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35-666: The cathedral faces the Red River . In Verendrye Park is a statue of Pierre La Vérendrye by Joseph-Émile Brunet . Across the river is The Forks in Downtown Winnipeg . In 1818, newly arrived Rev. Norbert Provencher and two colleagues constructed the first church on land on the east bank of the Red River donated by Hudson's Bay Company's Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk . The small log building measured 50 feet by 30 feet and served as chapel, residence and school. It

70-485: A new cathedral to plans by Montreal architect Jean-Omer Marchand. On August 15, 1906, Monsignor Louis-Philippe Adélard Langevin dedicated the cathedral, which became one of the most imposing churches in Western Canada. On July 22, 1968, the 1906 cathedral was damaged by a fire which destroyed many of the structure's features and contents including the rose window , vestments, 1860 bells, and parish records. Only

105-475: A removable flood wall was constructed in the downtown area so that residents did not lose their connection to the river. In Winnipeg, the flood crested at 24.5 feet (7.5 m) above datum at the James Avenue pumping station, making it the third-highest flood at Winnipeg in recorded history . It was surpassed by the floods of 1825, and 1826. The city was largely spared the fate of Grand Forks thanks to

140-476: A specific vulnerable section near Grafton city, located between Grand Forks and Emerson, that is highly susceptible to severe floods. On May 8, 1950, the Red River reached its highest level at Winnipeg since 1861. Eight dikes protecting Winnipeg gave way and flooded much of the city, turning 1,600 km (600 sq mi) of farmland into an enormous lake. The city turned to the Canadian Army and

175-405: A total of $ 3.5 billion in damage and required temporary evacuation of towns and cities on both sides of the border. The cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota , and East Grand Forks, Minnesota , suffered the most damage, and most of their populations had to be evacuated. The river crested at more than 54 feet (16 m) above datum . The cities worked with FEMA and the state of Minnesota to clear

210-679: A wet summer in 2010, as well as an above average amount of snowfall through the winter in the Red River Valley, the Red River spilled its banks. It crested in Winnipeg at the James Avenue pumping station at 19.59 feet (5.97 m) above datum, as the sixth highest flood levels in recorded history if flood protection such as the Portage Diversion and the Red River Floodway were not in place. That same year there

245-514: Is a joint program administered by the federal, provincial, and territorial governments to conserve and protect the best examples of Canada 's river heritage, to give them national recognition, and to encourage the public to enjoy and appreciate them. It is a cooperative program of the governments of Canada, nine provinces, and the three territories. A 14-member national board, created under the Parks Canada Agency Act, administers

280-646: Is bordered by the twin cities of Fargo, North Dakota  – Moorhead, Minnesota , and Grand Forks, North Dakota  – East Grand Forks, Minnesota . It crosses the Canada–United States border just before reaching the town of Emerson, Manitoba . Manitoba 's capital, Winnipeg, is at the Red's confluence with the Assiniboine River , at a point called The Forks . Together with the Assiniboine,

315-559: Is east, forming a 26,000-hectare (64,000-acre) wetland. Southern Manitoba has a frost-free season of between 120 and 140 days per year in the Red River Valley. The Red River flows across the flat lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz , an enormous glacial lake created at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation from meltwaters of the Laurentide Ice Sheet . As this continental glacier decayed, its meltwaters formed

350-493: Is the lake bed of the ancient glacial lake. It is remarkably flat; from its origin near Breckenridge, Minnesota, to the international border near Emerson, Manitoba , its gradient is only about 1:5000 (1 metre per 5 kilometres), or approximately 1 foot per mile. The river, slow and small in most seasons, does not have the energy to cut a gorge. Instead it meanders across the silty bottomlands in its progress north. In consequence, high water has nowhere to go, except to spread across

385-468: The Red Cross and The Salvation Army for help, and nearly 70,000 people were evacuated from their homes and businesses. Four of eleven bridges in the city were destroyed, and damage was estimated at between $ 900 million and $ 1 billion. As a result of the floods, a flood control project was constructed to prevent such damage in the future. The Red River Floodway around Winnipeg attracted some derision at

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420-580: The Red River Trails , nineteenth-century oxcart trails developed originally by the Métis, supported the fur trade and these settlements. They contributed to further development of the region on both sides of the international border. The Red River begins at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers, on the border of Wahpeton, North Dakota and Breckenridge, Minnesota . Downstream, it

455-479: The flood of 1997 . 75% of the population in the former city was evacuated, and all of the latter. Many of the residential areas along the rivers were inundated and all the homes had to be destroyed. Afterward, a massive flood protection project was undertaken to protect both cities. Atashi et al. study conducted spatial analyses of the Permanent Water Area (PWA) and Seasonal Water Area (SWA), revealing

490-508: The floodplains of the river on both sides, prohibiting future housing or businesses in this area. They created the Greater Grand Forks Greenway on both sides, which includes city and state parks, a long bike trail, and other recreational amenities. The trees and greenery help absorb floodwaters. A dike system was constructed outside this area on both sides to protect the cities from future floods. In East Grand Forks,

525-817: The Canadian Heritage Rivers System in 2006. Quebec's lack of participation affects nominations and designations for rivers shared with other provinces. In 1998, the New Brunswick portion of the Restigouche River was designated (as "Upper Restigouche"), while the Quebec portion was not. The Ottawa River was nominated in 2007 and designated in 2016, but only the Ontario portion of the river was included. The federal government says it's working with Quebec "to establish recognition of

560-506: The Floodway, which was pushed to its capacity during the 1997 flood. In 2009 the Red River flooded in early spring. By Friday, March 27, the river at Fargo had reached the highest level in recorded history. Its discharge at that location was far in excess of normal flows. The river crested at the James Avenue pumping station in Winnipeg at 22.5 feet (6.9 m) above datum, making it the fourth-highest flood in recorded history. Due to

595-539: The North Dakota–Minnesota border. Long an important highway for trade, the Red River has been designated a Canadian Heritage River . The watershed of the Red River was part of Rupert's Land , the concession established by the British Hudson's Bay Company in north central North America. The Red was a key trade route for the company, and contributed to the settlement of British North America. The river

630-644: The North Saskatchewan River in Alberta, which was originally nominated by Smoky Lake County in 2021, and finally designated in 2024 and extends the 49-kilometre portion within Banff National Park which was originally recognized in 1989. The rivers currently designated as a Canadian Heritage River are: Quebec is the only province or territory to not have a designated or nominated river. The province withdrew its participation in

665-645: The Red River fully encloses the endorheic basin of Devils' Lake and Stump Lake. The Red flows further north before draining into Lake Winnipeg which then drains through the Nelson River into Hudson Bay , both part of the Hudson Bay watershed . The mouth of the Red River forms a freshwater river delta called the Netley–Libau Marsh. The Netley Marsh is west of the Red and the Libau Marsh

700-613: The United States and about 255 kilometres (158 mi) are in Canada. The river falls 70 metres (230 ft) on its trip to Lake Winnipeg, where it spreads into the vast deltaic wetland known as Netley Marsh. Several urban areas have developed on both sides of the river, including the city of Winnipeg in Canada, as well as the Fargo-Moorhead and Grand Forks–East Grand Forks metropolitan areas, both of which straddle

735-523: The cathedral in stone. This second cathedral was somewhat smaller; the bell tower was completed eight years later. Between 1888 and 1906, the number of Catholics in Saint Boniface had increased from 2,154 to 4,615, almost all of them of French heritage. By 1900, Saint Boniface was the fifth-largest city in the West and needed a larger cathedral. Local contractors Senecal and Smith were engaged to build

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770-547: The confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers between the U.S. states of Minnesota and North Dakota , it flows northward through the Red River Valley , forming most of the border of Minnesota and North Dakota and continuing into Manitoba . It empties into Lake Winnipeg , whose waters join the Nelson River and ultimately flow into Hudson Bay . The Red River is about 885 kilometres (550 mi) long, of which about 635 kilometres (395 mi) are in

805-419: The façade, sacristy, and the walls of the old church remained. In 1972, a new, smaller cathedral, designed by Étienne Gaboury and Denis Lussier, was built behind the 1906 façade. The Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at St Boniface Cathedral. The remains of Chief One Arrow, who died in the 1880s, were interred at the cemetery from his death until August 2007, when his body

840-633: The heritage value of Quebec's stretch of the Outaouais River". Changes to the program's Principles, Procedures and Operational Guidelines, and the latest Strategic Plan have aimed to modernize the system. Specifically, the 2020-2030 Strategic Plan identifies four priorities: The organization has two awards, the Heritage River Award and the Canadian River Stewardship Award. Previous recipients of

875-418: The lake. Over thousands of years, sediments precipitated to the bottom of the lakebed. These lacustrine soils are the parent soils of today's Red River Valley . The river is very young; it developed only after Lake Agassiz drained, about 9,500 years ago. The word "valley" is a misnomer. While the Red River drains the region, it did not create a valley wider than a few hundred feet. The much wider floodplain

910-411: The old lakebed in "overland flooding". Heavy snows or rains, especially on saturated or frozen soil, have caused a number of catastrophic floods, which often are made worse by the fact that snowmelt starts in the warmer south, and waters flowing northward are often dammed or slowed by ice. These periodic floods have the effect of refilling, in part, the ancient lake. Floods happen in the Red River when

945-463: The program and approves the designation of specific rivers. Individual jurisdictions can co-nominate and co-designate their respective rivers or river segments in accordance with guidance from the program Charter, and Strategic Plan, and the Principles, Procedures and Operational Guidelines (PPOG). The Canadian Heritage Rivers System was established in 1984. The first Canadian Heritage River

980-553: The subject of scholarly studies. After the disastrous 1950 flood, which resulted in extensive property damage and losses in Winnipeg , the province of Manitoba undertook flood prevention by constructing the Red River Floodway . Completed in 1968, it diverts floodwaters around the city to less settled areas farther down the river. Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, suffered widespread destruction in

1015-400: The time, as some people thought it was massively overbuilt and was the then-largest earth-moving project in the world. The project was completed under-budget, and has been used for at least some flood control 20 times in the 37 years from its completion to 2006. The Floodway has saved an estimated CA$ 10 billion in flood damages. In the spring of 1997 a major flood of the Red River caused

1050-570: The water level increases over the tops of riverbanks due to significant precipitation over the same area for long periods, in the forms of persistent thunderstorms, rain, or snow combined with spring snow melt and ice jam. Major floods in historic times include those of 1826 , 1897 , 1950 , 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , and there has been significant flooding many years in between. Geologists have found evidence of many other floods in prehistoric times of equal or greater size. These " paleofloods " are known from their effects on local landforms, and have been

1085-617: Was a surprise major flood on the Assiniboine River . In May 2011, a Manitoba-wide state of emergency was declared in the wake of a 300-year flood on the Assiniboine River at Brandon . Many residents had to be evacuated. Below are the estimated, measured, and calculated peak flow rates of the Red River at various locations for the top ten floods of the Red River Valley, as measured at Winnipeg. Canadian Heritage River The Canadian Heritage Rivers System ( CHRS ; French : Le réseau de rivières du patrimoine canadien )

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1120-633: Was exhumed and sent to One Arrow First Nation in Saskatchewan . Other notable people buried in the cathedral cemetery include: Red River of the North The Red River ( French : rivière Rouge ), also called the Red River of the North ( French : rivière Rouge du Nord ) to differentiate it from the Red River in the south of the continent, is a river in the north-central United States and central Canada . Originating at

1155-691: Was long used by fur traders , including the French and the Métis people , who established a community in this area some time before the British defeated France in the Seven Years' War . Following that, they took over French possessions in Canada. Settlers of the Red River Colony established farming along the river, and their primary settlement developed as Winnipeg , Manitoba. What became known as

1190-600: Was soon replaced with a larger building. In 1832, Provencher, now bishop, built the first cathedral. "The bells of St. Boniface" are mentioned in John Greenleaf Whittier 's 1859 poem "The Red River Voyageur". "On December 17, 1891, Whittier's 84th birthday, Archbishop Taché had "the bells of the Roman mission" rung in the poet's honour." On December 14, 1860, a fire destroyed "Provencher’s cathedral". In 1862, Bishop Taché went to Quebec to raise funds to rebuild

1225-524: Was the French River in Ontario , designated in 1986. By 1996 there were 29 designated rivers. Quebec withdrew its participation in 2006. There are currently 42 designated, and one nominated river or river segments; with rivers designated in every province and territory except for Quebec. The most recent designation under the Canadian Heritage Rivers System has been a 718-kilometre segment of

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