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28-546: Snecma is in charge of the core engine, control system ( FADEC ), transmissions (accessory gearbox, transfer gearbox), overall engine integration and flight testing. NPO Saturn is responsible for the components in the low pressure section and engine installation on the Sukhoi Superjet 100 regional aircraft and ground testing. The SaM146 is the outcome of a Franco-Russian joint venture between Safran Aircraft Engines of France and United Engine Corporation (UEC) of Russia. In

56-480: A Rolls-Royce Olympus Mk 320. In the 1970s, NASA and Pratt and Whitney experimented with their first experimental FADEC, first flown on an F-111 fitted with a highly modified Pratt & Whitney TF30 left engine. The experiments led to Pratt & Whitney F100 and Pratt & Whitney PW2000 being the first military and civil engines, respectively, fitted with FADEC, and later the Pratt & Whitney PW4000 as

84-471: A FADEC. The flight crew first enters flight data such as wind conditions, runway length, or cruise altitude, into the flight management system (FMS). The FMS uses this data to calculate power settings for different phases of the flight. At take-off, the flight crew advances the power lever to a predetermined setting, or opts for an auto-throttle take-off if available. The FADECs now apply the calculated take-off thrust setting by sending an electronic signal to

112-490: A new design has been developed to meet current and projected environmental standards, including regulations of the ICAO Committee of Aviation Environmental Protection Sixth Session (CAEP VI), set to become effective in 2008.. Blisk technology is used to improve fuel economy and lower maintenance. The SaM146 provides 62 to 77.8KN of thrust (6,200 to 7,700 kg). In April 2003, Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company selected

140-606: A total FADEC failure occurs, the engine fails. If the engine is controlled digitally and electronically but allows for manual override, it is considered to be an EEC or ECU . An EEC, though a component of a FADEC, is not by itself FADEC. When standing alone, the EEC makes all of the decisions until the pilot wishes to intervene. The term FADEC is often misused for partial digital engine controls, such as those only electronically controlling fuel and ignition. A turbocharged piston engine would require digital control over all intake airflow to meet

168-456: Is a device that controls various subsystems of an internal combustion engine . Systems commonly controlled by an ECU include the fuel injection and ignition systems. The earliest ECUs (used by aircraft engines in the late 1930s) were mechanical-hydraulic units; however, most 21st-century ECUs operate using digital electronics . The main functions of the ECU are typically: The sensors used by

196-530: Is mainly based on the CFM56 . The core was developed by Snecma , drawing on its M88 ‘hot section’ military engine experience and the DEM21 core demonstrator project – with its six-stage compressor and single-stage, high-pressure turbine with active blade-tip clearance control – and various other modern design features (such as single-piece bladed disks). The SaM146 utilizes a single-stage high-pressure turbine and as

224-516: Is said to be working on modifications to the combustor in a bid to address the issues. Matters changed in the wake of the Russian incursion into Ukraine , since international sanctions applied to Russia prohibit sale, supply, transfer or export of aircraft and aircraft parts and technology to Russian entities. In late March 2022, PowerJet terminated its contract to provide parts, technical support, engine maintenance, or repair services with regard to

252-452: Is to allow the engine to perform at maximum efficiency for a given condition. Originally, engine control systems consisted of simple mechanical linkages connected physically to the engine. By moving these levers the pilot or the flight engineer could control fuel flow, power output, and many other engine parameters. The Kommandogerät mechanical/hydraulic engine control unit for Germany's BMW 801 piston aviation radial engine of World War II

280-462: Is to provide optimum engine efficiency for a given flight condition. FADEC not only provides for efficient engine operation, it also allows the manufacturer to program engine limitations and receive engine health and maintenance reports. For example, to avoid exceeding a certain engine temperature, the FADEC can be programmed to automatically take the necessary measures without pilot intervention. With

308-634: The BMW 801 14-cylinder radial engine which powered the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 V5 fighter aircraft. This device replaced the 6 controls used to initiate hard acceleration with one control, however the system could cause surging and stalling problems. In the early 1970s, the Japanese electronics industry began producing integrated circuits and microcontrollers used for controlling engines. The Ford EEC (Electronic Engine Control) system, which utilized

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336-596: The Beriev Be-200 amphibian to be re-engined with a variant of the SaM146 for international sale, replacing the Progress D-436 engines which do not have EASA or FAA type certificates. In December 2018, the engine received 120-minute ETOPS approval from Europe’s aviation authorities. Poor SSJ100 reliability rate occurs due to a malfunction of Sam-146 engine's combustor after 2000–4000 hours. The manufacturer

364-638: The Toshiba TLCS-12 microprocessor, went into mass production in 1975. The first Bosch engine management system was the Motronic 1.0 , which was introduced in the 1979 BMW 7 Series (E23) This system was based on the existing Bosch Jetronic fuel injection system, to which control of the ignition system was added. In 1981, a Delco Electronics ECU was used by several Chevrolet and Buick engines to control their fuel system (a closed-loop carburetor) and ignition system. By 1988, Delco Electronics

392-405: The crash of an Airbus A400M aircraft at Seville Spain on 9 May 2015 . Airbus Chief Strategy Officer Marwan Lahoud confirmed on 29 May that incorrectly installed engine control software caused the fatal crash. "There are no structural defects [with the aircraft], but we have a serious quality problem in the final assembly." A typical civilian transport aircraft flight may illustrate the function of

420-414: The 300th Russian-French SaM146 engine for the Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ100) aircraft has been assembled at UEC – Saturn (United Engine Corporation) and delivered to Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company. To date, the SaM146 engine fleet has logged over 700,000 flight hours. In 2018 due to SaM146 problems 2 companies scrapped SSJ100 from their fleet: Red Wings and Yakutia. In September 2018, plans were announced for

448-455: The ECU include: Other functions include: In a camless piston engine (an experimental design not currently used in any production vehicles), the ECU has continuous control of when each of the intake and exhaust valves are opened and by how much. One of the earliest attempts to use such a unitized and automated device to manage multiple engine control functions simultaneously was the created by BMW in 1939 Kommandogerät system used by

476-620: The SaM146 for its Superjet 100 regional aircraft, to be produced in 75 and 95-seat versions. On 23 June 2010, it was announced that EASA certified PowerJet for its SaM146 engine. It gained Russian certification in August 2010. The Sukhoi SuperJet 100 that the SaM146 powers has been marginally successful, being widely operated by several airlines: Interjet (Mexico), Aeroflot , Moskovia Airlines , Yakutia Airlines , Gazpromavia , Centre-South , UTair Aviation (Russia), Lao Central Airlines (Laos) and Sky Aviation (Indonesia). By August 2017,

504-582: The SaM146. Data from - Specifications labeled with (*) are from the type certification here. Related development Comparable engines Related lists FADEC A full authority digital engine (or electronics ) control ( FADEC ) is a system consisting of a digital computer, called an "electronic engine controller" (EEC) or " engine control unit " (ECU), and its related accessories that control all aspects of aircraft engine performance. FADECs have been produced for both piston engines and jet engines . The goal of any engine control system

532-544: The definition of FADEC. FADEC works by receiving multiple input variables of the current flight condition including air density , power lever request position, engine temperatures, engine pressures, and many other parameters. The inputs are received by the EEC and analyzed up to 70 times per second. Engine operating parameters such as fuel flow, stator vane position, air bleed valve position, and others are computed from this data and applied as appropriate. FADEC also controls engine starting and restarting. The FADEC's basic purpose

560-498: The design and manufacture of the engine core or hot-section - this includes the development of high-pressure compressor, high-pressure turbine, a combustion chamber, an accessory gearbox, electronic engine control and power plant integration. The SaM146 engine and its manufacturing process are certified to the EASA and IAC AR regulations. Deliveries and all after-sales services on the SaM146 are performed by PowerJet. The SaM146 core design

588-477: The engines; there is no direct linkage to open fuel flow. This procedure can be repeated for any other phase of flight. In flight, small changes in operation are constantly made to maintain efficiency. Maximum thrust is available for emergency situations if the power lever is advanced to full, but limitations can not be exceeded; the flight crew has no means of manually overriding the FADEC. Note: Most modern FADEC controlled aircraft engines (particularly those of

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616-527: The first commercial "dual FADEC" engine. The first FADEC in service was the Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine developed for the Harrier II by Dowty and Smiths Industries Controls . True full authority digital engine controls have no form of manual override nor manual controls available, placing full authority over all of the operating parameters of the engine in the hands of the computer. If

644-421: The joint venture, Saturn, an engine design and manufacturing subsidiary of UEC is responsible for the design and manufacturing of the cold section which includes the fan, the low-pressure turbine and the low-pressure compressor, as well as for the general assembly and testing of the SaM146 engine. Conversely, the area of responsibility for Safran Aircraft Engines which is represented by its subsidiary, Snecma, covers

672-503: The operation of the engines relying on automation, safety is a great concern. Redundancy is provided in the form of two or more separate but identical digital channels. Each channel may provide all engine functions without restriction. FADEC also monitors a variety of data coming from the engine subsystems and related aircraft systems, providing for fault tolerant engine control. Engine control problems simultaneously causing loss of thrust on up to three engines have been cited as causal in

700-621: The turboshaft variety) can be overridden and placed in manual mode, effectively countering most of the disadvantages on this list. Pilots should be very aware of where their manual override is located, because inadvertent engagement of the manual mode can lead to an overspeed of the engine. NASA has analyzed a distributed FADEC architecture rather than the current centralized one, specifically for helicopters . Greater flexibility and lower life cycle costs are likely advantages of distribution. Engine control unit An engine control unit ( ECU ), also called an engine control module ( ECM ),

728-503: Was just one notable example of this in its later stages of development. This mechanical engine control was progressively replaced first by analogue electronic engine control and, later, digital engine control. Analogue electronic control varies an electrical signal to communicate the desired engine settings. The system was an evident improvement over mechanical control but had its drawbacks, including common electronic noise interference and reliability issues. Full authority analogue control

756-416: Was the leading producer of engine management systems, producing over 28,000 ECUs per day. Such systems are used for many internal combustion engines in other applications. In aeronautical applications, the systems are known as " FADECs " (Full Authority Digital Engine Controls). This kind of electronic control is less common in piston-engined light fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters than in automobiles. This

784-644: Was used in the 1960s and introduced as a component of the Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 engine of the supersonic transport aircraft Concorde . However, the more critical inlet control was digital on the production aircraft. Digital electronic control followed. In 1968, Rolls-Royce and Elliott Automation , in conjunction with the National Gas Turbine Establishment , worked on a digital engine control system that completed several hundred hours of operation on

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