several of his allies (and de facto vassals) were allowed to assume

1764-583: The Rhön and the Ettersberg ( 477 m above  sea level (NN) ) near Weimar. In 1895, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was administratively divided into three districts ( Kreise ): Furthermore, the districts of Weimar and Eisenach were each subdivided into two Bezirke . In the case of Weimar, these were: Weimar and Apolda, in the case of Eisenach they were the Eisenach and Dermbach. In all, there were 31 cities and 594 municipalities in

1827-588: The Swedish House of Vasa also used the grand-princely title for their non-Polish territories. In the late Middle Ages, the title "grand prince/grand duke" became increasingly a purely ceremonial courtesy title for close relatives of ruling monarchs, such as the Tsar of Russia, who granted his brothers the title Grand Duke of Russia ( veliki knjaz ). Most often, a sovereign grand duke was styled as " Royal Highness " (abbreviated "HRH"), possibly because of

1890-619: The Tsars and Emperors of Russia. The daughters and paternal granddaughters of Russian emperors, as well as the consorts of Russian grand dukes, were generally called "grand duchesses" in English. From 1809 to 1917 the Emperor of Russia was also the Grand Duke of Finland , which he held as an autonomous state. Before the Russian conquest Finland had been held by the Kings of Sweden, first as

1953-562: The West" in 1435, having previously brought the duchies of Brabant and Limburg as well as the counties of Holland, Zeeland, Friesland, Hainaut and Namur into his possession. His son and successor Charles the Bold (reigned 1467–77) continued to use the same style and title. The title magnus dux or grand duke ( Kunigų kunigas , Didysis kunigaikštis in Lithuanian) has been used by

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2016-479: The area around Ilmenau) and optical products, around Jena. In 1846, Carl Zeiss found a precision engineering and optical company that quickly developed into a world leader. In 1917, the company had 10 000 employees. In 1889, Ernst Abbe founded the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung , which became the sole share holder of the companies Carl Zeiss AG and Schott AG . The textile industry was also important. It

2079-476: The connection of many grand-ducal houses to royal ones or as the highest style beneath that of a king (sometimes styled "Royal Highness"). The heir to the throne (a hereditary grand duke) was sometimes styled as "Royal Highness", otherwise as " Grand Ducal Highness " (HGDH). Junior members of the family also generally bore the lower title of prince or princess with the style of "Grand Ducal Highness". However, in other grand duchies (e.g., Oldenburg ), junior members of

2142-539: The district of Eisenach, the distribution was slightly different. Of the 95,226 inhabitants were: The Catholic and Jewish minorities in the district Eisenach lived mainly in the Rhön. The area around the town of Geisa was predominantly Catholic and belonged to the Diocese of Fulda . Under the Constitution of 5 May 1816 (revised 15 October 1850), Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was a constitutional monarchy, hereditary in

2205-716: The duchy gained substantially from the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In the east, it gained most of the Neustädter Kreis  [ de ] ( Neustadt district; 629 km, 243 sq mi) from the Kingdom of Saxony . It also received most of the Principality of Erfurt , which had been an exclave of Mainz before the war and a directly administered French fief under occupation. It further gained smaller possessions, such as Blankenhain and Kranichfeld . In

2268-819: The exclaves Ostheim, Oldisleben, and Allstedt. There was one state university in the grand duchy, the University of Jena , which was funded by Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach together with the other Thuringian states . There were several art and music schools in Weimar, and in Ilmenau, there was the Technische Universität Ilmenau , a privately owned university providing technical and scientific education. Gymnasiums existed in Weimar, Eisenach and Jena; Realschules were found in Weimar, Apolda, Jena, Eisenach, Neustadt and Ilmenau. In 1895, there were 462 primary schools, and any child would receive at least four years of primary education. Large libraries of 200 000 volumes each were maintained in Weimar and Jena. In 1869,

2331-631: The family bore the title of duke or duchess, with the style of "Highness" (HH). The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg styles all its members as "Royal Highness" since 1919, due to their being also cadet members of the Royal and Ducal House of Bourbon-Parma as male-line descendants of Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma . The Habsburg grand dukes of Tuscany, being members of the imperial family of Austria, were styled as " Imperial and Royal Highness " (HI&RH). Grand dukes and grand duchesses from Russia were styled as " Imperial Highness " (HIH), being members of

2394-636: The legitimate successors of the Byzantine-East Roman Emperors. Grand Prince Ivan IV of Muscovy was the last monarch to reign without claiming any higher title, until he finally assumed the style Tsar of Russia in 1547. The rulers of the Turkish vassal state of Transylvania ( German : Siebenbürgen ) used the title of grand prince; this title was later assumed by the Habsburgs after their conquest of Hungary. The Polish kings of

2457-555: The male line. Under the Electoral Act of 1852, the Landtag had 31 members, of whom 21 were elected in general elections. One member was elected by the landed former Imperial Knights , four were elected by other wealthy landowners, and five by voters who had an annual income exceeding 1000 Thaler from other sources. The latter group of voters were popularly called "thousand thaler men". The Electoral Act of 17 April 1896 enlarged

2520-578: The monarchy in the state. It continued as the Free State of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , until 1920, when it merged with most of its neighbours to form Thuringia , with Weimar as the state capital. In the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, as in all the Thuringian states , the Lutheran faith was the most prevalent. Specifically, in 1895, the reported religious affiliations of the 339,217 were: In

2583-570: The next oldest sibling. This system didn’t last very long, and in 12th century multiple northern princes of the Rurikid Dynasty could compete for their dominance in Kiev. Some of them would prefer to establish themselves as grand dukes independently from Kiev. Another translation of this title would be grand prince. While this term is a more precise translation, it is neither standard nor widely used in English. In German, however, grand duke

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2646-597: The parliament to 33 members. The grand duchy had one vote in the Imperial Bundesrat and three members in the Reichstag . In 1909, general suffrage was introduced, under the auspices of Alfred Appelius, the later Speaker of the Landtag. The large landowners and the "thousand thaler men" retained their extra votes, and five new special members were added to the parliament, representing the University of Jena ,

2709-454: The personal title of Magnus Dux Portucalensium ("Grand Duke of the Portuguese") and rebelled against his feudal lord, King Bermudo II of León . He was defeated by the royal armies but nevertheless obtained a remarkable autonomy as a Magnus Dux (Grand Duke), leading ultimately to Portuguese independence from the Spanish kingdom of Castille-León. Another example was the line of self-proclaimed grand dukes (legally dukes) of Burgundy in

2772-425: The poet Christoph Martin Wieland , who was a professor at the University of Erfurt . At 18 years of age, Charles Augustus married Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt . He employed the poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , with whom he soon became friends. Goethe, in turn, invited the authors Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Schiller to Weimar, thus laying the foundation for the Weimar Classicism circle, which

2835-781: The population of the largest cities grew, while the medium-sized cities remained constant or even lost population. The population of Stadtlengsfeld shrank dramatically after the Jewish emancipation , when most of the city's Jewish citizens migrated to larger cities. In 1910, several other towns had grown past the 2,000 inhabitants mark: Ruhla (Weimar part: 3917 v. 1533: +156%), Blankenhain (3405 v. 1689: +102%), Bad Sulza , (3052 v. 1422: +115%), Auma (2978 v. 1701, +75%), Triptis (2948 v. 1480: +99%), Tiefenort (2539 v. 1237: +105%), Bad Berka (2379 v. 1228: +94%), Oberweimar (2095 v. 621: +237%), Oldisleben (2064 v. 1332: +55) and Mihla (2008 v. 1294: +55%). The duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach had been ruled in personal union by

2898-479: The rulers of Lithuania , who after Jogaila also became kings of Poland . From 1573, both the Latin version and its Polish equivalent wielki książę (literally "grand prince"), the monarchic title of the rulers of Lithuania as well as of (western) Russia, Prussia, Mazovia, Samogithia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and Chernigov (including hollow claims nurtured by ambition), were used as part of their full official monarchic titles by

2961-417: The same branch of the House of Wettin since 1741, after the Eisenach line had died out upon the death of Duke Wilhelm Heinrich . The first Duke of the personal union was Ernest Augustus I , who built the Belvedere Palace in Weimar . His son Ernest Augustus II reigned for only three years, and died at the age of 20. At the age of 18, he married the Brunswick Princess Anna Amalia , one year his junior and

3024-400: The same century, the purely ceremonial version of the title grand duke in Russia (in fact the western translation of the Russian title "grand prince" granted to the siblings of the tsar ) expanded massively because of the large number of progeny of the ruling House of Romanov during those decades. In the German and Dutch languages, which have separate words for a prince as the issue (child) of

3087-443: The same monarchic precedence as later Western European kings, and thus they were considered lower in rank, particularly in later literature. Grand princes reigned in Central and Eastern Europe, notably among Slavs and Lithuanians. The title "grand prince" translates to velikiy knjaz ( Великий князь ) in Ukrainian and Russian. The Slavic word knjaz and the Lithuanian kunigas (today translated as "priest") are cognates of

3150-425: The title of grand duke, usually at the same time as their inherited fiefs (or fiefs granted by Napoleon) were enlarged by annexed territories previously belonging to enemies defeated on the battlefield. After Napoleon's downfall, the victorious powers who met at the Congress of Vienna , which dealt with the political aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, agreed to abolish the Grand Duchies created by Bonaparte and to create

3213-409: The word king in its original meaning of "ruler". Thus, the literal meaning of Veliki Knjaz and Didysis kunigaikštis was more like "great ruler" than "grand duke". With the growing importance and size of their countries, those monarchs claimed a higher title, such as king or tsar (also spelled "czar" in English) which was derived from the Latin caesar ("emperor") and based on the claim to be

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3276-417: The workforce were employed in the agriculture and forestry industries, 38.9% worked in the manufacturing sector , and 16.4% were employed in the service sector . Until 1900, agriculture was the most important branch in the economy of the grand duchy. A total of 56% of the duchy's territory was used for agriculture, mainly in the districts Weimar and Neustadt and the exclaves Allstedt and Oldisleben in

3339-419: Was a common title for imperial generals in the Late Roman Empires (west and east), but note it was lower in rank than comes (the etymological root of count ). Under the latter, exclusively Byzantine theme system , the commander of a theme was often styled a doux instead of the earlier strategos from the 10th century on. The title of "Grand Duke" ( megas doux ) was created by Alexios I Komnenos and

3402-442: Was a court title in the Kingdom of Bosnia , bestowed by the king to highest military commanders, usually reserved for most influential and most capable among highest Bosnian nobility. To interpret it as an office post rather than a court rank could be even more accurate. Unlike usage in Western Europe, Central Europe, or in various Slavic lands from Central to North-East Europe, where analogy between grand duke and grand prince

3465-418: Was based in Eisenach. A versatile array of manufacturing industries developed in the grand duchy. For example, in Bürgel and Ilmenau , there were porcelain factories (in all, there were 39 such factories in the country). In Ilmenau and Jena , glass was made (in particular, in the Schott factories). The glass industry was specialized in industrial glass (for example measuring devices such as thermometers in

3528-407: Was concentrated in Apolda (mostly hosiery knitting mills) and Neustadt an der Orla . Other major textile plants could be found in Wenigenjena, Eisenach , Weida , Remda and Blankenhain . In 1895, the textile industry employed approximately 7 000 people. Ruhla was a center of the metalworking industry. The country's first car plant was built in 1895 in Eisenach. Chemical industries, such as

3591-412: Was conferred upon the commanding admiral of the Byzantine navy . As such, it was an actual office rather than a court rank (although it also became a grade in the court order of precedence under the Palaiologan emperors ), and was always held by one individual. Grand Duke of Bosnia ( Serbo-Croatian : Veliki Vojvoda Bosanski ; Latin : Bosne supremus voivoda / Sicut supremus voivoda regni Bosniae )

3654-411: Was grand duke from 1853, also supported the arts, and music in particular. He was married to Sophie , who supported his plans, and he rebuilt the decaying Wartburg the romantic historicism style of the day and had it painted by Moritz von Schwind . He also supported, albeit half-heartedly, the founding of the School of Applied Arts in Weimar, which merged to form the Bauhaus in 1919. A member of

3717-476: Was known as a Großfürst, and in Latin as magnus princeps . With the decline of Kiev under the Mongols in the 13th century, Danylo of Galicia would be crowned as king of Ruthenia to show succession between Kiev and Galicia, while keeping the title of Grand Duke of Kiev. With the expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into Ukrainian lands, Lithuanian princes would take the title of Grand Dukes of Ruthenia, until their unification with Poland. Throughout

3780-452: Was significant, with both titles corresponding to sovereign lower than king but higher than duke. In Bosnia, the title grand duke corresponded more to the Byzantine military title megas doux . It is possible to register some similarities with equivalent titles in neighboring Slavic lands, such as Serbia; however, in neighboring countries, the title duke , in Slavic vojvoda , also had military significance, but in that sense "grand duke"

3843-404: Was specifically, even exclusively, Bosnian title. "Grand duke" is the traditional translation of the title Velyky Knyaz (Великий Князь), which from the 11th century was at first the title of the leading prince ( Kniaz ) of Kievan Rus' , then of several other East Slavic princes. The title of Grand Duke of Kiev was usually given by a father to his eldest son, and with his death passed to

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3906-414: Was succeeded by his grandson William Ernest , who was married to Caroline Reuss of Greiz and later to Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen . In 1903, the grand duchy officially changed its name to Grand Duchy of Saxony . However, many people continued to call it Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, to avoid confusion with the neighbouring Kingdom of Saxony . William Ernest abdicated the throne on 9 November 1918, thereby ending

3969-413: Was supported in the background by Anna Amalia. Later regents would see it as main task to guard this heritage. In 1804 Duke Charles Augustus' eldest son and heir Charles Frederick married Maria Pavlovna Romanova , sister of Emperor Alexander I of Russia , a conjugal union which decisively promoted the rise of the Ernestine Saxe-Weimar dynasty. It also gave the duchy some protection during the turmoil of

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