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83-483: The river is an important shipping route for Mid-Michigan , passing through the cities of Saginaw and Bay City. It is one of Michigan's few inland navigable rivers. The Saginaw River Rear Range Light , one of a pair of lighthouses built in 1876 to improve navigation, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Since the turn of the 21st century, it is being renovated. The Saginaw River

166-432: A trophic cascade can occur. PCBs can cause harm to human health or even death when eaten. PCBs can be transported by birds from aquatic sources onto land via feces and carcasses. PCBs undergo xenobiotic biotransformation, a mechanism used to make lipophilic toxins more polar and more easily excreted from the body. The biotransformation is dependent on the number of chlorine atoms present, along with their position on

249-455: A bridge for plastic pollution to be transported from terrestrial environments into marine environments. It has been estimated that 88–95% of marine plastic is exported into the ocean by just 10 major rivers. An organism can accumulate PCBs by consuming other organisms that have previously ingested PCBs from terrestrial, freshwater, or marine environments. The concentration of PCBs within an organism will increase over their lifetime; this process

332-499: A coolant in electric transformers, PCBs still persist in built environments. Some PCBs share a structural similarity and toxic mode of action with dioxins . Other toxic effects such as endocrine disruption (notably blocking of thyroid system functioning) and neurotoxicity are known. The bromine analogues of PCBs are polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), which have analogous applications and environmental concerns. An estimated 1.2 million tons have been produced globally. Though

415-670: A joint publication between the Saginaw News and the Bay City Times , focuses on those two cities, as well as Midland, and publishes once a week. The Hearst Corporation owns the Midland Daily News and the Huron Daily Tribune . Mount Pleasant is served by a daily newspaper called The Morning Sun . The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are available throughout the area. The region

498-718: A large presence in the region as well. Regional banks and credit unions also exist throughout Central Michigan. One of those is Michigan State University Federal Credit Union which is the largest university-based credit union in the world. Since Lansing is the State Capitol, the number one employer in the Greater Lansing area is the State of Michigan , either with the Michigan Legislature , court system, or executive agencies. The Michigan State Police

581-535: A lumber boom town, with the city turning lumber into carriages and wagons, which would later give way to the automobile industry. Michigan became a state in 1837, with the State Capitol in Detroit until the winter of 1847 when the state constitution required that the capital be moved from Detroit to a more central and safer location in the interior of the state. Many were concerned about Detroit's proximity to British -controlled Canada , which had captured Detroit in

664-554: A new method of extracting the bromine that was trapped underground in brine at Midland, Michigan formed Dow Chemical . Dow originally sold only bleach and potassium bromide , and has since expanded to be the third largest chemical producer in the world. Beginning in the late 1960s, urban areas including Flint, Saginaw, and Lansing experienced a large amount of deindustrialization and subsequent depopulation and urban decay . As auto jobs were sent elsewhere, rates of crime, unemployment and poverty increased. Initially, this took

747-727: A presence in this region and provides much of the electrical power for the lower peninsula of Michigan. CMS operates the Karn-Weadock facility in Essexville , and DTE has plants in Harbor Beach , Greenwood Township , and two plants in East China ( St. Clair Power Plant and Belle River Power Plant ). The Lansing Board of Water & Light has several of its own generating plants in the Greater Lansing area, and

830-543: A rich and varied culture, including European farmers who settled in rural areas to work the land and ethnic minorities populating the area's urban centers to make a living in the automobile industry. The Mid-Michigan area was predominately Ojibwe territory prior to colonization. One of the first European settlements in the region was the French Fort St. Joseph in present-day Port Huron in 1686. The area that became Michigan opened up to European settlement following

913-538: A semi-closed application. In contrast, the major open application of PCBs was in carbonless copy ("NCR") paper , which even presently results in paper contamination. Other open applications were lubricating and cutting oils, and as plasticizers in paints and cements, stabilizing additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical cables and electronic components, pesticide extenders, reactive flame retardants and sealants for caulking , adhesives , wood floor finishes, such as Fabulon and other products of Halowax in

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996-462: A significant quantity of PCBs. As the pressure of ocean water increases with depth, PCBs become heavier than water and sink to the deepest ocean trenches where they are concentrated. A small volume of PCBs has been detected throughout the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere serves as the primary route for global transport of PCBs, particularly for those congeners with one to four chlorine atoms. In

1079-417: A treatment of unwanted PCBs generally requires high heat or catalysis (see Methods of destruction below). PCBs readily penetrate skin , PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and latex (natural rubber). PCB-resistant materials include Viton , polyethylene , polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), butyl rubber , nitrile rubber , and Neoprene . PCBs are derived from biphenyl , which has

1162-640: Is a region in the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . As its name implies, it is the middle area of the Lower Peninsula. Lower Michigan is said to resemble a mitten , and Mid Michigan corresponds roughly to the thumb and palm, stretching from Michigan's eastern shoreline along Lake Huron into the fertile rolling plains of the Michigan Basin . The region contains cities of moderate size, including Flint , Saginaw , and

1245-402: Is called bioaccumulation. PCB concentrations within an organism also change depending upon which trophic level they occupy. When an organism occupies a high trophic level, like orcas or humans , they will accumulate more PCBs than an organism that occupies a low trophic level, like phytoplankton . If enough organisms with a trophic level are killed due to the accumulation of toxins, like PCB,

1328-606: Is headquartered in Flint and is a major producer of sausages and processed meats. Lansing based Quality Dairy Company is a major producer of milk and ice cream in the region. The largest financial institution in the region is Detroit- headquartered TCF Financial Corporation , which is also the second largest Michigan-based bank. Citizens Republic Bancorp was formerly headquartered in Flint, and has since been acquired by FirstMerit Corporation , which has been sold to Ohio's Huntington Bank . Grand Rapids-based Independent Bank has

1411-868: Is headquartered in Lansing, and formerly called East Lansing Home. MSP also has regional posts in Mt. Pleasant, Bay City, Caro, Flint, and Lapeer. McLaren Health Care Corporation is a major employer in the region, as a non-profit operating nine hospitals in the state. McLaren is headquartered in Flint and has hospitals in Flint , Lansing , Lapeer, Bay City, Mt. Pleasant, and Port Huron. Other major healthcare corporations include Sparrow Health System in Lansing, Hurley Medical Center in Flint, Covenant Hospital in Saginaw, and Lake Huron Medical Center in Port Huron. Furthermore,

1494-521: Is loosely defined and can refer to a region in the south-central portion of the state characterized by the Irish Hills . The region includes the Adrian , Jackson , and Hillsdale areas which are also considered a part of Southeast Michigan . Portions of Central or Mid Michigan can overlap with portions of Western Michigan . For example, areas of Montcalm County could fall into both regions, with

1577-528: Is owned by Gannett , which also owns The Times Herald in Port Huron and USA Today . The Flint Journal is available in the Flint and Lapeer areas and is published four times a week. Editions of the Bay City Times , Midland Daily News and Saginaw News are available in the greater Tri-Cities area. The Times and the Saginaw News published three times a week, while the Midland Daily News publishes daily. The Great Lakes Bay Edition ,

1660-626: Is performing more functions in the warmer months, it naturally has a faster metabolism and has less PCB accumulation. However, multiple cold-water periods mixed with toxic PCBs with coplanar chlorine molecules can be detrimental to perch health. Enantiomers of chiral compounds have similar chemical and physical properties, but can be metabolized by the body differently. This was looked at in bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) for two main reasons: they are large animals with slow metabolisms (meaning PCBs will accumulate in fatty tissue) and few studies have measured chiral PCBs in cetaceans. They found that

1743-457: Is primarily agricultural , and some automobile manufacturing. Major crops grown in this region include corn , sugar beets , and soy beans . The Michigan Sugar Company , which is a cooperative owned by 1,250 farmers, operates factories in Bay City, Caro, Croswell, and Sebewaing. Livestock and dairy farms also make up the agricultural landscape of Central Michigan. Koegel Meat Company

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1826-569: Is provided by Amtrak and has stations in East Lansing, Durand, Flint, Lapeer, and Port Huron on its Blue Water line. Major trunkline routes throughout the Mid-Michigan area: More comprehensive lists are available at individual cities, villages, etc. Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) are organochlorine compounds with the formula C 12 H 10− x Cl x ; they were once widely used in

1909-468: Is served by multiple radio stations. For a complete listing of stations, see one of the following markets: Television in the Central Michigan area varies from market to market. Availability of stations depends on the reception of aerial signals, as well as availability of cable and satellite in a particular area. In some areas of the region, broadcasts from all three markets can be received over

1992-718: Is the largest such company headquartered in the state. In downtown Lansing , workers compensation insurance company Accident Fund has its headquarters. Founded in Jackson but having headquarters in Lansing, Jackson National Life is a life insurance company serving 49 states. Smaller insurer Frankenmuth insurance has its headquarters in Frankenmuth . General Motors operates the Flint Truck Assembly factory in Flint and Powertrain plants in Flint, Bay City, and Saginaw. Until 2004, Mid-Michigan (specifically Lansing )

2075-530: Is the primary source of PCB contamination in the atmosphere. In the biosphere , PCBs can be degraded by the sun , bacteria or eukaryotes , but the speed of the reaction depends on both the number and the disposition of chlorine atoms in the molecule: less substituted, meta - or para -substituted PCBs undergo biodegradation faster than more substituted congeners. In bacteria, PCBs may be dechlorinated through reductive dechlorination , or oxidized by dioxygenase enzyme. In eukaryotes, PCBs may be oxidized by

2158-431: Is thought to be linked to PCB 77 metabolism, something that was not measured in this study. Temperature plays a key role in the ecology, physiology and metabolism of aquatic species. The rate of PCB metabolism was temperature dependent in yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ). In fall and winter, only 11 out of 72 introduced PCB congeners were excreted and had halflives of more than 1,000 days. During spring and summer when

2241-449: The Detroit area. Many of the customs, much of the regional lifestyle, and even the local accent, strongly reflect these origins. Saginaw County , in particular Frankenmuth , is such an example of Bavarian Culture in Mid-Michigan. On the eastern edge of the region, a large Canadian influence can be found in St. Clair County where Canadian culture and language has become integrated cities along

2324-659: The French and Indian War . Later in the 1800s Lewis Cass would negotiate the Treaty of Saginaw , in which Ojibwe land was handed over to form much of present-day Mid-Michigan. The opening of the Erie Canal brought vast numbers of settlers to the region, as population started growing northward from Ohio. The first settlers to the area cleared the land for the lumber industry. Forests of the Thumb and Saginaw Valley provided much of

2407-531: The Michigan House of Representatives privately chose the Township of Lansing out of frustration. When announced, many present openly laughed that such an insignificant settlement was now the capital city of Michigan. Two months later, Governor William L. Greenly signed into law the act of the legislature officially making Lansing Township the state capital. Persons of European ancestry have formed

2490-689: The Michigan State University College of Human Medicine has locations across the region, as does the University of Michigan Health System . Under the name MidMichigan Health , U of M operates hospitals in Clare, Gladwin, Alma, and Midland. Central Michigan, specifically the Greater Lansing area, is home to many statewide and national insurance companies . Auto-Owners Insurance is headquartered in Delta Township and

2573-613: The Midland Cogeneration Venture is a partnership in Midland. Renewable energies, specifically wind farms are also a rising form of electricity generation in this region. The counties of Gratiot , Tuscola , and Huron are home to many large wind farms. In Lapeer County, DTE Energy owns the largest solar farm in Michigan. The I-69 International Trade Corridor is a strategic commercial gateway between

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2656-477: The Midwestern United States and Ontario, Canada , with multi-modal transportation infrastructure that offers a wide range of distribution options. The I-69 International Trade Corridor Next Michigan Development Corporation (NMDC) offers economic incentives to growing businesses, both existing and new, that utilize two or more forms of transportation to move their products and are located within

2739-681: The Saginaw River to empty into the Saginaw Bay . The terrain has rolling hills and plains with fertile soil. Agriculture dominates in the rural areas, where corn, soybeans, sugar beets, and hay are grown. The region has mostly small towns with a few cities of notable size. Most of the area is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lansing or Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw . Central Michigan has several cities of regional and geographic importance: Central Michigan has

2822-460: The War of 1812 . The United States had recaptured the city in 1813, but these events led to the dire need to have the center of government relocated away from hostile British territory . There was also concern with Detroit's strong influence over Michigan politics, being the largest city in the state as well as the capital city. Unable to publicly reach a consensus because of constant political wrangling,

2905-578: The Wellington R. Burt carried passengers between the major cities of Saginaw and Bay City, as well as to other ports along the Great Lakes. The Saginaw River has continued to be used as a major route for trade, carrying shipping into and out of the region. According to Saginaw Future , the river carries 4.6 million tons of commerce annually. Other industries developed, with both General Motors and Dow Chemical Company basing major operations from

2988-684: The birth of the automotive industry . In Lansing, Olds Motor Vehicle Company was founded in August 1897. The company went through many changes, including a buyout, between its founding to 1905 when founder Ransom E. Olds started his new REO Motor Car Company , which would last in Lansing for another 70 years. In Flint, William C. Durant 's Buick became the largest manufacturer of automobiles by 1908. In 1908, Durant founded General Motors , filing incorporation papers in New Jersey, with headquarters in Flint. GM moved its headquarters to Detroit in

3071-422: The cytochrome P450 enzyme. Like many lipophilic toxins, PCBs undergo biomagnification and bioaccumulation primarily due to the fact that they are easily retained within organisms. Plastic pollution, specifically microplastics , are a major contributor of PCBs into the biosphere and especially into marine environments. PCBs concentrate in marine environments because freshwater systems, like rivers, act as

3154-521: The 1960s, when a host of problems were identified. With the discovery of PCBs' environmental toxicity , and classification as persistent organic pollutants , their production was banned for most uses by United States federal law on January 1, 1978. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rendered PCBs as definite carcinogens in humans. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), PCBs cause cancer in animals and are probable human carcinogens. Moreover, because of their use as

3237-509: The Canada–US border. Huron County in the Thumb has a heritage of Polish ancestry, while Clare is known for its Irish roots. The state's economy underwent a transformation at the turn of the 20th century. Many individuals, including Ransom E. Olds , John and Horace Dodge , Henry Leland , David Dunbar Buick , Henry Joy , Charles King , and Henry Ford , provided the concentration of engineering know-how and technological enthusiasm to start

3320-513: The PCB metabolism in the liver of four sea turtle species (green, olive ridley , loggerhead and hawksbill), green and hawksbill sea turtles have noticeably higher hydroxylation rates of PCB 52 than olive ridley or loggerhead sea turtles. This is because the green and hawksbill sea turtles have higher P450 2-like protein expression. This protein adds three hydroxyl groups to PCB 52, making it more polar and water-soluble. P450 3-like protein expression that

3403-615: The Saginaw River and its watershed have been polluted with various wastes discharged into the river and its tributaries. Since the 1970s, federal and state laws have been passed to regulate waste and establish preventive programs. Historically the Dow Chemical Company , with a plant at Midland, Michigan ; General Motors , and the cities of Bay City , and the Saginaw have contributed to the release of dioxins into

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3486-519: The Saginaw River. In 1994 the state and federal governments and the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe sued General Motors and the cities of Saginaw and Bay City for allegedly dumping tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), into the Saginaw River. General Motors and the cities of Bay City and Saginaw agreed to a $ 28.22 million settlement on November 23, 1998, in what resulted from Michigan's largest natural resources lawsuit. At

3569-552: The U.S. Mid-Michigan is home to one of the state's leading research institutions, Michigan State University which makes up the University Research Corridor . Michigan's public universities attract more than $ 1.5 B in research and development grants each year. Founded in 1855 in East Lansing as the nation's first land-grant institution , Michigan State University has been a pioneer in research and

3652-448: The U.S., de-dusting agents, waterproofing compounds, casting agents. It was also used as a plasticizer in paints and especially "coal tars" that were used widely to coat water tanks, bridges and other infrastructure pieces. Modern sources include pigments , which may be used in inks for paper or plastic products. PCBs are also still found in old equipment like capacitors, ballasts, X-ray machine, and other e-waste. PCBs have entered

3735-979: The US EPA enforced the federal ban as of 1978, PCBs continued to create health problems in later years through their continued presence in soil and sediment, and from products which were made before 1979. In 1988, Japanese scientists Tanabe et al. estimated 370,000 tons were in the environment globally, and 780,000 tons were present in products, landfills, and dumps or kept in storage. The compounds are pale-yellow viscous liquids . They are hydrophobic, with low water solubilities : 0.0027–0.42  ng /L for Aroclors brand , but they have high solubilities in most organic solvents , oils, and fats . They have low vapor pressures at room temperature. They have dielectric constants of 2.5–2.7, very high thermal conductivity , and high flash points (from 170 to 380 °C). The density varies from 1.182 to 1.566 g/cm . Other physical and chemical properties vary widely across

3818-450: The US, Aroclor 1260 and Aroclor 1254 were the main mixtures used before 1950; Aroclor 1242 was the main mixture used in the 1950s and 1960s until it was phased out in 1971 and replaced by Aroclor 1016. One estimate (2006) suggested that 1 million tonnes of PCBs had been produced. 40% of this material was thought to remain in use. Another estimate put the total global production of PCBs on

3901-441: The air. Scheduled airline service is offered from Lansing Capital Region International Airport . Airline service is also available from MBS International Airport near Midland, Michigan and Flint Bishop International Airport . Other portions are proximate to Gerald R. Ford International Airport , east of Grand Rapids, Michigan , and Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport near Kalamazoo, Michigan . Passenger rail

3984-574: The annual Shiver on the River walleye ice fishing contest. Each winter, trophy-sized fish are taken by fishing through holes in the river ice. Another fishing season is held in early spring. Hundreds of thousands of attendees flock to the riverbanks for annual festivals such as the River Roar speed boat races, Tall Ship Celebrations and two of the largest fireworks displays in the Midwest . In 2012,

4067-510: The atmosphere, PCBs may be degraded by hydroxyl radicals , or directly by photolysis of carbon–chlorine bonds (even if this is a less important process). Atmospheric concentrations of PCBs tend to be lowest in rural areas, where they are typically in the picogram per cubic meter range, higher in suburban and urban areas, and highest in city centres, where they can reach 1  ng /m or more. In Milwaukee , an atmospheric concentration of 1.9 ng/m has been measured, and this source alone

4150-517: The average PCB concentrations in the blubber were approximately four times higher than the liver; however, this result is most likely age- and sex-dependent. As reproductively active females transferred PCBs and other poisonous substances to the fetus, the PCB concentrations in the blubber were significantly lower than males of the same body length (less than 13 meters). The toxicity of PCBs varies considerably among congeners . The coplanar PCBs, known as nonortho PCBs because they are not substituted at

4233-399: The average daily water temperature was above 20 °C, persistent PCBs had halflives of 67 days. The main excretion processes were fecal egestion, growth dilution and loss across respiratory surfaces. The excretion rate of PCBs matched with the perch's natural bioenergetics , where most of their consumption, respiration and growth rates occur during the late spring and summer. Since the perch

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4316-452: The class. As the degree of chlorination increases, melting point and lipophilicity increase, and vapour pressure and water solubility decrease. PCBs do not easily break down or degrade, which made them attractive for industries. PCB mixtures are resistant to acids, bases, oxidation, hydrolysis, and temperature change. They can generate extremely toxic dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans through partial oxidation. Intentional degradation as

4399-666: The counties of Genesee , Lapeer , Livingston and St. Clair are statistically included in Metro Detroit however geographically lie in Mid Michigan. The region includes many rivers including the Grand River , Red Cedar River , Saginaw River , Tittabawassee River , Shiawassee River and Flint River . A drainage divide occurs in Central Michigan, causing the Grand River to flow west into Lake Michigan and

4482-493: The cultural center of Mid-Michigan. The university has made significant contributions in agriculture and pioneered the studies of packaging , hospitality business , plant biology , supply chain management , music therapy , and communication sciences . Michigan State frequently ranks among the top 30 public universities in the United States and the top 100 research universities in the world. Central Michigan's economy

4565-442: The early 20th century at sites along the river. These generated many industrial jobs for the area economy but both companies have gone through restructuring. New industries in the region have included advanced manufacturing such as Nexteer, medical technology, professional services, renewable energy, and agribusiness. For decades, the Saginaw River has been reclaimed for recreational use and the cities have been re-establishing ties to

4648-414: The easternmost regions of Slovakia. Although deliberate production of PCBs is banned by international treaty, significant amounts of PCBs are still being "inadvertently" produced. Research suggests that 45,000 tons of 'by-product' PCBs are legally produced per year in the US as part of certain chemical and product formulations. Commercial production of PCBs was banned in the United States in 1979, with

4731-425: The environment through both use and disposal. The environmental fate of PCBs is complex and global in scale. Because of their low vapour pressure , PCBs accumulate primarily in the hydrosphere , despite their hydrophobicity , in the organic fraction of soil , and in organisms including the human body. The hydrosphere is the main reservoir. The immense volume of water in the oceans is still capable of dissolving

4814-463: The following names: Brazil Czech Republic and Slovakia France Germany Italy Japan Former USSR United Kingdom United States The only North American producer, Monsanto Company , marketed PCBs under the trade name Aroclor from 1930 to 1977. These were sold under trade names followed by a four-digit number. In general, the first two digits refer to the product series as designated by Monsanto (e.g. 1200 or 1100 series);

4897-401: The form of " white flight " that afflicted many urban industrialized American towns and cities. This decline was exacerbated by the 1973 oil crisis and the U.S. auto industry's subsequent loss of market share to imports. The result meant white families moved to the suburbs, with leaving large hispanic and African-American populations in the urban centers. In Lansing, recent gentrification ,

4980-475: The formula C 12 H 10 , sometimes written (C 6 H 5 ) 2 . In PCBs, some of the hydrogen atoms in biphenyl are replaced by chlorine atoms. There are 209 different chemical compounds in which one to ten chlorine atoms can replace hydrogen atoms. PCBs are typically used as mixtures of compounds and are given the single identifying CAS number 1336-36-3 . About 130 different individual PCBs are found in commercial PCB products. Toxic effects vary depending on

5063-608: The largest-ever fireworks display in Michigan was hosted on the Saginaw River in Bay City, with 50,000 mortars, and lasting 50 minutes. It celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Bay City Fireworks Festival . The region around the Saginaw Bay and River encompasses the largest contiguous freshwater coastal wetland in America. Because of industrialization and development of population since the 19th century,

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5146-399: The lumber to feed the growing United States. The convenient access to transportation provided by the Saginaw River and its numerous tributaries fueled a massive expansion in population and economic activity. As the trees were being cut down in the region, logs were floated down the rivers to sawmills located in Saginaw, destined to be loaded onto ships and later railroad cars. Flint was also

5229-570: The manufacture of carbonless copy paper, as heat transfer fluids , and as dielectric and coolant fluids for electrical equipment. They are highly toxic and carcinogenic chemical compounds, formerly used in industrial and consumer electronic products, whose production was banned internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. Because of their longevity, PCBs are still widely in use, even though their manufacture has declined drastically since

5312-449: The mid-1920s. Durant lost control of GM twice during his lifetime. On the first occasion, he befriended Louis Chevrolet and founded Chevrolet , which was a runaway success. He used the capital from this success to buy back share control. Flint would later be the site of the GM and United Auto Workers Flint sit-down strike . In 1897, Canadian-born chemist Herbert Henry Dow , who invented

5395-454: The most likely to leave the organism. However, some metabolites of PCBs containing ortho – meta protons have increased steric hindrance from the oxygen, causing increased stability and an increased chance of accumulation. Metabolism is also dependent on the species of organism; different organisms have slightly different P450 enzymes that metabolize certain PCBs better than others. Looking at

5478-411: The naming system is Aroclor 1016 which was produced by distilling 1242 to remove the highly chlorinated congeners to make a more biodegradable product. "1016" was given to this product during Monsanto's research stage for tracking purposes but the name stuck after it was commercialized. Different Aroclors were used at different times and for different applications. In electrical equipment manufacturing in

5561-407: The operation of sawmills and later factories. The first lighthouse was completed in 1841, and a pair of lighthouses were built in range configuration in 1876. They were converted to electricity in 1915. The Saginaw River Rear Range Light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Since the turn of the 21st century, it is being renovated. In the late 19th century, steamers like

5644-521: The order of 1.5 million tonnes. The United States was the single largest producer with over 600,000 tonnes produced between 1930 and 1977. The European region follows with nearly 450,000 tonnes through 1984. It is unlikely that a full inventory of global PCB production will ever be accurately tallied, as there were factories in Poland, East Germany, and Austria that produced unknown amounts of PCBs. As of 2002 , there were still 21,500 tons of PCBs stored in

5727-606: The overwhelming majority of the population since the late 19th century. Farmers, mostly of English and Scots-Irish immigrants, many of whom arrived from Canada . Other settlers of the same ancestry migrated from eastern states such as New York , and Pennsylvania , as well as from New England. After the land had been lumbered off, farming dominated the rural landscape of Central Michigan. Corn, soy beans, navy beans, and sugar beets are now commercially grown in these areas today. Later 19th- and 20th-century residents included Polish and German immigrants who migrated from Europe through

5810-611: The passage of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The utility of PCBs is based largely on their chemical stability, including low flammability and high dielectric constant. In an electric arc, PCBs generate incombustible gases. Use of PCBs is commonly divided into closed and open applications. Examples of closed applications include coolants and insulating fluids ( transformer oil ) for transformers and capacitors , such as those used in old fluorescent light ballasts, and hydraulic fluids considered

5893-519: The placement of refugees, and international students attending Michigan State have made the Greater Lansing a very culturally diverse area. Michigan remains a leading auto-producing state in the U.S., with the industry primarily located throughout the Midwestern United States , Ontario, Canada , and the Southern United States. Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall Research & development (R&D) expenditures in

5976-420: The ring positions ortho to (next to) the other ring, (such as PCBs 77, 126 and 169), tend to have dioxin -like properties, and generally are among the most toxic congeners. Because PCBs are almost invariably found in complex mixtures, the concept of toxic equivalency factors ( TEFs ) has been developed to facilitate risk assessment and regulation, where more toxic PCB congeners are assigned higher TEF values on

6059-469: The rings. Phase I reactions occur by adding an oxygen to either of the benzene rings by Cytochrome P450 . The type of P450 present also determines where the oxygen will be added; phenobarbital (PB)-induced P450s catalyze oxygenation to the meta-para positions of PCBs while 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-induced P450s add oxygens to the ortho – meta positions. PCBs containing ortho – meta and meta – para protons can be metabolized by either enzyme, making them

6142-423: The river for residents. A three-mile, hard-surfaced RiverWalk, great for hiking, biking or easy strolls, was built along the riverbanks in downtown Saginaw and Bay City. The Saginaw Bay Yacht Club , established in 1894, is located near the mouth of the Saginaw River and supports regular sailing races and related events. The river is also popular with boaters who use motors. Sports fishermen are active and many enjoy

6225-410: The second two numbers indicate the percentage of chlorine by mass in the mixture. Thus, Aroclor 1260 is a 1200 series product and contains 60% chlorine by mass. It is a myth that the first two digits referred to the number of carbon atoms; the number of carbon atoms do not change in PCBs. The 1100 series was a crude PCB material which was distilled to create the 1200 series PCB product. The exception to

6308-515: The specific PCB. In terms of their structure and toxicity, PCBs fall into two distinct categories, referred to as coplanar or non- ortho -substituted arene substitution patterns and noncoplanar or ortho -substituted congeners. Di- ortho -substituted, non-coplanar PCBs interfere with intracellular signal transduction dependent on calcium which may lead to neurotoxicity . ortho -PCBs can disrupt thyroid hormone transport by binding to transthyretin . Commercial PCB mixtures were marketed under

6391-542: The state capital of Lansing . Generally Central, or "Mid", Michigan is defined by governmental organizations as an area North of Jackson, and South of Clare. For the most part, Central Michigan and Mid Michigan are synonymous with each other, representing generally the same geographic area of Michigan. However, some definitions of Central Michigan and Mid Michigan can vary significantly, depending on one's point of reference. Central or Mid Michigan can also include areas that are referred to as Southern Michigan . This

6474-495: The territory of the NMDC. The I-69 International Trade Corridor Next Michigan Development Corporation is the largest in the state of Michigan with 35 municipal partners. Constituent counties of the trade corridor are: Shiawassee , Genesee , Lapeer , and St. Clair Counties. Major educational institutions in Central Michigan include: The Lansing State Journal is the sole daily newspaper published in metropolitan Lansing, and

6557-882: The time, it was considered possibly the second-largest environmental settlement in United States history. Dredging of contaminated silt from the Saginaw River was expected to start in summer of 1999. Environmental clean-up work has continued on the Saginaw River, its tributary Tittabawassee River , and Saginaw Bay. On January 23, 2010, the US Environmental Protection Agency and Dow Chemical reached an administrative settlement for interim control measures, reimbursement of some federal work, and cleanup of floodplain soils in these areas, in association with work to be directed by EPA. Mid-Michigan 43°34′54.5″N 84°46′32.5″W  /  43.581806°N 84.775694°W  / 43.581806; -84.775694 Central Michigan , also called Mid Michigan ,

6640-464: The west side of the county such as Greenville aligning with West Michigan, and eastern portions identifying more with Central Michigan. Also, some areas may overlap with what is known as Northern Michigan . These areas, such as Clare , Gladwin , and Arenac County are along the border of the two regions and can be considered parts of both, depending on your frame of reference. Portions of Metro Detroit can overlap with Central Michigan, especially

6723-685: Was also known for being the location of the main Oldsmobile plant for General Motors . The plant is now Lansing Grand River Assembly . GM also operates Lansing Delta Township Assembly in Eaton County. The world headquarters of Nexteer Automotive, a car parts supplier, is located in Saginaw. S.C. Johnson and Son has a manufacturing facility in Bay City making Ziploc products. The Dow Chemical Company and Dow Corning have their world headquarters in Midland. CMS Energy 's subsidiary Consumers Energy and DTE Energy 's Detroit Edison both have

6806-480: Was estimated to account for 120 kg/year of PCBs entering Lake Michigan . In 2008, concentrations as high as 35  ng /m , 10 times higher than the EPA guideline limit of 3.4 ng/m , have been documented inside some houses in the U.S. Volatilization of PCBs in soil was thought to be the primary source of PCBs in the atmosphere, but research suggests ventilation of PCB-contaminated indoor air from buildings

6889-514: Was used for fishing and as a transportation route by canoe by indigenous peoples for thousands of years prior to European colonization . From the 18th century, fur traders and trappers rendezvoused at a post at the mouth or traveled along the river and its tributaries to trade with the Ojibwe tribes of the region for European and American manufactured goods. As towns developed along the river, it supported additional travel inland, as well as powering

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