99-615: Salva Kiir Mayardit (born 13 September 1951), commonly known as Salva Kiir , is a South Sudanese politician who has been the President of South Sudan since its independence on 9 July 2011. Prior to independence, he was the President of the Government of Southern Sudan , as well as First Vice President of Sudan , from 2005 to 2011. He was named Commander-in-Chief of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in 2005, following
198-437: A special political status (two states, both in free association with New Zealand ). Compiling a list such as this can be complicated and controversial, as there is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations concerning the criteria for statehood . For more information on the criteria used to determine the contents of this list, please see the criteria for inclusion section below. The list
297-601: A 2021 population of around 11 million. Historically, most ethnic groups were lacking in formal Western political institutions, with land held by the community and elders acting as problem solvers and adjudicators . Today, most ethnic groups still embrace a cattle culture in which livestock is the main measure of wealth and used for bride wealth . The majority of the ethnic groups in South Sudan are of African heritage who practice either Christianity or syncretisms of Christian and Traditional African religion . There
396-476: A Council of Clan Elders; the Council's representatives could mediate issues between clans. This structure has resulted in a society of aristocrats and commoners and has also resulted in the unequal distribution of wealth. Marriage traditionally requires courting until the young man wins the girl’s consent, then he goes to her father and pays a small betrothal dowry. The betrothal period continues until full payment
495-538: A Travel Alert for polio in Africa; South Sudan is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with
594-681: A cattle culture, in which livestock is the main measure of wealth and are used for bride wealth , in which men pay a dowry of several dozen cows to the parents of the woman when they marry, which leads many young men to steal cows from neighboring tribes or clans. Non-Nilotic people in South Sudan include the Azande (also known as Zande), Murle , Didinga , Tennet , Moru , Madi , Balanda Bviri and Balanda Boor . Over 5,000 people from Asia and Europe live in South Sudan , representing 0.05% of its total population. The Dinka people (part of
693-576: A coup, leading him to arrest those politicians. Moi Peter Julius, who was a political reporter for a South Sudanese newspaper The Corporate , was found murdered late on the night of 19 August 2015 in a residential area of Juba after being shot twice from behind. His murder was committed three days after Kiir publicly and officially threatened journalists, stating that "freedom of the press does not mean that you work against your country. If anybody does not know that this country will kill people, we will demonstrate on them." Earlier in 2015, five journalists by
792-410: A groups living in southwest Ethiopia from whence they migrated from in the 1700s. Originally embracing the cattle culture, during the civil wars of the 1960s many migrated to Uganda where they were exposed to farming and their children exposed to education. Most returned to the area in the 1970s. The Didinga practice traditional beliefs and religious practices, including having a tribal Rainmaker who
891-649: A helicopter crash on 30 July 2005, Kiir was chosen to succeed to the post of First Vice President of Sudan and President of Southern Sudan. Before independence, Kiir was popular among the military wing of the SPLA/M for his loyalty to the vision of the SPLA/M throughout the liberation struggle and among those who do not trust the successive governments that have come and gone in the Sudan. Comments by Kiir in October 2009 that
990-772: A member of the Dinka group, John Garang de Mabior founded the Sudan People’s Liberation Army , which led to the Second Sudanese Civil War . The SPLA later became the army of South Sudan. The Luo People are primarily found in Kenya (where they are the third largest ethnic group with over 2 million), Tanzania (population just under 2 million), and the South Sudan State of Western Bahr el Ghazal (population about 171,000) - by some accounts
1089-474: A part of the world in which tribal conflict is relatively commonplace, one group has proposed the creation of a "House of Nationalities" to represent all 62 recognised groups in Juba . President Salva Kiir Mayardit declared at the ceremony marking South Sudanese independence on 9 July 2011 that the country "should have a new beginning of tolerance where cultural and ethnic diversity will be a source of pride". As
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#17327874158091188-426: A source of significant cultural change and societal conflict. It was estimated that the 2021 population of South Sudan was 10,748,272 with the following age structure: Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 21.IV.2008): Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2018) (Data are projections based on the 2008 Population and Housing Census.): The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", of Sudan as
1287-667: A whole is a member of the EU, but EU law (in most cases) does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland. See Greenland and the European Union , and Faroe Islands and the European Union for more information. Israel is not recognised as a state by 28 UN members and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . The Palestine Liberation Organization , recognised by a majority of UN member states as
1386-668: A whole, was conducted in April 2008. However the census results of Southern Sudan were rejected by Southern Sudanese officials as reportedly "the central bureau of statistics in Khartoum refused to share the national Sudan census raw data with southern Sudan centre for census, statistic and evaluation." The census showed the Southern Sudan population to be 8.26 million, however President Kiir had "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made
1485-698: Is a girl and female illiteracy is the highest in the world. Education is a priority for the South Sudanese and they are keen to make efforts to improve the education system. Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022. The following demographic are from the CIA World Factbook unless otherwise indicated. note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued
1584-807: Is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty . The 205 listed states can be divided into three categories based on membership within the United Nations System : 193 UN member states , two UN General Assembly non-member observer states , and ten other states. The sovereignty dispute column indicates states having undisputed sovereignty (188 states, of which there are 187 UN member states and one UN General Assembly non-member observer state), states having disputed sovereignty (15 states, of which there are six UN member states, one UN General Assembly non-member observer state, and eight de facto states), and states having
1683-456: Is a significant minority of people, primarily tribes of Arab heritage, who practice Islam . Most tribes of African heritage have at least one clan that has embraced Islam, and some clans of tribes of Arab heritage have embraced Christianity. Linguistic diversity is much greater in the southern half of the country, a significant majority of the people belong to either the Dinka people (25.2%) of
1782-479: Is entrusted with performing certain rituals to bring rain. Didinga also worship and sacrifice to spirits and gods and place great importance upon the worship of dead ancestors. The Tennet people occupy a region in the western part of Eastern Equatoria and speak the Tennet language . The Tennet have an account of how they were once part of a larger group, which also included what are now Murle , Didinga , and Boya ,
1881-473: Is intended to include entities that have been recognised as having de facto status as sovereign states, and inclusion should not be seen as an endorsement of any specific claim to statehood in legal terms. The dominant customary international law standard of statehood is the declarative theory of statehood , which was codified by the Montevideo Convention of 1933. The Convention defines
1980-439: Is made, typically settled in sheep, goats, spears, or hoes. The Acholi believed in a superior being, Nyarubanga, and the killing of a person was prohibited. If a killing took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, followed by rituals of reconciliation to restore the killer to the community and bring peace between the clans. Today most Acholi are Christian. Independent States The following
2079-547: Is not in the "character" of Southern Sudanese people. "It is not even something that anybody can talk about here in southern Sudan in particular. It is not there and if anybody wants to import or to export it to South Sudan , it will not get the support and it will always be condemned by everybody," he said. He then went on to refer to homosexuality as a "mental disease" and a "bastion of Western immorality". In December 2011, 6,000 Lou Nuer armed child soldiers attacked Murle communities. According to investigations carried out by
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#17327874158092178-583: Is not recognised by 11 UN member states and Vatican City , which, with the exception of Bhutan, all recognise the Republic of China (Taiwan) instead. Cyprus is not recognised by Turkey due to the Cyprus dispute , with Turkey recognising Northern Cyprus . The metropolitan territory of Denmark , the Faroe Islands and Greenland form the three constituent countries of the Kingdom. The Kingdom of Denmark as
2277-447: Is not recognised by North Korea , which claims to be the sole legitimate government of Korea . Syria has one self-declared autonomous region: Rojava . The British monarch also has direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown Dependencies : It also has sovereignty over several uninhabited territories: It also disputes sovereignty over the following two territories: Three sovereign states have become associated states of
2376-645: Is now a traditional chieftain within the governments of both Sudan and the South Sudan state of Upper Nile . Most Shilluks have converted to Christianity. The Shilluk Kingdom controlled the White Nile. By the mid 1800s, the Ottomans and Arabs raided the Shilluks for cattle and slaves. Later the British colonized the area as a part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan . With a population in South Sudan of just over 381,000,
2475-535: Is something that people will have to thrash out with them." In March 2014, Kiir's government organized a rally accusing the United Nations of colluding with anti-government forces. Protesters carried signs accusing the UN of arming anti-government forces. Relations between Kiir's government and some erstwhile supporters deteriorated since the start of the civil war. He disclosed in an op-ed published in his name in
2574-513: Is true with most of the surrounding countries, the tribe or clan is the primary local social unit, with tribal regions crossing several political boundaries. The Nilotic peoples constitute the bulk of the population of South Sudan, with at least 25 ethnic subdivisions, including Dinka , Nuer , Toposa , and the Shilluk , extending into southwestern Ethiopia, northeastern Uganda, western Kenya, and northern Tanzania. The Nilotic peoples are part of
2673-662: The 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum with Kiir as its inaugural President. Kiir was born in 1951 into a pastoral Dinka family in the village of Akon in the Awan-Chan Dinka community in Gogrial County, South Sudan , as the eighth of nine children (six boys and three girls) in the family. His father, Kuethpiny Thiik Atem (d. 2007), was a cattle herder who belonged to Payum clan. Atem had three wives, Awiei Rou Wol, Adut Makuei Piol and Awien Akoon Deng, along with 16 children. Kiir's mother, Awiei Rou Wol Tong
2772-518: The Abyei district, on the border between northern Sudan and southern Sudan. Another complication is the large population of South Sudanese refugees in the north. The central government inhibited their return. In 2009, Sudan started a new Southern Sudanese census ahead of the 2011 independence referendum , which is said to also include the Southern Sudanese diaspora. However this initiative
2871-547: The Egyptian and Sudanese intelligence agencies. Kiir is reported to be the part-owner of ABMC Thai-South Sudan Construction Company Limited. With Garang Deng Aguer and Benjamin Bol Mel According to a report by Radio Tamazuj , however, Kiir's shares are not held directly but may be concealed in the name of a close associate. Ties between Kiir and the company were denied by Kiir's spokesman Ateny Wek. The company
2970-538: The SPLA . Allegedly, a traditional Dinka ceremony was conducted by his brothers. This led to strife between Kiir's eldest daughter and Aluel William Nyuon Bany. Kiir has not publicly commented on the allegation. According to media reports in Kenya , "Kiir's in-laws" have requested privacy. Kiir is Catholic . South Sudanese South Sudan is home to around 60 indigenous ethnic groups and 80 linguistic partitions among
3069-654: The South Sudanese Civil War . About 400,000 people were estimated to have been killed in the war by April 2018, including notable atrocities such as the 2014 Bentiu massacre . According to a Saudi Arabian diplomatic cable released by WikiLeaks in June 2015, the Saudi Arabian embassy in Khartoum had previously alerted the Saudi Arabian government of an assassination plot against Kiir by members of
Salva Kiir Mayardit - Misplaced Pages Continue
3168-662: The Southern Hemisphere : Azad Kashmir describes itself as a "self-governing state under Pakistani control", while Gilgit-Baltistan is described in its governance order as a group of "areas" with self-government. These territories are not usually regarded as sovereign, as they do not fulfil the criteria set out by the declarative theory of statehood (for example, their current laws do not allow them to engage independently in relations with other states). Several state functions of these territories (such as foreign affairs and defense) are performed by Pakistan. South Korea
3267-523: The UN System " column legend " Sovereignty dispute " column legend [REDACTED] The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan continues to be recognised by the United Nations as the government of Afghanistan. and Brčko District , a self-governing administrative district . China claims, but does not control, Taiwan , which is governed by a rival administration (the Republic of China) that claims all of China as its territory. China
3366-475: The Ubangian family; they occupy the southwest of the country. The most widely spoken Ubangian language in South Sudan is Zande . By other estimates, there are at least 80 ethnic groups in South Sudan differentiated by various languages and dialects. Some tribes, such as the Dinka have at least 6 different groupings speaking different dialects typically based on geography. Some tribes have clans whose chiefs are
3465-463: The White House , Kiir received a black stetson as a gift from U.S. President George W. Bush . He reportedly liked it so much that he purchased several. He now rarely makes public appearances without wearing one. In a politically charged social issue, it has been claimed that Kiir secretly married the daughter of former comrade, the late William Nyuon Bany , an ethnic Nuer and former leader of
3564-485: The investigation , arrest and prosecution of the individuals who carried out the violence against civilians of both the Nuer and Murle ethnic groups is widely believed to have contributed massively to, if not categorically, the mass murders , as well as the continued perpetration of the ethnic violence. Kiir established a figurehead "Investigation Committee" with an ostentatious mandate to investigate those responsible for
3663-821: The 18th of March 2023 without charge. In mid-October 2011, Kiir announced South Sudan had applied for accession to the East African Community . He declared the East African Community to be "at the center of our hearts" due to its members' support of South Sudan during the Sudanese civil wars. On 20 December 2011, Kiir visited Israel to thank it for its support during the First Sudanese Civil War from 1956 to 1972, and met with Israeli president Shimon Peres to discuss establishing an embassy in Jerusalem , which would make South Sudan
3762-411: The Dinka nor the Nuer or any other tribes have a tradition of centralized political authority and embrace a cattle culture where land is held by the community and livestock is the main measure of wealth. It is common to conduct cattle raids against neighbors. The tribes are fragmented into clans of politically separate communities with customs against intermarriage among clans. Processes of urbanization are
3861-597: The First Vice President of Sudan in accordance with the interim constitution. South Sudanese voted overwhelmingly in favor of their independence from Sudan in January 2011, with 98.83% of voters reportedly preferring to split from the North. On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became an independent state, with Kiir as its first president. Kiir positioned himself as a reformer, using his inaugural address to call for
3960-510: The Luo are the 8th largest ethnic group in South Sudan. The Luo seem to be one of the few ethnic groups embracing the concept of individual ownership of property, having a very complex system for inheritance based on the seniority of sons. The Nuer people (part of the Nilotic group) are the second largest group in South Sudan, representing 15.6% of the population in 2013 (or about 1.8 million ). In
4059-517: The Machigi lo̱o̱c. Members of the Machigi Lo̱o̱c are young men who are old enough to participate in warfare (cattle raiding and defense of the village). The Tennet practice traditional beliefs and religious practices, including having a tribal Rainmaker who is entrusted with performing certain rituals to bring rain. Tennet also worships and sacrifice to spirits and gods and place great importance upon
Salva Kiir Mayardit - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-759: The Ministry of Justice. His presidency was characterized as a period of reconstruction, albeit one marred by internal and foreign disputes. Among these were the Heglig Crisis , which caused a border war with Sudan , and an internal political crisis in which attempts were made to overthrow him. On 18 June 2013, Kiir issued an order lifting the immunity of two ministers in the national government pending investigations into an alleged corruption case in which they appeared to be implicated. He also issued an order suspending Cabinet Affairs Minister Deng Alor Kuol and Finance Minister Kosti Manibe Ngai from their duties during
4257-568: The Nilotic group) have no centralized political authority, but are instead organized by several independent but interlaced clans. The Dinka people are the largest group in South Sudan, representing 40% of the population (depending on the source, between 1 and 4 million people) and live primarily in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 's historic province of Bahr el Ghazal . Today, the region consists of the South Sudan states Northern Bahr el Ghazal , Lakes , and Warrap , with significant presence in
4356-568: The PRC. The ROC participates in international organizations under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly " Chinese Taipei " and in the WTO it has full membership under the designation of "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu". The ROC was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971, with veto power in the UN Security Council . See China and
4455-569: The ROC also maintains unofficial relations with 58 UN member states, one self-declared state ( Somaliland ), three territories ( Guam , Hong Kong , and Macau ), and the European Union via its representative offices and consulates under the One China principle. Taiwan has the 31st-largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices. The territory of the ROC is claimed in whole by
4554-660: The SPLA, the SPLM's military wing, when Dr. John Garang was killed in a helicopter crash. Rumours to remove Kiir from his post as SPLA Chief of Staff in 2004 nearly caused the organization to split. Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement formally ending the war in January 2005, Garang was sworn in as the Vice President of the Republic of Sudan. After the death of John Garang De in
4653-546: The Shilluk represent the country's 5th largest ethnic group. The city of Kodok (formerly Fashoda) serves as the mediating city for the Shilluk King. It is a place where ceremonies and the coronation of each new Shilluk King takes place. For over 500 years, Fashoda is believed to be a place where the spirit of Juok (God), the spirit of Nyikango (the founder of Shilluk Kingdom and the spiritual leader of Shilluk religion),
4752-627: The South Sudan population, and primary residents of the historic Upper Nile Region and Bahr el Ghazal Region or the Nuer people (18.6%) of the South Sudan population living primarily in the historic Greater Upper Nile region along with a significant number of Dinka. Both peoples speak one of the Nilo-Saharan languages and are closely related linguistically. Sixty four languages are standard language in South Sudan; however, their dialects are not all mutually intelligible . Historically, neither
4851-466: The South Sudan states of Upper Nile , Jonglei , and Unity . The region also has a significant presence from Dinka (and other Nilotic people ), the Shilluk people , and Murle people , as well as Moslem Arab tribes. Historically, the Shilluk people (part of the Nilotic group) created the Shilluk Kingdom which existed in Southern Sudan from 1490 to 1865. Their king was considered divine, and
4950-494: The South Sudanese people "to forgive though we shall not forget" injustices imposed at the hands of the northern Sudanese over the preceding decades and announce a general amnesty for South Sudanese groups that had warred against the SPLM in the past. A few weeks later, he publicly addressed members of the military and police to warn them that rape, torture, and other human rights violations carried out by armed personnel would be considered criminal acts and prosecuted aggressively by
5049-476: The South Sudanese state of Unity , triggering the Heglig Crisis . On 27 September, Kiir met Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir and signed eight agreements in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia, which led the way to resume important oil exports and create a 10-kilometre (6 mi) demilitarized zone along their border. The agreements allow for the return of 56,000,000 litres (350,000 barrels) of South Sudanese oil to
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#17327874158095148-567: The UN, 800 people from both ethnic groups were killed between December 2011 and February 2012, while women and children were abducted and property was looted and destroyed. Unbeknownst to large numbers of or the entire child soldier population, Kiir planned and had decided to agree to warlike stipends from the Obama administration beginning in 2012, regardless of an American law prohibiting aid to nations utilizing child soldiers created and passed in 2008. A lack of accountability and justice pertaining to
5247-901: The United States under the Compact of Free Association : "Membership within the UN System" column legend "Sovereignty dispute" column legend The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone , are claimed in whole by Morocco as part of its Southern Provinces . In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of Western Sahara to the west of the Moroccan Wall controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in Tindouf , Algeria . In addition to these relations,
5346-640: The Washington Times in October 2015 that unnamed "international partners in peace" had threatened his government with sanctions , the withdrawal of aid support, and referrals to the International Criminal Court. On 26 March 2012, the South Sudanese army attacked the oilfield in the town of Heglig (known also to the Dinka of the Unity state as Panthou ), located between the border of the Sudanese state of South Kordofan and
5445-437: The area in the 1700s and speak the Otuho language . Their religion is based on nature and ancestor worship. Land is held in trust by the community; with no single person in authority. A group of people decide they will make gardens in a certain place, and the group decide the boundaries of each person's garden. Certain areas are fallow (for up to 10 years in the mountains) and other areas open to cultivation (for up to 4 years in
5544-423: The basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 205 entities: The table includes bullets in the right-hand column representing entities that are either not sovereign states or have a close association to another sovereign state. It also includes subnational areas where the sovereignty of the titular state is limited by an international agreement. Taken together, these include: "Membership within
5643-436: The census in the South said the census-takers probably reached 89% of the population. If this estimate is correct, the size of the South Sudanese population is about 9.28 million. The population count was a determining factor for the share of wealth and power each part of Sudan received. Among the accusations made against the census were that the Sudanese government deliberately manipulated the census in oil-rich regions such as
5742-516: The clan or community are made in meetings attended only by the men, traditionally held in the dark hours before the dawn. The Toposa believe in a supreme being and in ancestral spirits. During the civil wars, they at times supported the SPLA, and at other times supported the army of Sudan. The Lotuho people (part of the (para) Nilotic group), are primarily a pastoral people numbering over 207,000 (representing its 6th or 7th largest ethnic group ) located in Eastern Equatoria. They seem to have migrated to
5841-413: The crimes have been arrested, charged, or convicted. In December 2022, Kiir lost control of his bladder and involuntarily urinated into his clothing during a road opening ceremony. Six staff of the South Sudan Broadcasting Corporation were subsequently arrested on 7 January 2023 in relation to video of the urination, which was widely distributed online. The last of the journalists was eventually released on
5940-426: The custodian of commonly held land, and a few tribes recognize individual ownership of land with complex inheritance rules among male family members. In still other tribes and clans, the elders are more judicial in nature, with chiefs dealing with conflict resolution. Some tribes are local to South Sudan and others are part of groups that spread across several national boundaries. In order to maintain ethnic harmony in
6039-454: The death of John Garang . Kiir was born to the Dinka ethnic group and joined Anyanya rebels fighting for Southern independence during the First Sudanese Civil War in the late 1960s. Following the outbreak of the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983, Kiir joined the new Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) rebel group led by John Garang as a member of its armed wing, the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA), eventually becoming
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#17327874158096138-403: The degree to which recognition should be included as a criterion of statehood. The declarative theory of statehood argues that statehood is purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant. On the other end of the spectrum, the constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognised as sovereign by other states. For
6237-543: The early months of 2017, parts of South Sudan experienced a famine following several years of instability in the country's food supply caused by civil war and drought . International humanitarian advocates stated the famine was manmade and pointed to the country's ongoing conflict for creating the famine conditions. More than 3 million people had been displaced by ongoing violence across the country, forcing families to abandon agricultural land and livestock, leaving them with few food resources to survive with. The worst fighting
6336-468: The educational system is modelled after that of the Republic of Sudan . Primary education consists of eight years, followed by four years of secondary education, and then four years of university instruction; the 8 + 4 + 4 system, in place since 1990. The primary language at all levels is English , as compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the language of instruction is Arabic . There is a severe shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers in
6435-452: The entire Realm of New Zealand in all international contexts, which has responsibilities for (but no rights of control over) two freely associated states : The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with 49 and 18 UN members respectively. They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN, and are members of some UN specialized agencies . Norway has one dependent territory and two claimed Antarctic dependent territories in
6534-408: The entire duration of the probe. In July 2013, Kiir sacked his entire cabinet, including his vice president, Riek Machar , ostensibly to reduce the size of government. However, Machar said that it was a step towards dictatorship and that he would challenge Kiir for the presidency. He also dismissed Taban Deng Gai as Governor of Unity State. Kiir told Radio Netherlands Worldwide that homosexuality
6633-524: The final tally 'unacceptable'." He also claimed the Southern Sudanese population to really be one-third of Sudan, while the census showed it to be only 22%. Many Southern Sudanese were also said to not have been counted "due to bad weather, really poor communication and transport networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many Southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities." The chief American technical adviser for
6732-418: The first country to have one in that city. After the outbreak of the South Sudanese civil war, Salva Kiir delivered a speech in January 2014 lashing out at the United Nations and "so-called humanitarian organizations", accusing them of supporting Riek Machar to try to overthrow him. He accused the UN of sheltering his enemies on their bases adding, "There is a problem with the international community, and it
6831-404: The forthcoming independence referendum was a choice between being "a second class in your own country" or "a free person in your independent state" were expected to further strain political tensions. Reports in January 2010 that Kiir would not contest April elections for Sudanese president, but would focus on re-election as president of Southern Sudan were interpreted to mean that the SPLM priority
6930-536: The full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine 1.5% of GDP (2016) Country comparison to the world: 185th definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2009 est.) South Sudan is home to around 60 indigenous ethnic groups. About 95% of South Sudanese, among them the Dinka, speak one of the Nilo-Saharan languages , an extremely diverse language family. Nilo-Saharan languages spoken in South Sudan include both Nilotic and non-Nilotic. The other 5% speak languages from
7029-461: The head of the SPLA. Following the Comprehensive Peace Agreement , the South gained autonomy under the leadership of Garang in July 2005. Following Garang's death at the end of the month, Kiir became the new President of the Southern Autonomous region, as well as First Vice President of the central government. Kiir won re-election as President following the 2010 South Sudanese general election . The following year, South Sudan gained independence after
7128-470: The historic province of Greater Upper Nile 's states of Jonglei , Upper Nile , and Unity . Traditionally, the Dinkas believe in one God (Nhialic) who speaks through spirits (jok) that take temporary possession of individuals. British missionaries in the late 19th century introduced Christianity, which now predominates. The region was one of the scenes of fighting in the First Sudanese Civil War . In 1983
7227-622: The late 19th century, British, Arab and Turkish traders exerted influence in the area. The Nuer tended to resist the Arab and Turkish, which led to conflict with the Dinka, who supported the British. Members of the Nuer White Army (named from the practice of using Fly ash on their bodies as an Insect repellent ), were originally a group of armed youth formed to protect their cattle from other raiding tribes, and often at odds with their elders. However, they refused to lay down their weapons at
7326-548: The lead-up to a meeting of the National Liberation Council (NLC) of the ruling SPLM party. After two days of NLC meetings, on the night of 15 December 2013 shooting erupted within Salva Kiir's Presidential Guards. The next day, Kiir denounced Machar and other senior SPLM officials for staging a failed coup against his government, a claim later denied by Machar and others. These events marked the start of
7425-618: The mass murders and murders, but as of January 2013 no finances had been allocated to the "Investigation Committee" or any of its members sworn in to commence the investigation and bring those to justice. Throughout the Jonglei disarmament "Operation Restore Peace" which began in March 2012 and continued throughout the year, soldiers were ordered to and assumed the responsibility of extrajudicial killings , severe beatings , binding people with rope, and torture to extract "information" regarding
7524-412: The murders that "The murder of five journalists is a devastating attack on South Sudan's already beleaguered press corps," and that "We urge Western Bahr el Ghazal authorities to do their utmost to identify the perpetrators and bring them to justice, and to ensure journalists are allowed to carry out their duties safely." At present, none of the parties responsible for ordering the murders or perpetrators of
7623-539: The names of Musa Mohamed (the director of the state-run radio station Raja FM), Adam Juma (reporter and presenter for Raja FM), Dalia Marko and Randa George (reporters for Raja FM), and Boutros Martin (a cameraman for the Western Bahr el Ghazal of South Sudan Television) had been murdered while traveling as part of a convoy, along with six other people. Tom Rhodes of the Committee to Protect Journalists stated after
7722-462: The other members of the Surmic language family. Tennet people practice Swidden agriculture and are part of the cow culture, which are the main measure of wealth and are used for Bride wealth , and they also hunt, fish, and raise goats and sheep. However, they are primarily dependent on sorghum, and drought can cause severe food shortages. Tennet communities are governed by the ruling age set, called
7821-471: The past were involved in the ivory trade . The Toposa have always competed for water and pasturage with their neighbors, and have always engaged in cattle rustling. The Toposa have a population of about 207,000 in South Sudan, representing its 6th or 7th largest ethnic group. There is no clear political organization among the Toposa, although respect is paid to elders, chiefs and wise men. Most decisions about
7920-704: The plains), with fallow areas being used for grazing livestock. In recent times, the Lotuho and their neighbors the Lopit have been in conflict with the Murle people, who have traditionally raided their cattle and abducted their children. The Didinga (diDinga) occupy the Didinga Hills region in the central part of Eastern Equatoria . They speak the Didinga language (part of the Surmic language family) also spoken by
8019-433: The purposes of this list, included are all polities that consider themselves sovereign states (through a declaration of independence or some other means) and either: In some cases, there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed. Unique political entities which fail to meet the classification of a sovereign state are considered proto-states . On
8118-497: The rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) in the second civil war . Garang had advanced military knowledge and experience from both the United States and Sudan, and Kiir served as his deputy. In 1997, Kiir commanded the SPLA troops that took part in Operation Thunderbolt , a very successful rebel offensive during which most of Western Equatoria was captured by the SPLA. Kiir eventually rose to head
8217-667: The representative of the Palestinian people, recognised Israel in 1993 . The Metropolitan Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom. Three overseas parts of the Netherlands ( Bonaire , Saba and Sint Eustatius ) are special municipalities of the metropolitan Netherlands. The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law only wholly applies to parts within Europe. The New Zealand Government acts for
8316-452: The scientific and technical fields. Illiteracy rates are high in the country. In 2011, it is estimated that more than 80% of the South Sudanese population cannot read or write. The challenges are particularly severe when it comes to girls; South Sudan has proportionately fewer girls going to school than any other country in the world. According to UNICEF , fewer than one per cent of girls complete primary education. Only one schoolchild in four
8415-619: The spirits of the deceased Shilluk kings and the spirit of the living Shilluk King come to mediate for the Kingdom of Shilluk's spiritual healing. Historically, the Toposa people (part of the Nilotic group) were part of the " Karamojong cluster " of present-day Uganda , leaving the area in the late 16th century, eventually settling in eastern part of the State of Eastern Equatoria (part of the historic Equatoria region). Traditionally they lived by herding cattle, sheep and goats, low-level warfare (usually cattle raids, against their neighbors), and in
8514-426: The state as a person of international law if it "possess[es] the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) a capacity to enter into relations with the other states" so long as it was not "obtained by force whether this consists in the employment of arms, in threatening diplomatic representations, or in any other effective coercive measure". Debate exists on
8613-458: The stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed
8712-605: The time of South Sudan’s independence for their lack of trust in the SPLA's protection of their community and properties, which led the SPLA to confiscate Nuer cattle, destroying their economy but unsuccessful. The same White Army have clashed with the Murle rebellion and later on fought for relatives massacred in Juba over the SPM crisis. The Nuer people are significant minorities in the Greater Upper Nile region, consisting of
8811-646: The wake of aerial bombings carried out by the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) in parts of South Sudan's northern Bahr el Ghazal state, killing at least eight people and injuring an equal number. South Sudan treated the attack as a gross violation of the cooperation agreement the two country's leaders signed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on 27 September. In September 2013, an article appeared on the South Sudan News Agency website. The article
8910-473: The whereabouts of weapons. After rumors about a planned coup surfaced in Juba in late 2012, Kiir began reorganizing the senior leadership of his government, party and military on an unprecedented scale. In January 2013, he replaced the inspector general of the national police service with a lieutenant from the army, and dismissed six deputy chiefs of staff and 29 major generals in the army. In February 2013 Kiir retired an additional 117 army generals but this
9009-510: The world market. In addition, the agreements include an understanding of the parameters to follow in regards to demarcating their border, an economic cooperation agreement and a deal to protect each other's citizens. Certain issues remain unsolved and future talks are scheduled to resolve them. On 25 November 2012, South Sudan launched a formal complaint to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) against Sudan in
9108-710: The worship of dead ancestors. The Acholi people (part of the Nilotic group) occupy a region in the western part of Eastern Equatoria and speak the Acholi language . It is estimated that in 2013 there are under 60,000 Acholi in South Sudan, and 1.6 million in Uganda. The Acholi developed a different sociopolitical order characterized by the formation of Chiefdoms headed by Rwodi who traditionally came from one clan, with each chiefdom containing several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. The Rwodi were traditionally believed to have supernatural powers, but ruled through
9207-585: Was a farmer, who belonged to the Payii clan. In 1967, Kiir joined the Anyanya rebel group in the First Sudanese Civil War . By the time of the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement , he was a low-ranking officer and was integrated into the Sudanese Armed Forces as per the agreement. In 1983, when John Garang joined an army mutiny he had been sent to put down, Kiir and other Southern leaders defected to
9306-475: Was authored by a South Sudanese analyst and critical writer by the name Duop Chak Wuol. In his writings, Duop criticized the ruling SPLM party and warned of widespread consequences if party doesn't fix its growing autocratic policies. Duop also predicted negative results the young nation would face if a civil war break out. Tensions rose between Kiir and his former vice president Riek Machar in December 2013 in
9405-542: Was awarded at least $ 161 million in government roads contracts. The president's wife previously held shares in Yanyyom Mineral Water and Beverage Factory located in Juba . The factory took its name from Lake Yanyyom, located near the president's hometown Akon in Warrap State. Another owner of the factory was Garang Deng Aguer, a business magnate and former Governor of Northern Bahr el Ghazal State. In
9504-469: Was criticised as it was to leave out countries with a high share of the Southern Sudanese diaspora, and rather count countries where the diaspora share was low. The registration of vital events in South Sudan is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Population estimates account for under numeration in population censuses. In South Sudan ,
9603-479: Was in Unity State , where tens of thousands of people fled their homes due to a government offensive against opposition-held areas. Days after the declaration of famine, the government raised the price of a business visa from $ 100 to $ 10,000, mostly aimed at aid workers, citing a need to increase government revenue. U.N. officials said that Kiir was blocking food deliveries to some areas. In 2006, when visiting
9702-412: Was independence. Kiir was re-elected with 93% of the vote in the 2010 South Sudanese election . Although the vote on both the national and sub-national level was criticized by democratic activists and international observers, the overwhelming margin of Kiir's re-election was noted by some media as being "Step One" in the process of secession. Following his re-election, Omar al-Bashir reappointed Kiir as
9801-580: Was viewed as troublesome in regards to a power grab by others. Kiir had also suggested that his rivals were trying to revive the rifts that had provoked infighting in the 1990s. On 7 May 2013 Kiir dismissed legal advisor Justice Ajonye Perpetua and deputy Foreign Minister Elias Nyamlell Wako . Kiir had announced that he would no longer tolerate criticism by members of his cabinet. In July, Kiir sacked his entire cabinet, leading experts to warn of upcoming "a full-blown catastrophe". In December 2013, Kiir accused his vice President and other Party members of plotting
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