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115-495: The Beriev Be-200 Altair ( Russian : Бериев Бе-200 «Альтаир» ) is a jet-powered amphibious flying boat of utility type designed and built by the Beriev Aircraft Company . Marketed as being designed for fire fighting , search and rescue , maritime patrol , cargo, and passenger transportation, it has a capacity of 12,000 litres (3,200 US gal) of water, or up to 72 passengers. The name Altair

230-585: A Rolls-Royce BR715 powered aircraft for Western markets. This version was to be given the designation Be-200RR . The original Be-200 prototype (RF-21511) was earmarked to be converted into the Be-200RR prototype. However, efforts were discontinued toward a Rolls-Royce version since a joint study concluded in 2004 that because the intended BR715 engine would require extensive redevelopment due to weight and salt-water corrosion issues, break-even would require sales of too many aircraft. The first production aircraft

345-674: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in

460-519: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to

575-683: A 10% thrust specific fuel consumption reduction, 50% NOx margin improvement, 99.995% reliability , and a 20% better thrust-to-weight ratio. The Pearl engine was developed in Dahlewitz from the BR700 with Advance 2 technologies. EASA certification was applied for on 28 February 2015. It made its first ground run in 2015, type tests in 2016, and flight tests in 2017. Six test engines logged over 6,000 cycles on 2,000 test hours. The test program included lightning strike , water ingestion, ice , and -40 °C cold-start testing. EASA certification

690-520: A 48 in (120 cm) diameter single-stage fan, driven by a two-stage LP turbine, and a ten-stage HP compressor (scaled from the V2500 unit) driven by a two-stage, air-cooled, HP turbine. This engine has a thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) of 0.39 lb/(lbf⋅h) (11 g/(kN⋅s)) at static sea level takeoff and 0.64 lb/(lbf⋅h) (18 g/(kN⋅s)) at a cruise speed of Mach 0.8 and altitude of 35,000 ft (10,668 m). In May 2017,

805-670: A 7% TSFC improvement while being 2 decibels quieter. Health monitoring should improve on the BR710 99.97% dispatch reliability which is logging one unplanned engine removal per 100,000 hours while the BR715 is approaching zero unplanned removals. The Pearl 700 will power the Gulfstream G700 , a stretch of the previous G650, and the G800 , with more range than the G650ER. Evolved from

920-586: A Be-200 was leased by Turkey from Russia to participate in the fight against the 2021 Turkish wildfires arrived in Turkey. On August 14, it crashed near the city of Adana , killing all 8 personnel on board including 5 Russian servicemen and 3 Turkish citizens. On April 11, 2024, it was reported that a Be-200 belonging to the Russian Navy had been hit in a Ukrainian drone strike at the Yeysk Airport ,

1035-456: A Be-200ES was operated from Sardinia ( Italy ) by SOREM, the official operator of fire-fighting equipment of Italian Civil Defense Department ( Protezione Civile ). The aircraft, flown by joint Russian-Italian flight crew performed more than 100 flights with about 90 hours flown. During seven hours of operational flights, the aircraft participated in the extinguishing of four forest fires and dropped 294 metric tons (324 short tons). The partnership

1150-532: A Ukrainian drone strike. The Be-200 is a T-tailed high-wing monoplane . The hull is of single step design with a high length-to- beam ratio, which contributes to stability and controllability in water. The Be-200 airframe is constructed of aluminium alloys with corrosion-protection treatments. Selective use is made of titanium, composites and other corrosion-free materials. The wings are fitted with underwing stabiliser floats. The hydraulically operated retractable landing gear units all retract rearward, and each unit

1265-638: A collaboration agreement with IES to develop a U.S.-assembled Be-200 in Colorado. However, the USAFAC website address was simply parked by late 2021, and the Colorado Secretary of State records show USAFAC has expired. There was also discussion at a Santa Maria Public Airport District meeting in October 2016 of IES, Seaplane Global Air Services ("SGAS") and Airbus partnering to build the aircraft at

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1380-661: A cruise speed of Mach 0.8 and altitude of 35,000 ft (10,668 m). The BR725 is a variant of the BR710 to power the Gulfstream G650 . Its prototype underwent component bench and its first full engine run in spring 2008. European certification was achieved in June 2009. The first Gulfstream G650, with BR725 engines, was delivered in December 2011. The engine has a maximum thrust of 16,900 lbf (75.2 kN). The 50 in (130 cm) fan with 24 swept blades

1495-608: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Rolls-Royce BR700 The BR710 is a twin shaft turbofan , and entered service on the Gulfstream V in 1997 and the Bombardier Global Express in 1998. This version has also been selected to power the Gulfstream G550 . The BR710 comprises

1610-558: A hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate

1725-484: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but

1840-588: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between

1955-622: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it

2070-526: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in

2185-464: A three-stage LP turbine, is incorporated into the BR715. The HP spool is similar to that of the BR710. The IP compressor booster stages supercharge the core, increasing core power and thereby net thrust. However, a larger fan is required, to keep the specific thrust low enough to satisfy jet noise considerations. This engine has a TSFC of 0.37 lb/(lbf⋅h) (10 g/(kN⋅s)) at static sea level takeoff and 0.62 lb/(lbf⋅h) (18 g/(kN⋅s)) at

2300-518: A titanium fan blisk , a 10-stage HP compressor, a two-stage shroudless HP turbine and a four-stage LP turbine. The initial Pearl 10X test engine was first run in early 2022 and the programme had accumulated 1,000h of testing by May, along with the Advance2 demonstrator. The Advance2 core and new low-pressure system allows 5% more efficiency than the previous Rolls-Royce business jet engines. The BR715 thrust ratings can be adjusted by changing

2415-454: A total capacity of 1.2 m (320 US gal). The aircraft can empty its water tanks over the site of a fire in 0.8 to 1.0 seconds when flying above the minimum drop speed of 220 km/h (140 mph; 120 kn) The first documented operational use of the Be-200 was from 20 August – 30 September 2004  ( 2004-08-20  – 2004-09-30 ) . For this period

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2530-673: A total flying time of over 167 hours. 2,322 metric tons (2,560 short tons) of water was dropped. Beriev claims that representatives of the newly formed Portuguese government enterprise EMA (Empresa de Meios Aéreos) have expressed their interest in a long-term cooperation with Beriev and the Be-200 in Portugal. Two Be-200ES also operated in Greece, RF-32768 fighting the 2007 forest fires for the whole season and RF-21512 from August 30 – September 13, 2007  ( 2007-08-30  – 2007-09-13 ) . In April 2008, Azerbaijan became

2645-472: Is 2 in (5.1 cm) larger than the BR710. The HP axial compressor benefits from three-dimensional aerodynamics for greater efficiency and has 10 stages including five blisks to reduce weight. The BR715 inspired combustor yields a longer life and lower emissions: 80% lower smoke and unburned hydrocarbons and 35% lower NOx than CAEP 6 limits. The two-stage HP turbine has blade active tip-clearance control for more efficiency; 3D aerodynamics reduce

2760-539: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,

2875-481: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under

2990-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of

3105-610: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this

3220-673: Is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and

3335-488: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to

3450-624: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There

3565-573: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially

Beriev Be-200 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3680-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which

3795-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and

3910-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to

4025-585: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in

4140-677: Is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It is the most spoken native language in Europe , the most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and

4255-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using

4370-451: Is twin-wheeled. A water rudder provides steering when in the water. It can operate from either a 1,800 m (5,900 ft) long runway or an area of open water at least 2,300 m (7,500 ft) long and 2.5 m (8.2 ft) deep, with waves of up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft) high. The aircraft is powered by two, over fuselage, pylon-mounted Progress D-436 TP engines. The D-436TP is a specific "maritime" corrosion-resistant version of

4485-529: The 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire near Haifa, Israel. In Serbia one Be-200 belonging to Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is stationed in summer on Niš Constantine the Great Airport . Aircraft has already operational history in 2012 and 2013. A Be-200 was dispatched by Russia in January 2015 to assist in search and recovery operations following the loss of Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 in

4600-470: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population

4715-1000: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian

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4830-798: The B-52H Stratofortress Commercial Engine Replacement Program (CERP). This version has 17,000 lbf (75.6 kN) thrust, similar to the existing engines ( Pratt & Whitney TF33 ). The USAF will purchase 650 engines (608 direct replacements, 42 spares) for its fleet of 76 B-52H aircraft in a $ 2.6 billion deal; upgraded aircraft will be redesignated B-52J. The CERP engines will be built at Rolls-Royce North America 's plant in Indianapolis , Indiana , The Advance 2 development effort inserts new, advanced technology into existing 15,000 lbf (67 kN) class BR710 and

4945-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in

5060-604: The D-436 three shaft turbofan engine, designed especially for the Be-200 amphibian, by Ivchenko Progress ZMKB and manufactured by Motor Sich in Ukraine . These are mounted above the wingroot pods on the landing gear fairings to prevent water spraying into the engines during take-off and landing. The Digital Flight Control ( fly-by-wire ) cockpit is fitted with modern navigation systems such as satellite navigation , FMS , autopilot and weather radar . The ARIA 200-M all-weather integrated avionics system, developed by Honeywell with

5175-697: The Java Sea . On October 20, 2015, two Be-200s were used by the Indonesian government to fight a forest fire in Sumatra . In August 2016 two Be-200 aircraft were sent to Portugal after being asked for help in extinguishing forest fires. One sustained minor damage during a drop near Leiria, Portugal when it hit treetops. Four days later it was reported that thanks to the work of the Russian Emergencies Ministry Be-200 pilots,

5290-584: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On

5405-721: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to

5520-519: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as

5635-570: The 3,200 engines in service reached 10 million flying hours. Another rerated version, with a revised exhaust system, was selected for the now-cancelled Royal Air Force Nimrod MRA4s . The BR715 is another twin-shaft turbofan; this engine was first run in April 1997 and entered service in mid-1999. This version powers the Boeing 717 . A new LP spool, comprising a 58 in (150 cm) diameter single-stage fan, with two-stage LP compressor driven by

5750-681: The BR725 with a similar architecture plus a fourth low-pressure turbine stage and a 2 in (5.1 cm) larger, 51.8 in (132 cm) blisk fan, its bypass ratio is higher than 6.5:1 and its overall pressure ratio should exceed 50:1. It should provide 18,250 lbf (81.2 kN) of thrust, 3-5% better thrust specific fuel consumption than the BR725 variant powering the Gulfstream G650, reduced emissions and lower noise. The upcoming Dassault Falcon 10X will be powered by two Pearl 10X engines over 18,000 lbf (80 kN) thrust, with

5865-471: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home

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5980-532: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,

6095-510: The Indonesian government had agreed to purchase two Be-200s, each with a projected price of US$ 40,000,000 (equivalent to $ 60,455,596 in 2023). Beriev, however has not confirmed these reports. Such was the success of the first campaign that two Be-200ES were again leased by Portugal from 10 July – 30 September 2007  ( 2007-07-10  – 2007-09-30 ) . During this period 58 fire-fighting flights were conducted with

6210-590: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this

6325-750: The International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition LIMA'01 in Malaysia and the Korean Aerospace and Defence Exhibition KADE'01 in South Korea . In 2002, the Be-200 participated in international aviation exhibitions, successfully demonstrating its capabilities to potential customers in France and Greece with 15 demonstration flights made from land, eight from water. A total of over 7,600 kilometres (4,700 mi; 4,100 nmi)

6440-411: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of

6555-463: The Moscow Research Institute of Aircraft Equipment, uses six 152 x 203 mm (6 x 8 in) LCDs to display information to the crew of two. The multirole Be-200 can be configured as an amphibious water drop fire-fighting aircraft, a freighter, or as a passenger aircraft—the pressurised and air conditioned cabin allowing transportation of up to 72 passengers. The Be-200 can also be equipped for special missions. When configured as an air ambulance ,

6670-481: The PD-8 was originally expected in 2023. As of mid-2024, the engine manufacturer was implementing a strategy of using a computer model of the PD-8 for testing in order to reduce the number of required real engine tests, so as to accelerate PD-8 certification. An additional complication occurred overnight from March 8-March 9, 2024, when the Be-200's Taganrog Beriev manufacturing facility, which also repairs Beriev A-50 early warning aircraft, suffered damage possibly from

6785-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated

6900-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from

7015-486: The Santa Maria airport. Regardless, there was no concrete on-the-ground result from this proposal. Meanwhile, in September 2018, SGAS ordered from the manufacturer four Be-200ES aircraft with an option for six more. The first two aircraft were to be equipped with D-436TP engines, the eight others with the SaM146 engines. According to some reports, SGAS had plans to wet- and dry-lease the water-bombers in partnership with IES, offering services in several countries, including

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7130-405: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian

7245-508: The US, European nations, and Australia. However, by March 2022, the IES website address lead only to a page marked: “Account Suspended,” and the California Secretary of State website showed International Emergency Services as terminated. No aircraft were ever manufactured for SGAS, and as of September 2024, the status of SGAS was shown on the California Secretary of State website as "Forfeited." In June–October 2020, Be-200ESs were extensively used to provide fire-fighting service in Turkey. During

7360-403: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of

7475-589: The aircraft can carry up to 30 stretcher patients and seven seated patients or medical crew. In the search and rescue role, the aircraft can be equipped with searchlights and sensors, an inflatable boat, thermal and optical surveillance systems, and medical equipment. The search and rescue variant can accommodate up to 45 people. The aircraft is also capable of being configured for anti-submarine warfare duties. The Be-200 in amphibious water drop fire-fighter configuration suppresses fires by dropping water contained in eight ferric aluminium alloy water tanks, located under

7590-536: The aircraft completed the season in Portugal. In total, 42 flights were performed during operations in Portugal, with a total flying time of 119 hours. The aircraft performed 301 water scooping operations and dropped 2,167 metric tons (2,389 short tons) of water on fires. In October 2006, two Be-200ES (RF-32765 and RF-32768) were leased to Indonesia by EMERCOM, fighting fires for 45 days. This reportedly cost Indonesia around US$ 5,200,000 (equivalent to $ 7,859,227 in 2023). These operations prompted press reports that

7705-437: The aircraft to be more fully introduced to the European and American markets. In April 2019, Russia's ministry of industry and trade objected to the Be-200ChS-146 project because the new engines contained components from NATO countries. The project was apparently only suspended and not cancelled, though Russian certification of the re-engined aircraft was pushed to November 2021. Regardless, international sanctions imposed in

7820-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter

7935-523: The cabin floor in the centre fuselage section. Four retractable water scoops, two forward and two aft of the fuselage step, can be used to scoop a total of 12 tonnes (26,000 lb) of water in 14 seconds. Alternatively, the tanks can be filled from a hydrant or a water cistern on the ground. The water tanks can be removed quickly for carrying cargo. Water can be dropped in a single salvo, or in up to eight consecutive drops. The aircraft also carries six auxiliary tanks for fire-retarding chemical agents, with

8050-403: The cooling air flow. The LP turbine has three stages instead of two. The BR725 has a bypass ratio of 4.2:1 and is 4 dB quieter than the predecessor BR710. Its cruise thrust specific fuel consumption at Mach 0.85 and FL450 is 0.657 lb/(lbf⋅h) (18.6 g/(kN⋅s)). On 24 September 2021, the United States Air Force (USAF) selected the F130 (the US military designation for the BR725) for

8165-460: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language

8280-508: The design leadership of Alexander Yavkin, to meet a perceived need for a civilian flying boat smaller than Beriev's military A-40 , the Be-200 shares a similar layout to the A-40 but is about half the weight. Russian government approval for a purpose-designed water bomber was granted on 8 December 1990. Details of the project were announced, and a model displayed at the 1991 Paris Air Show. In Perestroika -era Russia, Beriev needed funds to develop

8395-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,

8510-456: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or

8625-488: The fire was prevented from spreading in the direction of two settlements-- Castro Laboreiro with a population of 1,000 people; Viaden de Baixo, where 15 farms were saved from fire; and, Peneda-Gerês National Park . A Chinese entity called Leader Energy Aircraft Manufacturing Co. ordered two Be-200s, with an option for two more, at the Zhuhai Airshow in 2016. The contract was signed in June 2017. At that time, there

8740-430: The fire-fighting system, the aircraft was registered RA-00046 and given the designation Be-12P-200. This modified Be-12 was used to develop both the fire-fighting system and methods of operation. The Be-200's first flight from land was scheduled for 1997, but was eventually achieved by the first prototype aircraft on 24 September 1998. The aircraft was then transferred from Irkutsk to Taganrog after 26.5 flying hours, and

8855-504: The first foreign customer for the Be-200, purchasing one Be-200ES from Russia. The aircraft (FHN-10201, formerly RF-32768) is operated by the Azerbaijan Ministry of Emergency Situations and can be operated as a fire-fighting, cargo and 43-seater passenger aircraft. In July—August 2010 it was used in Russia during the wildfires that spread across the country. In early December 2010, two Be-200ES aircraft were used to fight

8970-586: The first take off from water was conducted on 10 September 1999 in Taganrog. The second Be-200 flew on August 27, 2002. This aircraft was built as a Be-200ES , being fitted to the specifications of the launch customer, EMERCOM , the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. In 2001, as part of a marketing program, the Be-200 was displayed at two large exhibitions in the Pacific Ocean region;

9085-558: The forest fire season. On 6 July 2006, the Russian crew of the Be-200 leased by Portugal were carrying out a water pick-up from the Aguieira dam near Santa Comba Dão , when on climbing away they clipped treetops and at least one of the Progress D-436TP engines suffered ingestion damage and had to be shut down. The aircraft recovered safely to land at Monte Real air force base, from which it had been operating. After repairs,

9200-692: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to

9315-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and

9430-701: The home of the 859th Centre for Combat Application and Crew Training for Naval Aviation of Russian Naval Aviation . At minimum the left wing console was damaged, and a fuel leak resulted. [REDACTED]   Algeria [REDACTED]   Azerbaijan [REDACTED]   Russia [REDACTED]   Chile Data from Irkut Website and EADS-Irkut Seaplane Website General characteristics Performance Avionics ARIA 200-M integrated avionics system, developed by Moscow Research Institute of Aircraft Equipment. Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Russian language Russian

9545-465: The larger BR725 engines. An even larger engine will also be made, with a 52 in (130 cm) fan. The BR710 and BR715 main developments, the next generation of 44–89 kN (10,000–20,000 lbf) engines to be introduced in the 2020s, will have an Advance 3 core, improved engine health management, newer materials, and cooling. They will also have a “ blisk ” fan made out of titanium, with an overall pressure ratio of 50:1. These improvements will yield

9660-741: The new aircraft, and turned to the Irkutsk Aircraft Production Association (now part of the Irkut Corporation ), which was looking to diversify into civilian projects, to help to develop and build the Be-200. Beriev was responsible for development, design and documentation; systems-, static-, flight- and fatigue-testing of prototypes; certification and support of the production models. Irkut's duties comprised production preparation; manufacture of tooling; production of four prototypes and production aircraft; and spare parts manufacture. Both companies now fall under

9775-512: The new low emissions cooled combustor includes a new tiled combustion chamber . Its core uses advanced nickel alloys and ceramic coatings , includes a new 10-stage HP compressor with 6 titanium blisks and a new 2-stage HP turbine with enhanced aerodynamics and blade cooling , enhanced segments and seals. Its overall pressure ratio attains 43:1 and its bypass ratio 4.8:1. The HP compressor ratio rises to 24:1. It delivers up to 9% more thrust with 15,125 lbf (67.28 kN) and

9890-524: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of

10005-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to

10120-461: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,

10235-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held

10350-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or

10465-459: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian

10580-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in

10695-479: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration

10810-472: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,

10925-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed

11040-553: The summer of 2021 one aircraft was used in Greece. The Be-200’s European certification was revoked on 14 March 2022. The Greek government then began planning to address the upcoming fire season without use of any Be-200 aircraft. In February 2023 the EMERCOM dispatched a Be-200 to extinguish a large fire at the Turkish Iskenderun port, which began after a powerful earthquake hit Turkey and Syria . On 8 August 2021,

11155-679: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In

11270-512: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to

11385-786: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic  * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature

11500-401: The umbrella of the state-owned United Aircraft Corporation , which in turn is over 92% owned by Russia’s state-owned aviation giant Rostec . Beriev developed unique fire-fighting equipment for the Be-200, allowing it to scoop water while skimming the water surface at 90-95% of takeoff speed. This system was developed using a specially modified Be-12 P, coded '12 Yellow'. After installation of

11615-511: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to

11730-637: The wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prohibit sale, supply, transfer or export of aircraft and aircraft parts and technology to Russian entities. Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin has called for state-owned Rostec to accelerate work on its PD-8 jet engine variant of the PD-14 engine , and for the PD-8 to be used on the Be-200 as well as the Sukhoi Superjet and Il-212 . That engine, including its automatic control system (called FADEC in

11845-751: The west), will be assembled from domestically-sourced materials and components and thus avoids any issue with regard to international sanctions or embargoes. As of mid-2022, a PD-8 prototype had successfully completed ground testing, and flight testing on a flight test stand installed on an Ilyushin Il-76 LL aircraft commenced 26 December 2022. Mishustin in November 2022 announced investment of over 44 billion federal rubles in United Engine Corporation, and called for production of 50 PD-8 engines (among other types) within 2 years. Certification of

11960-761: The world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of the six official languages of the United Nations , as well as the fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has

12075-534: Was chosen after a competition amongst Beriev and Irkut staff in 2002—2003, as a reference to the name of the alpha star in the Eagle constellation and because: "Al" is the first part of the name of the Beriev A-40 Albatross amphibious aircraft, whose layout was the development basis for the creation of the Be-200; "ta" stands for Taganrog ; and "ir" stands for Irkutsk . Initiated in 1989 under

12190-477: Was delivered to EMERCOM on July 31, 2003. Seven other production-standard aircraft were then built between 2003 and 2011. From this total of eight aircraft, EMERCOM got six and Azerbaijan one, with one aircraft (as well as the prototype) staying with the manufacturer. In 2010, the decision was made to switch production to the Centre of competence for amphibian aircraft and flying boats in Taganrog. An assembly line

12305-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian

12420-641: Was flown across Europe. Irkut and EADS signed a memorandum of understanding in May 2002 to jointly carry out a market study and to define the conditions and costs of international certification and the logistics of setting up a worldwide after-sales service. The study was completed in July 2003, revealing a potential market for up to 320 aircraft over 20 years. The two companies, with Rolls-Royce Deutschland , planned to obtain Western certification during 2008—2009 and offer

12535-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of

12650-572: Was granted on 28 February 2018 and it was unveiled on 28 May 2018. It was undergoing flight tests in May 2018 for an end of 2019 planned entry into service aboard the Bombardier Global Express 5500 and 6500 developments. It should have logged 10,000 hours by then. Its layout is similar to the BR725, with the same stage count and 24 titanium fan blades. Its fan has a 48.5 in (123 cm) diameter. The enhanced 3-stage LP turbine with advanced high temperature materials, advanced segments and seals allow for higher pressures and temperatures and

12765-535: Was renewed in 2005, with Be-200ES (RF-21512) based at Sardinia between July and September. The aircraft flew 150 hours covering 63 missions, including ferry flights, and 435 scoops and drops of water, the total mass of which exceeded 3,175 metric tons (3,500 short tons). In 2006, aircraft (RF-21512) was again leased by the Portuguese Fire Fighting Services (SNBPC – Serviço Nacional de Bombeiros e Protecção Civil) for evaluation during

12880-858: Was set up using tooling and equipment received from Irkut's main manufacturing site in Irkutsk, Siberia. This allowed the Irkut Corporation to concentrate on other more lucrative projects. Production of the Be-200 remained under the umbrella of the United Aircraft Corporation. The first Taganrog-built aircraft was delivered in early 2017. A total of ten serial Be-200s have been built at Taganrog, including six Be-200ChS constructed for EMERCOM (which were commissioned from 2016 to 2018), three Be-200s (one Be-200ChS and two Be-200PS) for Russian Naval Aviation (which were commissioned in 2020-2021), and one Be-200ChS ordered for Algeria which

12995-809: Was talk by the Director General of the Taganrog facility of moving production entirely to China. However, the 2017 contract was never completed. A firm called International Emergency Services ("IES"), housed at the Santa Maria Public Airport in California, US tried since at least 2009 to bring the Be-200 to the United States in its fire-fighting role. An organization called the USA Firefighting Air Corps ("USAFAC") said in September 2014 that it had signed

13110-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between

13225-786: Was unveiled prior to flight tests in late December 2022 and delivered on 21 May 2023. In April 2018, months after Ukraine banned deliveries of Progress D-436 aircraft engines to Russia as a consequence of the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , Safran and UEC Saturn agreed to re-engine the Be-200 with the PowerJet SaM146 from the Sukhoi Superjet . The hope was that the more-modern SaM146 engine, which passed international certification and complies with prospective ICAO requirements, would allow

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