65-559: (Redirected from Saint Silvester ) Saint Sylvester or Silvester may refer to: Sylvester I (285–335), pope and Christian saint New Year's Eve , Saint Silvester's feast day Saint Silvester Marathon , street running competition in Brazil San Silvestre Vallecana , street running competition in Spain St. Sylvester, Schwabing , a church dedicated to
130-669: A cathedra became a symbol of episcopal authority, the papal cathedra was placed in its interior, rendering it the cathedral of the Pope as Bishop of Rome. When Gregory the Great sent the Gregorian mission to England under Augustine of Canterbury , some original churches in Canterbury took the Roman plan as a model, dedicating a church both to Christ as well as one to Saint Paul, outside
195-524: A polyandrion . The popes whose tombs were destroyed are: Pope John X (914–928), Pope Agapetus II (946–955), Pope John XII (955–964), Pope Paschal II (1099–1118), Pope Callixtus II (1119–1124), Pope Honorius II (1124–1130), Pope Celestine II (1143–1144), Pope Lucius II (1144–1145), Pope Anastasius IV (1153–1154), Pope Clement III (1187–1191), Pope Celestine III (1191–1198), and Pope Innocent V (1276). Popes who reigned during this period, whose tombs are unknown, and who may have been buried in
260-607: A fountain in the middle, the conventional Late Antique format that was also followed by the old Saint Peter's Basilica . The façade had three windows and was embellished with a mosaic representing Christ as the Savior of the world. The porticoes were frescoed, probably not earlier than the 12th century, commemorating the Roman fleet under Vespasian , the taking of Jerusalem , the Baptism of Emperor Constantine I and his "Donation" of
325-632: A neo-classical facade. During the Second World War, the Lateran and its related buildings were used under Pope Pius XII as a safe haven from the Nazis and Italian Fascists for numbers of Jews and other refugees. Among those who found shelter there were Meuccio Ruini , Alcide De Gasperi , Pietro Nenni and others. The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and the sixty orphan refugees they cared for were ordered to leave their convent on
390-517: A record by the Emperor himself of his conversion, the profession of his new faith, and the privileges he conferred on Pope Sylvester I, his clergy, and their successors. According to it, Pope Sylvester was offered the imperial crown, which, however, he refused. Lu Santu Papa Silvestru , a story in Giuseppe Pitrè 's collection of Sicilian fables, recounts the legend as follows: Constantine
455-728: Is 6 August, the Transfiguration of Christ . As the cathedral of the pope as bishop of Rome, it ranks superior to all other churches of the Catholic Church, including Saint Peter's Basilica . The archbasilica's Latin name is Archibasilica Sanctissimi Salvatoris ac Sancti Ioannis Baptistae et Ioannis Evangelistae ad Lateranum , which in English is the Archbasilica of the Most Holy Savior and Saints John
520-403: Is a screen across the older front creating a narthex or vestibule, does express the nave and double aisles of the archbasilica, which required a central bay wider than the rest of the sequence. Galilei provided it, without abandoning the range of identical arch-headed openings, by extending the central window by flanking columns that support the arch, in the familiar Serlian motif . By bringing
585-591: Is expanded thus: Clemens XII, Pont[ifex] Max[imus], [in] Anno V, [dedicavit hoc aedificium] Christo Salvatori, in hon[orem] [sanctorum] Ioan[is] Bapt[tistae] et Evang[elistae] . This translates as " Pope Clement XII , Pontifex Maximus, in the fifth year of his reign, dedicated this building to Christ the Savior, in honor of Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist". Galilei's façade removed all vestiges of traditional, ancient, basilical architecture and imparted
650-528: Is known as Silvester . In some other countries, too, the day is usually referred to as Saint Sylvester's Day or the Feast of Saint Sylvester . In São Paulo , Brazil, a long-distance running event called the Saint Silvester Road Race occurs every year on 31 December. The Donation of Constantine is a document fabricated in the second half of the eighth century, purporting to be
715-553: Is led back to Constantine, whom he baptizes also, and cures. In this story, Constantine and his entourage are not pagans but Jews. Another legend has Sylvester slaying a dragon. He is often depicted with the dying beast. Basilica of St. John Lateran The Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (officially, the Major Papal, Patriarchal and Roman Archbasilica, Cathedral of the Most Holy Saviour and Saints John
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#1732797257687780-635: Is now in the Vatican Museums . It was part of a pair, but the other was plundered and taken away by Napoleon and is now in the Louvre. Another papal throne, the sedia stercoraria , is now in the Lateran Cloister . It owes its unsavory name to the anthem sung at previous Papal coronations, "De stercore erigens pauperem" ("lifting up the poor out of the dunghill", from Psalm 112). From the 5th century, there were seven oratories surrounding
845-1016: The Arian controversy . His pontificate also coincided with the baptism of Roman Emperor Constantine I . Sylvester I's pontificate coincided with the construction of churches including Old St. Peter's Basilica , the Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem (Santa Croce in Gerusalemme), as well as the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran . His feast is celebrated as Saint Sylvester's Day , on 31 December in Western Christianity, and on 2 January in Eastern Christianity . The accounts of his pontificate preserved in
910-745: The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore . Eventually, the Palace of the Vatican was built adjacent to the Basilica of Saint Peter , which existed since the time of Emperor Constantine I , and the popes began to reside there. It has remained the official residence of the pope, though Pope Francis has chosen to reside in the Domus Sanctae Marthae in the Vatican City, not in the Papal apartments . There were several attempts at reconstruction of
975-624: The Labarum to Emperor Constantine I ; and on the right Peter gives the papal stole to Pope Leo III and the standard to Charlemagne . Some few remains of the original buildings may still be traced in the city walls outside the Gate of Saint John , and a large wall decorated with paintings was uncovered in the 18th century within the archbasilica behind the Lancellotti Chapel. A few traces of older buildings were also revealed during
1040-749: The Romanesque proper and the Gothic , and are the work of Vassellectus and the Cosmati . The twelve niches created in Francesco Borromini 's architecture were left vacant for decades. When in 1702 Pope Clement XI and Benedetto Cardinal Pamphili , archpriests of the archbasilica, announced their grand scheme for twelve larger-than-life sculptures of the Apostles ( Judas Iscariot replaced by Saint Paul , instead of Saint Matthias ) to fill
1105-450: The Baptist in the 10th century, occasioned by the newly consecrated baptistry of the archbasilica. Pope Lucius II dedicated them in honor of John the Evangelist in the 12th century. Thus, Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist became co-patrons of the archbasilica, while the primary Titular is still Christ the Savior, as the inscription in the entrance indicates and as is traditional for patriarchal cathedrals. Consequently,
1170-658: The Baptist and John the Evangelist at the Lateran, and in Italian Arcibasilica [Papale] del Santissimo Salvatore e Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano . The archbasilica stands over the remains of the Castra Nova equitum singularium , the "New Fort of the Roman imperial cavalry bodyguards". The fort was established by Septimius Severus in AD 193. Following the victory of Emperor Constantine
1235-788: The Baptist and the Evangelist in Lateran, Mother and Head of All Churches in Rome and in the World , and commonly known as the Lateran Basilica or Saint John Lateran ) is the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome , and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope . The only " arch basilica" in the world, it lies outside of Vatican City proper, which is located approximately four kilometres ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles) northwest. Nevertheless, as properties of
1300-498: The Catholic faithful. The building deteriorated during the Middle Ages and was badly damaged by two fires in the 14th century. It was rebuilt in the late 16th century during the reign of Pope Sixtus V . The new structure's interior was renovated in the late 17th century, and its façade was completed in 1735 under Pope Clement XII . The most recent Rector is currently Cardinal Archpriest Baldassare Reina , Vicar General for
1365-518: The Dedication of the (Arch)Basilica of the Lateran ( Dedicatio Basilicae Lateranensis ), referred to in older texts as the "Dedication of the Basilica of the Most Holy Savior". On the archbasilica's front wall between the main portals is a plaque inscribed with the words SACROS LATERAN ECCLES OMNIUM VRBIS ET ORBIS ECCLESIARVM MATER ET CAPUT ("Most Holy Lateran Church, mother and head of all
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#17327972576871430-604: The Diocese of Rome since October 6, 2024. The president of the French Republic , currently Emmanuel Macron , is ex officio the "First and Only Honorary Canon " of the archbasilica, a title that the heads of state of France have possessed since King Henry IV . The large Latin inscription on the façade reads: Clemens XII Pont Max Anno V Christo Salvatori In Hon SS Ioan Bapt et Evang . This abbreviated inscription translates as: "The Supreme Pontiff Clement XII , in
1495-662: The Franks, written in the 580s. Pope Sylvester II , himself a close associate of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor , chose the name Sylvester in imitation of Sylvester I. In the West, the liturgical feast of Saint Sylvester is on 31 December, the day of his burial in the Catacomb of Priscilla . This is now the last day in the year and, accordingly, in German-speaking countries and in some others close to them, New Year's Eve
1560-657: The Great married his second wife Fausta , sister of Maxentius . Known by that time as the Domus Faustae or "House of Fausta", the Lateran Palace was eventually given to the Bishop of Rome by Constantine the Great during the pontificate of Pope Miltiades , in time to host a synod of bishops in 313 that was convened to challenge the Donatist schism , declaring Donatism to be heresy . The palace basilica
1625-573: The Great over Maxentius (for whom the Equites singulares augusti , the emperor's mounted bodyguards had fought) at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge , the guard was abolished and the fort demolished. Substantial remains of the fort lie directly beneath the nave . The remainder of the site was occupied during the early Roman Empire by the palace of the gens Laterani. Sextius Lateranus
1690-589: The Holy See , the archbasilica and its adjoining edifices enjoy an extraterritorial status from Italy , pursuant to the terms of the Lateran Treaty of 1929. Dedicated to the Christ , in honor of John the Baptist and John the Evangelist , the place name, Laterano ( Lateran ) comes from an ancient Roman family ( gens ), whose palace ( domus ) grounds occupied the site; the adjacent Lateran Palace
1755-627: The Lateran Palace until the reign of the French Pope Clement V , who in 1309 transferred the seat of the papacy to Avignon , a papal fiefdom that was an enclave in France . The Lateran Palace has also been the site of five ecumenical councils (see Lateran councils ). During the time the papacy was seated in Avignon, France , the Lateran Palace and the archbasilica deteriorated. Two fires ravaged them in 1307 and 1361. After both fires
1820-543: The Papal States to the Catholic Church . Inside the archbasilica the columns no doubt ran, as in all other basilicas of the same date, the whole length of the church, from east to west. In one of the rebuildings, probably that which was carried out by Pope Clement V , a transverse nave was introduced, imitated no doubt from the one which had been added, long before this, to the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside
1885-587: The Pope's bridle as the papal groom. The Pope, in return, offered the crown of his own good will to Constantine, who abandoned Rome to the pope and took up residence in Constantinople . "The doctrine behind this charming story is a radical one," Norman F. Cantor observes: "The pope is supreme over all rulers, even the Roman emperor, who owes his crown to the pope and therefore may be deposed by papal decree". The legend gained wide circulation; Gregory of Tours referred to this political legend in his history of
1950-461: The Vandals , who stripped it of all its treasures. Pope Leo I restored it around AD 460, and it was again restored by Pope Hadrian I . In 897, it was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake: ab altari usque ad portas cecidit ("it collapsed from the altar to the doors"). The damage was so extensive that it was difficult to trace the lines of the old building, but these were mostly respected and
2015-573: The Via Carlo Emanuele. The Sisters of Maria Bambina , who staffed the kitchen at the Pontifical Major Roman Seminary at the Lateran offered a wing of their convent. The grounds also housed Italian soldiers. Vincenzo Fagiolo and Pietro Palazzini , vice-rector of the seminary, were recognized by Yad Vashem for their efforts to assist Jews. An apse lined with mosaics and open to the air still preserves
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2080-513: The Walls . Probably at this time the archbasilica was enlarged. Some portions of the older buildings survive. Among them the pavement of medieval Cosmatesque work, and the statues of Saint Peter and Saint Paul , now in the cloister . The graceful ciborium over the high altar, which looks out of place in its present surroundings, dates from 1369. The throne of red marble on which the Popes sat,
2145-579: The archbasilica before a definitive program of Pope Sixtus V . Sixtus V hired his favorite architect, Domenico Fontana , to supervise much of the project. The original Lateran Palace was demolished and replaced with a new edifice. On the square in front of the Lateran Palace is San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital and the largest standing ancient Egyptian obelisk in the world, known as the Lateran Obelisk . It weighs an estimated 455 tons. It
2210-400: The archbasilica include Pope John XVII (1003), Pope John XVIII (1003–1009), and Pope Alexander II (1061–1073). Pope John X was the first pope buried within the walls of Rome, and was granted a prominent burial due to rumors that he was murdered by Theodora during a historical period known as the saeculum obscurum . Cardinals Vincenzo Santucci and Carlo Colonna are also buried in
2275-514: The archbasilica remains dedicated to the Savior, and its titular feast is the Feast of the Transfiguration of Christ on 6 August. The archbasilica became the most important shrine of the two Saint Johns, albeit infrequently jointly venerated. In later years, a Benedictine monastery was established in the Lateran Palace, and was devoted to serving the archbasilica and the two saints. Every pope, beginning with Pope Miltiades , occupied
2340-418: The archbasilica. The skull of Saint Peter is also claimed to reside in the archbasilica since at least the ninth century, alongside the skull of Saint Paul. The octagonal Lateran baptistery stands somewhat apart from the archbasilica. It was founded by Pope Sixtus III , perhaps on an earlier structure, for a legend arose that Emperor Constantine I was baptized there and enriched the edifice. The baptistery
2405-491: The archbasilica. These before long were incorporated into the church. The devotion of visiting these oratories, which was maintained through the Mediaeval Ages, gave rise to the similar devotion of the seven altars, still common in many churches of Rome and elsewhere. Of the façade by Alessandro Galilei (1735), the cliché assessment has been that it is the façade of a palace , not of a church. Galilei's front, which
2470-474: The central bay forward very slightly, and capping it with a pediment that breaks into the roof balustrade, Galilei provided an entrance doorway on a more than colossal scale, framed in the paired colossal Corinthian pilasters that tie together the façade in the manner introduced at Michelangelo 's palace on the Campidoglio . In the narthex of the church, is a 4th-century statue of emperor Constantine. It
2535-697: The churches in the city and the world"); a visible indication of the declaration that the basilica is the "mother church" of all the world. In the twelfth century the canons of the Lateran claimed that the high altar housed the Ark of the Covenant and several holy objects from Jerusalem. The basilica was thus presented as the Temple of the New Covenant. The archbasilica and Lateran Palace were re-dedicated twice. Pope Sergius III dedicated them in honor of Saint John
2600-523: The confessio); Pope Innocent III (right transept); and Pope Leo XIII (left transept), by G. Tadolini (1907). The last of these, Pope Leo XIII, was the last pope not to be entombed in Saint Peter's Basilica , as of 2023 . Twelve additional papal tombs were constructed in the archbasilica starting in the 10th century, but were destroyed during the two fires that ravaged it in 1308 and 1361. The remains of these charred tombs were gathered and reburied in
2665-480: The early sixth-century Symmachean forgeries emanating from the curia of Pope Symmachus (died 514), the Emperor Constantine was cured of leprosy by the virtue of the baptismal water administered by Sylvester. The Emperor, abjectly grateful, not only confirmed the bishop of Rome as the primate above all other bishops, he resigned his imperial insignia and walked before Sylvester's horse holding
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2730-400: The excavations of 1880, when the work of extending the apse was in progress, but nothing of importance was published. A great many donations from the Popes and other benefactors to the archbasilica are recorded in the Liber Pontificalis , and its splendor at an early period was such that it became known as the "Basilica Aurea", or "Golden Basilica". This splendor drew upon it the attack of
2795-457: The fifth year [of his Pontificate, dedicated this building] to Christ the Savior, in honor of Saints John the Baptist and [John] the Evangelist". The inscription indicates, with its full title (see below), that the archbasilica was originally dedicated to Christ the Savior and, centuries later, rededicated in honor of Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist . Christ the Savior remains its primary dedication, and its titular feast day
2860-415: The figure of Sylvester was embroidered upon in a fictional account of his relationship to Constantine, which seemed to successfully support the later Gelasian doctrine of papal supremacy , papal auctoritas (authority) guiding imperial potestas (power), the doctrine that is embodied in the forged Donation of Constantine of the eighth century. In the fiction, of which an early version is represented in
2925-443: The graves of martyrs . One of the Symmachian forgeries , the Constitutum Silvestri , is an apocryphal alleged account of a Roman council, which partially builds on legends in the Acts of Sylvester which has been preserved in Greek, Syriac , and in Latin and the fictional stories of Sylvester's close relationship with the first Christian emperor. These also appear in the Donation of Constantine . Long after his death,
2990-504: The king wants to take a second wife, and asks Sylvester. Sylvester denies him permission, calling on heaven as witness; Constantine threatens him, and Sylvester, rather than give in, escapes into the woods. Not long after, Constantine falls ill; when he is desperate of ever regaining his health he has a dream which commands him to send for Sylvester. He obeys, and Sylvester receives Constantine's messengers in his cave and swiftly baptizes them, whereafter (having shown them several miracles) he
3055-472: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Sylvester&oldid=1070876787 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Title and name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sylvester I Pope Sylvester I (also Silvester , 285 – 31 December 335)
3120-425: The memory of one of the most famous halls of the ancient palace, the " Triclinium " of Pope Leo III , which was the state banqueting hall. The existing structure is not ancient, but some portions of the original mosaics may have been preserved in the tripartite mosaic of its niche. In the center Christ gives to the Apostles their mission; on the left he gives the keys of the kingdom of heaven to Pope Sylvester I and
3185-420: The new building was of the same dimensions as the old. This second basilica stood for 400 years before it burned in 1308. It was rebuilt by Pope Clement V and Pope John XXII . It burned once more in 1360, and was rebuilt by Pope Urban V . Through vicissitudes the archbasilica retained its ancient form, being divided by rows of columns into aisles, and having in front a peristyle surrounded by colonnades with
3250-402: The niches, the commission was opened to all the premier sculptors of late Baroque Rome. Each statue was to be sponsored by an illustrious prince with the Pope himself sponsoring that of Saint Peter and Cardinal Pamphili that of Saint John the Evangelist . Most of the sculptors were given a sketch drawn by Pope Clement's favorite painter, Carlo Maratta , to which they were to adhere, but with
3315-544: The notable exception being Pierre Le Gros the Younger , who successfully refused to sculpt to Maratta's design and consequently was not given a sketch. The sculptors and their sculptures follow and are dated according to Conforti (the dates reflect archival findings but models for most must have existed before): South wall North wall There are six extant papal tombs inside the archbasilica: Alexander III (right aisles), Pope Sergius IV (right aisles), Pope Clement XII Corsini (left aisle), Pope Martin V (in front of
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#17327972576873380-411: The pope sent money from Avignon to pay for their reconstruction and maintenance. Nonetheless, the archbasilica and Lateran Palace lost their former splendor. When the papacy returned from Avignon and the pope again resided in Rome, the archbasilica and the Lateran Palace were deemed inadequate considering their accumulated damage. The popes resided at the Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere and later at
3445-409: The praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem and which, therefore, were sanctified by the footsteps of Jesus Christ during His Passion . The marble stairs are visible through openings in the wooden risers. Their translation from Jerusalem to the Lateran Palace in the 4th century is credited to Saint Empress Helena , the mother of the then-Emperor Constantine I . In 1589, Pope Sixtus V relocated
3510-436: The saint Saint Sylvester Gozzolini St. Silvester , a commune in Switzerland See also [ edit ] San Silvestre (disambiguation) San Silvestro (disambiguation) Saint-Sylvestre (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Saint Sylvester . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
3575-453: The seventh- or eighth-century Liber Pontificalis contain little more than a record of the gifts said to have been conferred on the church by Constantine I , although it does say that he was the son of a Roman named Rufinus. Large churches were founded and built during Sylvester I's pontificate, including Basilica of St. John Lateran , Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem , Old St. Peter's Basilica and several churches built over
3640-409: The walls of the city. The church name "Christ Church", so common for churches around the world today in Anglophone Anglican contexts, originally came from this Roman church, central to pre-medieval Christian identity. The anniversary of the dedication of the church has been observed as a feast since the 12th century. In the General Roman Calendar of the Catholic Church , 9 November is the feast of
3705-524: Was an ambitious one in which he launched a competition to design a new façade. More than 23 architects competed, mostly working in the then-current Baroque idiom. The putatively impartial jury was chaired by Sebastiano Conca , president of the Roman Academy of Saint Luke . The winner of the competition was Alessandro Galilei . The façade as it appears today was completed in 1735. It reads in Latin: Clemens XII Pont Max Anno V Christo Salvatori In Hon SS Ioan Bapt et Evang ; this highly abbreviated inscription
3770-412: Was commissioned by the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III and erected by Thutmose IV before the great Karnak temple of Thebes, Egypt . Intended by Emperor Constantine I to be shipped to Constantinople , the very preoccupied Constantius II had it shipped instead to Rome, where it was erected in the Circus Maximus in AD 357. At some time it broke and was buried under the Circus. In the 16th century it
3835-420: Was converted and extended, becoming the residence of Pope Sylvester I , eventually becoming the Cathedral of Rome, the seat of the Popes as the Bishops of Rome. Pope Sylvester I presided over the official dedication of the archbasilica and the adjacent Lateran Palace in 324, changing the name from Domus Fausta to Domus Dei ("House of God"), with a dedication to Christ the Savior ( Christo Salvatori ). When
3900-492: Was discovered and excavated, and Sixtus V had it re-erected on a new pedestal on 3 August 1588 at its present site. Further renovation of the interior of the archbasilica ensued under the direction of Francesco Borromini , commissioned by Pope Innocent X . The twelve niches created by his architectural scheme were eventually filled in 1718 with statues of the Apostles , sculpted by the most prominent Roman Rococo sculptors. The vision of Pope Clement XII for reconstruction
3965-406: Was for many generations the only baptistery in Rome, and its octagonal structure, centered upon the large basin for full immersions, provided a model for others throughout Italy, and even an iconic motif of illuminated manuscripts known as "the fountain of life ". The Scala Sancta , or Holy Stairs, are white marble steps encased in wooden ones. They supposedly form the staircase which once led to
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#17327972576874030-416: Was found elsewhere in Rome, and moved to this site by order of Pope Clement XII . Between the archbasilica and the city wall there was a great monastery, in which dwelt the community of monks whose duty it was to provide the services in the archbasilica. The only part of it which still survives is the 13th century cloister , surrounded by columns of inlaid marble . They are of a style intermediate between
4095-403: Was the bishop of Rome from 31 January 314 until his death on 31 December 335. He filled the See of Rome at an important era in the history of the Western Church , though very little is known of his life. During his pontificate, he notably convened the Council of Arles in 314, which condemned the separatist Donatist sect, and the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which aimed to resolve
4160-417: Was the first plebeian to attain the rank of consul , and the Laterani served as administrators for several emperors. One of the Laterani, Consul-designate Plautius Lateranus, became famous for being accused by Nero of conspiracy against the Emperor. The accusation resulted in the confiscation and redistribution of his properties. The Lateran Palace fell into the hands of the Emperor when Constantine
4225-417: Was the primary residence of the pope until the Middle Ages. The church is the oldest and highest ranking of the four major papal basilicas as well as one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome . Founded in 324, it is the oldest public church in the city of Rome, and the oldest basilica of the Western world. It houses the cathedra of the Roman bishop, and has the title of ecumenical mother church of
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