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95-542: Samobor is located west of Zagreb , between the eastern slopes of the Samobor hills ( Croatian : Samoborsko gorje ), the eastern part of Žumberak Mountains , in the Sava River valley. It is part of the historical region of Croatia proper . The city government, court, police, health service, and a post office are part of the Samobor infrastructure. Samobor has existed as a free royal town since 1242, according to

190-487: A free royal city in 1242. In 1851, Janko Kamauf became Zagreb's first mayor . Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division —it comprises a consolidated city-county (but separate from Zagreb County ), and is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts . Most of the city districts lie at a low elevation along the valley of the river Sava , but northern and northeastern city districts, such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in

285-603: A gasworks . The Zagreb waterworks opened in 1878. After the 1880 Zagreb earthquake , up to the 1914 outbreak of World War I , development flourished and the town received the characteristic layout which it has today. The first horse-drawn tram dated from 1891. The construction of railway lines enabled the old suburbs to merge gradually into Donji Grad , characterized by a regular block pattern that prevails in Central European cities. This bustling core includes many imposing buildings, monuments, and parks as well as

380-508: A metathesis of * Zabreg , which would originate from Old Slavic breg (see Proto-Slavic * bergъ ) in the sense of "riverbank", referring to River Sava. This metathesis has been attested in Kajkavian , but the meaning of "riverbank" is lost in modern Croatian and folk etymology associates it instead with breg "hill", ostensibly referring to Medvednica. Hungarian linguist Gyula Décsy similarly uses metathesis to construct * Chaprakov(o) ,

475-490: A "similar attitude towards food," whereas Chicago 's link with Warsaw , Poland began with Chicago's historic Polish community . The twinning of Indianapolis with Monza , Italy, is due to both cities' long association with auto racing . A twin towns program was instituted in the United States in 1956 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower proposed a citizen diplomacy initiative. Sister Cities International (SCI)

570-519: A "tuning" partnership based on a shared musical heritage and culture offer, at the initiative of Bristol Mayor George Ferguson . Annecy , France and Nerima , Tokyo have for several years shared a partnership based on their "co-existent animation industry". Toledo, United States twinned with Toledo, Spain in 1931, and was the first city in North America to engage in town twinning. Vancouver, Canada twinned with Odesa, Ukraine in 1944,

665-534: A common etymology . These similarities usually arise from sharing the same or related language or having been a colony or previously conquered. The twinning of towns and cities is sometimes done for political purposes. The Hungarian city Gyöngyös was twinned with the Azerbaijani city of Shusha in 2013, signing the twinning agreement with representatives from the Azerbaijani government; Hungary recognised Shusha as de jure part of Azerbaijan , even though it

760-522: A diocese. Alongside the bishop's see , the canonical settlement Kaptol developed north of Zagreb Cathedral , as did the fortified settlement Gradec on the neighbouring hill, with the border between the two formed by the Medveščak stream. Today the latter is Zagreb's Upper Town ( Gornji Grad ) and is one of the best-preserved urban nuclei in Croatia. Both settlements came under Tatar attack in 1242. As

855-698: A document of endowment by King Béla IV . Since the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, Szamobor was part of the Habsburg monarchy , ( Transleithania after the compromise of 1867 ), and soon after in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , created when the Kingdom of Slavonia and the Kingdom of Croatia were merged in 1868. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Samobor was a district capital in the Zagreb County of

950-575: A factory in the Republic of Karelia in Russia and offered the same profit-sharing plan to its Russian employees. China's sister city relationships are managed by the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries , a united front organization. Sister city initiatives are an increasingly widespread mechanism for Chinese public diplomacy . From the early 2000s until 2024,

1045-401: A hierarchical relationship. In the 2010s, Tokyo began to actively promote 'city diplomacy' with other global cities at the initiative of governor Yoichi Masuzoe . Relationships between communities can also arise because of shared names; they may be named after one community (as in the case of Córdoba ), they may share names (as in the case of Santiago de Compostela ), or their names may have

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1140-611: A link that still exists. Since 9 April 1956 Rome and Paris have been exclusively and reciprocally twinned with each other, following the motto: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris." Within Europe, town twinning is supported by the European Union. The support scheme was established in 1989. In 2003 an annual budget of about € 12 million was allocated to about 1,300 projects. The Council of European Municipalities and Regions also works closely with

1235-502: A long-standing restriction that forbade the construction of 10-story or higher buildings, most of Zagreb's high-rise buildings date from the 1970s and 1980s and new apartment buildings on the outskirts of the city are usually 4–8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of high-rise buildings in Lanište or Kajzerica. The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since

1330-577: A multitude of museums, theatres, and cinemas. An electric-power plant was built in 1907. Since 1 January 1877, the Grič cannon fires daily from the Lotrščak Tower on Grič to mark midday. The first half of the 20th century saw a considerable expansion of Zagreb. Before World War I, the city expanded and neighborhoods like Stara Peščenica in the east and Črnomerec in the west grew up. The Rokov perivoj neighbourhood, noted for its Art Nouveau features,

1425-668: A new plan that allowed for the many recent high-rise buildings in Zagreb, such as the Almeria Tower, Eurotower , HOTO Tower , Zagrebtower , Sky Office Tower and the tallest high-rise building in Zagreb Strojarska Business Center . In Novi Zagreb , the neighbourhoods of Blato and Lanište expanded significantly, including the Zagreb Arena and the adjoining business centre. Due to

1520-564: A number of other smaller communities. After the easing of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, thousands of foreign workers immigrated to Zagreb due to the shortage of labor force in Croatia. These workers primarily come from countries such as Nepal , the Philippines , India , and Bangladesh , as well as some European countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbia , Kosovo and North Macedonia . List of districts by area and population in 2021. Since 14 December 1999 City of Zagreb

1615-508: A precipitation decrease pattern. February is the driest month, averaging 39 mm of precipitation. On average there are 29 days with snowfall, with the first snow usually falling in early December. However, in recent years, the number of days with snowfall in wintertime has decreased considerably. Spring is characterized by often pleasant but changeable weather. As the season progresses, sunny days become more frequent, bringing higher temperatures. Sometimes cold spells can occur as well, mostly in

1710-573: A putative Slavicisation of a Hungarian hypocorism for " Cyprian ", similar to the etymology of Csepreg , Hungary. The most likely derivation is * Zagrębъ in the sense of "embankment" or "rampart", i.e. remains of the 1st millennium fortifications on Grič . In Middle Latin and Modern Latin , Zagreb is known as Agranum (the name of an unrelated Arabian city in Strabo ), Zagrabia or Mons Graecensis (also Mons Crecensis , in reference to Grič (Gradec) ). The most common folk etymology derives

1805-406: A real danger of strong earthquakes. Croatian Chief of Office of Emergency Management Pavle Kalinić stated Zagreb experiences around 400 earthquakes a year, most of them being imperceptible. However, in case of a strong earthquake, it's expected that 3,000 people would die and up to 15,000 would be wounded. In 2020 the city experienced a 5.5 magnitude earthquake , which damaged various buildings in

1900-586: A sign of gratitude for offering him a safe haven from the Tatars, the Croatian and Hungarian King Béla IV granted Gradec the Golden Bull of 1242 , which gave its citizens exemption from county rule and autonomy, as well as their own judicial system . The development of Kaptol began in 1094 after the foundation of the diocese , while the growth of Gradec began after the Golden Bull was issued in 1242. In

1995-409: A sort of international relations that works in parallel to the conventional system involving embassies, ambassadors, and treaties negotiated at the level of nation states . According to Rodrigo Tavares , the earliest formal attempts to establish city diplomacy across national boundaries took place in the 19th century. Only a handful of cities were involved in the 19th-century efforts; it was not until

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2090-546: A twin town. Twinned towns are often chosen because of similarities between them; thus about 15 towns in Wales are twinned with towns in Brittany , and Oxford is with Bonn , Leiden , Grenoble and other university cities. In Italy, two sets of twins are Rovigo with Viernheim , and Bedford with Tulcea . Many former West German cities are twinned with former East German cities; these twinning links were established before

2185-409: Is Atletski klub Samobor 2007 . The local gymnastics club Gimnastički klub Samobor . The local volleyball club is Odbojkaški klub Samobor . The local tennis club is Tenis klub Samobor 1890 . The local table tennis club is Stolnoteniski klub Samobor . The local taekwondo club is Taekwondo klub Koryo Samobor . The local mountain bike club is Brdsko-biciklistički klub Šišmiš . The local kickboxing klub

2280-430: Is TNT Samobor . The local motocross club is Moto Cross Klub TRP Marović . The main football ground is Gradski Stadion Samobor. The main indoor sports hall is Sportska dvorana Samobor with the seating capacity of 700. Other indoor sports halls are Sportska dvorana Bogumil Toni with seating capacity of 500, Sportska dvorana Rude with seating capacity of 300 and Sportska dvorana OŠ Samobor with no seating capacity. Samobor

2375-574: Is twinned with: Zagreb Zagreb ( / ˈ z ɑː ɡ r ɛ b / ZAH -greb Croatian: [zǎːɡreb] ) is the capital and largest city of Croatia . It is in the north of the country , along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb stands near the international border between Croatia and Slovenia at an elevation of approximately 158 m (518 ft) above sea level . At

2470-593: Is ŽRK Samobor , who play in the Prva HRL. The local men's handball clubs are RK Mladost 09 , and RK Rudar , who play in the Premijer liga. The local men's basketball club is KK Samobor , who play in the Prva muška liga . The local judo clubs are Judo Klub Samobor , and Judo Klub Profectus Samobor . The local karate clubs are Karate klub Samobor , Karate klub Mladost and Karate klub Bregana . The local athletics club

2565-477: Is a city known for its diverse economy, high quality of living , museums , sporting, and entertainment events. Major branches of Zagreb's economy include high-tech industries and the service sector . The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century and was increasingly used for

2660-506: Is abundant and it mainly falls during thunderstorms. With 840 mm of precipitation per year, Zagreb is Europe's ninth wettest capital, receiving less precipitation than Luxembourg but more than Brussels , Paris or London . Compared to these cities, however, Zagreb has fewer rainy days, but the annual rainfall is higher due to heavier showers occurring mainly in late spring and summer. Autumn in its early stage often brings pleasant and sunny weather with occasional episodes of rain later in

2755-485: Is divided into 17 city districts ( gradska četvrt , pl. gradske četvrti ): Twin towns and sister cities A sister city or a twin town relationship is a form of legal or social agreement between two geographically and politically distinct localities for the purpose of promoting cultural and commercial ties. While there are early examples of international links between municipalities akin to what are known as sister cities or twin towns today dating back to

2850-415: Is in a separate smaller painting (above its main one) showing a beech tree, intended as a symbol of prosperity and from which Carshalton Beeches in the borough derives its name. Another example of the use of public art is the wall sculpture of the partner cities of Munich , Germany. A recent study has concluded that geographical distance has very little, if any, influence upon communities' selections of

2945-559: Is the seat of the central government , administrative bodies , and almost all government ministries . Almost all of the largest Croatian companies , media , and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city. Zagreb is the most important transport hub in Croatia: here Central Europe , the Mediterranean and Southeast Europe meet, making the Zagreb area the centre of the road, rail and air networks of Croatia . It

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3040-602: Is thirsty and orders a girl named Manda to "scoop" water from the Manduševac well (nowadays a fountain in Ban Jelačić Square), using the imperative: Zagrabi, Mando! ("Scoop, Manda!"). The oldest known settlement located near present-day Zagreb, the Roman town of Andautonia , now Ščitarjevo , existed between the 1st and the 5th centuries AD. The first recorded appearance of the name "Zagreb" dates from 1094, at which time

3135-447: Is twinned with Dorval, Quebec ; Huai'an, China , and Neyagawa, Osaka , Japan. Town twinning begins for a variety of reasons. Generally, partner towns have similar demographics and size. They may arise from business connections, travel, similar industries, diaspora communities, or shared history. For example, the partnership between Portland, Oregon and Bologna , Italy arose from shared industries in biotechnology and education, and

3230-620: The Livadić mansion , which is today the town museum. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Livadić mansion came under the ownership of a Jewish family named Daničić. They were forced to leave as a result of the Nazi invasion in 1941. Shortly after this, the mansion was confiscated by the newly formed Independent State of Croatia and never returned to the Daničić family. On Tepec hill, a 10-minute walk from

3325-723: The World Economic Forum . In addition to C40, other organisations facilitating city diplomacy include the World Cities Summit , City Mayors Foundation , the Smart City Expo World Congress , the Strong City Network and 100 Resilient Cities. As of 2016, there were over 125 such multilateral networks and forums to facilitate international collaboration between different municipal authorities. A Bill introduced in

3420-694: The Zagreb County . Zagreb metropolitan area makes approximately a quarter of a total population of Croatia . In 1997, the City of Zagreb itself was given special County status, separating it from Zagreb County, although it remains the administrative centre of both. The majority of its citizens are Croats making up 93.53% of the city's population (2021 census). The same census records around 49,605 residents belonging to ethnic minorities : 12,035 Serbs (1.57%), 6,566 Bosniaks (0.86%), 3,475 Albanians (0.45%), 2,167 Romani (0.28%), 1,312 Slovenes (0.17%), 1,036 Macedonians (0.15%), 865 Montenegrins (0.11%), and

3515-653: The international airport ( Pleso ) were built south of the Sava river. The largest industrial zone (Žitnjak) in the south-eastern part of the city, represents an extension of the industrial zones on the eastern outskirts of the city, between the Sava and the Prigorje region. Zagreb hosted the Summer Universiade in 1987. This event initiated the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre and extensive new sport infrastructure, lacking until then, all around

3610-581: The 1990s, when the Nottingham City Council in the UK considered installing a tram network, it consulted experts from its twin city of Karlsruhe , which has one of the most extensive and efficient tram networks in Germany. With assistance from Karlsruhe's specialist engineers, Nottingham completed its second tram line in 2013. In 2014, Bristol and New Orleans announced their intention to form

3705-533: The 2019 session of the US Congress would have legislated for a City and State Diplomacy Act to create a new Office of Subnational Diplomacy at the Department of State . H.R.3571 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): City and State Diplomacy Act. Recently, the field of city diplomacy has taken a step beyond city-to-city exchanges to target the facilitation of dialogue between cities and multilateral organs, such as

3800-508: The 2021 census, the city itself had a population of 767,131, while the population of Zagreb metropolitan area is 1,217,150. Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from Roman times. The oldest settlement in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia , in today's Šćitarjevo . The historical record of the name "Zagreb" dates from 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became

3895-449: The 9th century, the modern concept was first established and adopted worldwide during World War II . Throughout history, many cities have participated in various cultural exchanges and similar activities that might resemble a sister-city or twin-city relationship, but the first officially documented case of such a relationship was a signed agreement between the leaders of the cities of Toledo, Ohio and Toledo, Spain in 1931. However,

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3990-483: The Battle of Stalingrad. The twinning between Coventry and Stalingrad was formalized in 1944 and, after the end of the war, similar links were established to foster friendship and understanding among former foes as an act of peace and reconciliation, with new twinnings between Coventry and German cities: Kiel as early as in 1947 and Dresden in 1956. In 1957, Coventry was officially twinned with Belgrade, even though

4085-512: The Dutch city was still occupied by the German Army in the final months of the war, and children from each city took part in exchanges in 1945 and 1946. Similarly, in 1947, Bristol Corporation (later Bristol City Council) sent five "leading citizens" on a goodwill mission to Hanover . Reading in 1947 was the first British town to form links with a former "enemy" city – Düsseldorf ,

4180-651: The French town; formal twinning charters were not exchanged until 1986. The practice was continued after the Second World War as a way to promote mutual understanding and cross-border projects of mutual benefit. For example, Coventry twinned with Stalingrad and later with Dresden as an act of peace and reconciliation, all three cities having been heavily bombed during the war. The city of Bath formed an " Alkmaar Adoption committee" in March 1945, when

4275-430: The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. One of the chief industries in Samobor is crystal cutting, acclaimed in Europe and all over the world. Many well-known people were born or lived in Samobor. Such notable personalities are: In the 2021 Croatian census , the total population of the administrative territory of Samobor was 37,481, distributed in the following settlements: Samobor is one of the earliest tourist resorts in

4370-633: The Netherlands, the term is jumelage , partnerstad or stedenband ("city bond" when providing mutual support). In Greece, the word αδελφοποίηση ( adelphopiisi  – fraternisation) has been adopted. In Iceland, the terms vinabæir (friend towns) and vinaborgir (friend cities) are used. In the former Soviet Bloc , "twin towns" and "twin cities" were used, and in Russian, they use города-побратимы (sworn brother cities). The Americas, South Asia, and Australasia use

4465-493: The Sava river began, resulting in Novi Zagreb (Croatian for New Zagreb ), originally called "Južni Zagreb" ( Southern Zagreb ). From 1999 Novi Zagreb has comprised two city districts : Novi Zagreb – zapad ( New Zagreb – West ) and Novi Zagreb – istok ( New Zagreb – East ) The city also expanded westward and eastward, incorporating Dubrava , Podsused, Jarun , Blato , and other settlements. The cargo railway hub and

4560-574: The Scottish village of Dull and the US town of Boring, Oregon , agreed to twin their municipalities to promote tourism in both places, playing on their names. Recently some towns have made novelty twinning arrangements with fictional or virtual locations. Wincanton , England is partnered with Ankh-Morpork from Terry Pratchett 's Discworld books . Town twinning has increasingly been used to form strategic international business links. For example, in

4655-548: The US). In Japan, the international city relations may be split into multiple terms, such as Sister Cities, Friendship Cooperation Cities, Business Partner Cities (BPC), Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), Sister Ports / Friendship Ports, etc. China mostly uses the term "friendship cooperation cities" rather than "sister cities", as the Chinese words for sisters, "姐妹" (reading: jiěmèi, literally elder sister and younger sister), could imply

4750-527: The United Kingdom, the term "twin towns" is most commonly used; the term "sister cities" is generally used for agreements with towns and cities in the Americas. In mainland Europe, the most commonly used terms are "twin towns", "partnership towns", "partner towns", and "friendship towns". The European Commission uses the term "twinned towns" and refers to the process as "town twinning". Spain uses

4845-825: The United Nations. Not only cities and towns, but also provinces, states, territories, and regions enter into twinning agreements. For example, the Canadian province of Alberta has "sister province" agreements with Gangwon, South Korea (since 1974), Hokkaido, Japan (since 1980), Heilongjiang, China (1981), Jalisco, Mexico (1999), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine (2004), Lviv, Ukraine (2005), Guangdong, China (2017), and California, United States (2018), as well as policy-oriented (as opposed to economic and cultural) agreements with Nevada, United States (since 2013), Missouri, United States (2015), and Texas, United States (2018). The earliest known town twinning in Europe

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4940-589: The city centre, there are still-visible remains of the Samobor Castle fortress built in the 13th century. These elementary schools and high schools exist in Samobor: The main local football club is NK Samobor , who play in the Treća HNL . Other football clubs are NK Bregana , NK Galgovo , NK Klokočevac , NK Rakov Potok , NK Samoborski Otok , NK Zrinski Farkaševac . The local woman's handball club

5035-533: The city existed as two different city centers: the smaller, eastern Kaptol , inhabited mainly by clergy and housing Zagreb Cathedral , and the larger, western Gradec , inhabited mainly by craftsmen and merchants. In 1851 the Ban of Croatia , Josip Jelačić , united Gradec and Kaptol; the name of the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square honors him. While Croatia formed part of Yugoslavia (1918 to 1991), Zagreb remained an important economic centre of that country, and

5130-439: The city in the 17th century. The name is first recorded in a charter by Felician, Archbishop of Esztergom , dated 1134, mentioned as Zagrabiensem episcopatum . The name is probably derived from Proto-Slavic word * grębъ which means "hill" or "uplift". An Old Croatian reconstructed name * Zagrębъ is manifested through the city's former German name, Agram . Some linguists ( e.g. Nada Klaić , Miroslav Kravar ) propose

5225-421: The city. During the 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence , the city saw some sporadic fighting around its JNA army barracks , but escaped major damage. In May 1995, it was targeted by Serb rocket artillery in two rocket attacks which killed seven civilians and wounded many. An urbanized area connects Zagreb with the surrounding towns of Zaprešić , Samobor , Dugo Selo , and Velika Gorica . Sesvete

5320-470: The commission (DG Education and Culture) to promote modern, high quality twinning initiatives and exchanges that involve all sections of the community. It has launched a website dedicated to town twinning. As of 1995, the European Union had more than 7,000 bilateral relationships involving almost 10,000 European municipalities, primarily French (2837 twinnings) and German (2485 twinnings). Public art has been used to celebrate twin town links, for instance in

5415-520: The conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol, there were several massacres of the citizens, destruction of houses and looting of citizens. In 1850, Gradec and Kaptol, with surrounding settlements, were united into a single settlement, today's city of Zagreb. There were numerous connections between the Kaptol diocese and the free sovereign town of Gradec for both economic and political reasons, but they were not known as an integrated city, even as Zagreb became

5510-443: The early 17th century, but it is visited during the year. Zagreb occasionally experiences earthquakes, due to the proximity of Žumberak - Medvednica fault zone. It's classified as an area of high seismic activity. The area around Medvednica was the epicentre of the 1880 Zagreb earthquake (magnitude 6.3), and the area is known for occasional landslide threatening houses in the area. The proximity of strong seismic sources presents

5605-470: The fall of the Iron Curtain . Famous examples are the partnerships of Hanover and Leipzig , both of which have important trade fair grounds , or between Hamburg and Dresden. The first US-German town twinning was in 1947 between Worthington, Minnesota and Crailsheim . St Petersburg in Russia holds the record for the largest number of partnership arrangements with other communities. In June 2012,

5700-448: The first grammar school , the St. Catherine's Church (built 1620-1632 ) and monastery. In 1669, they founded an academy where philosophy, theology, and law were taught, the forerunner of today's University of Zagreb . During the 17th and 18th centuries, Zagreb was badly devastated by fire and by the plague . In 1776, the royal council (government) moved from Varaždin to Zagreb and during

5795-564: The foothills of the Medvednica mountain, making the city's geographical image quite diverse. The city extends over 30 km (19 mi) east-west and around 20 km (12 mi) north-south. Zagreb ranks as a global city , with a 'Beta-' rating from the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The transport connections, the concentration of industry, scientific, and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia. Zagreb

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5890-466: The form of seven mural paintings in the centre of the town of Sutton , Greater London. The five main paintings show a number of the main features of the London Borough of Sutton and its four twin towns, along with the heraldic shield of each above the other images. Each painting also features a plant as a visual representation of its town's environmental awareness . In the case of Sutton this

5985-557: The genocide in 2016, some twin agreements such as Edirne – Haskovo were terminated by Turkey. China manages sister city relationships through the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC). In April 2019, CPAFFC president Li Xiaolin said, “Friendship city relations have become one of the important channels to implement the Belt and Road Initiative .” In January 2020, Shanghai canceled its sister city relationship with Prague after Prague's mayor signed

6080-407: The historic downtown area. The city's iconic cathedral lost the cross off of one of its towers. This earthquake was the strongest one to affect the city since the destructive 1880 Zagreb earthquake . Zagreb is by far the largest city in Croatia in terms of population, which was 767,131 in 2021. Zagreb metropolitan area population is slightly above 1.0 million inhabitants, as it includes

6175-466: The history of the city of Zagreb, there have been numerous conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol, mainly due to disputed issues of rent collection and due to disputed properties. The first known conflicts took place in the middle of the 13th century and continued with interruptions until 1667. Because of the conflict, it was recorded that the Bishop of Kaptol excommunicated the residents of Gradec twice. In

6270-595: The link actually dates back to 1953 when then Yugoslav Ambassador visited Coventry and offered a gift of timber from his native country for use in the new Civic Theatre, which when finished was named Belgrade Theatre . The purpose of twinnings was then expanded to encourage trade and tourism or to reflect other links, such as towns sharing the same name or migration links. By the 2000s, town twinning became increasingly used to form strategic international business links among member cities, and may include localities of any scope such as villages, prefectures, or countries. In

6365-593: The modern concept of town twinning appeared during the Second World War. More specifically, it was inspired by the bombing of Coventry on 14 November 1940, known as the Coventry Blitz . First conceived by the then Mayor of Coventry , Alfred Robert Grindlay , culminating in his renowned telegram to the people of Stalingrad (now Volgograd ) in 1942, the idea emerged as a way of establishing solidarity links between cities in allied countries that went through similar devastating events. The comradeship between

6460-458: The name of the city has been from the verb stem za - grab- , meaning "to scoop" or "to dig". A folk legend illustrating this derivation, attested but discarded as a serious etymology by Ivan Tkalčić , ties the name to a drought of the early 14th century, during which Augustin Kažotić (c. 1260–1323) is said to have dug a well which miraculously produced water. In another legend, a city governor

6555-619: The north is the Medvednica Mountain ( Croatian : Zagrebačka gora ), with its highest peak Sljeme (1,035 m), where one of the tallest structures in Croatia, Zagreb TV Tower is located. The Sava and the Kupa valleys are to the south of Zagreb, and the region of Hrvatsko Zagorje is located on the other (northern) side of the Medvednica hill. In mid-January 2005, Sljeme held its first World Ski Championship tournament . From

6650-583: The number of China's sister city relationships doubled. More than one-third of Chinese sister city relationships are with sister cities in the east Asia Pacific region. Town twinning is supported in Japan by the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations , a joint agency of local governments established by the Japanese government in 1988 (similar to Sister Cities International , its counterpart in

6745-551: The political center, and the regional Sabor ( Latin : Congregatio Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae ) representing Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia , first convened at Gradec. Zagreb became the Croatian capital in 1557, with city also being chosen as the seat of the Ban of Croatia in 1621 under ban Nikola IX Frankopan . At the invitation of the Croatian Parliament , the Jesuits came to Zagreb and built

6840-584: The prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the Veternica cave from the Paleolithic and excavation of the remains of the Roman Andautonia near the present village of Šćitarjevo. Picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, Šestine, Gračani, and Remete, maintain their rich traditions, including folk costumes, Šestine umbrellas, and gingerbread products. To

6935-451: The region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, catering to anglers , hunters and hikers . The town's beautiful surroundings and vicinity to the capital have supported this tourist tradition to the present day. In 1846, Samobor was paid a visit by the composer Franz Liszt , who at that time was visiting Zagreb during one of his numerous concert tours. Liszt came to Samobor to see his friend Ferdo Livadić, in his lodgings at

7030-664: The reign of the Emperor Joseph II Zagreb became the headquarters of the Varaždin and Karlovac general command. In the 19th century, Zagreb was the center of the Croatian National Revival and saw the foundation of important cultural and historic institutions. In 1850, the town was united under its first mayor – Janko Kamauf . The first railway line to connect Zagreb with Zidani Most and Sisak opened in 1862 and in 1863 Zagreb received

7125-595: The season's early stages. The average daily mean temperature in the winter is around 1 °C (34 °F) (from December to February) and the average temperature in the summer is 20 °C (68.0 °F). The highest recorded temperature at the Maksimir weather station was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in July 1950, and lowest was −27.3 °C (−17.1 °F) in February 1956. A temperature of −30.5 °C (−22.9 °F)

7220-429: The season. Late autumn is characterized by a mild increase in the number of rainy days and a gradual decrease in daily temperature averages. Morning fog is common from mid-October to January, with northern city districts at the foothills of the Medvednica mountain as well as south-central districts along the Sava river being more prone to longer fog accumulation. Winters are relatively cold, bringing overcast skies and

7315-429: The summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as Velebit Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering Julian Alps in neighboring Slovenia . There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts, and a chairlift. The old Medvedgrad , a recently restored medieval burg

7410-483: The term "ciudades hermanadas", which means "sister cities". Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic each use Partnerstadt (German), miasto partnerskie (Polish) and partnerské město (Czech), which translate as "partner town" or "partner city". France uses ville jumelée (jumelage, twinned town or city), and Italy has gemellaggio (twinning) and comune gemellato (twinned municipality). In

7505-523: The term "sister cities" or "twin cities". In China, the term is 友好城市 (yǒuhǎo chéngshì – friendly cities). Sometimes, other government bodies enter into a twinning relationship, such as the agreement between the provinces of Hainan in China and Jeju in South Korea. The Douzelage is a town twinning association with one town from each of the member states of the European Union. Though

7600-454: The term is often used interchangeably with the term "friendship city", this may mean a relationship with a more limited scope in comparison to a sister city relationship, and friendship city relationships are mayor-to-mayor agreements. City diplomacy is a form of paradiplomacy that involves discussions between officials and residents of different cities. Often these cities will be located in different countries. As such, city diplomacy involves

7695-747: The town. In 1926, the first radio station in the region began broadcasting from Zagreb, and in 1947 the Zagreb Fair opened. During World War II, Zagreb became the capital of the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945), which was backed by Nazi Germany and by the Italians . The history of Zagreb in World War II became rife with incidents of régime terror and resistance sabotage - the Ustaša régime had thousands of people executed during

7790-418: The turn of the millennium that it became much more common. The first priority of those carrying out city diplomacy typically overlaps with the core aims of municipal government – improving the lives of local residents. Yet they will often collaborate with peers in other cities to work on issues of planet-wide concern, such as efforts to address climate change . The phrase "city diplomacy" is formally used in

7885-573: The two cities continued, when again in response to the Battle of Stalingrad , 830 women in Coventry – led by the subsequent Mayor Emily Smith – had their names embroidered on a tablecloth along with the words "Little help is better than a lot of pity" and sent it, along with money (each donated six pence), to the people of Stalingrad. The tablecloth can now be seen at the Panorama Museum of

7980-590: The war in and near the city. Partisans took the city at the end of the war. From 1945 until 1990, Zagreb functioned as the capital of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , one of the six constituent socialist republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The area between the railway and the Sava river witnessed a new construction-boom after World War II. After the mid-1950s, construction of new residential areas south of

8075-826: The workings of the United Cities and Local Governments and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group , and is recognised by the USC Center on Public Diplomacy . A March 2014 debate in the British House of Lords acknowledged the evolution of town twinning into city diplomacy, particularly in matters of trade and tourism, but also in culture and post-conflict reconciliation. The importance of cities developing "their own foreign economic policies on trade, foreign investment, tourism and attracting foreign talent" has also been highlighted by

8170-576: Was between Paderborn , Germany, and Le Mans , France, in 836. Starting in 1905, Keighley in West Yorkshire, England, had a twinning arrangement with French communities Suresnes and Puteaux . The first recorded modern twinning agreement was between Keighley and Poix-du-Nord in Nord, France, in 1920 following the end of the World War I . This was initially referred to as an adoption of

8265-525: Was built in the 13th century on Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also hosts the Shrine of the Homeland , a memorial with an eternal flame , where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for homeland in its history, customarily on national holidays . The ruined medieval fortress Susedgrad is located on the far-western side of Medvednica hill. It has been abandoned since

8360-574: Was controlled at the time and until 2020 by the military forces of Armenia and the unrecognised Republic of Artsakh . An attempt was made in 2003 by Preston city councillors in England to twin with the Palestinian town of Nablus in the name of solidarity. Turkey bans partnerships with any city in a country that recognizes the Armenian genocide . As a result, when Bulgaria recognized

8455-408: Was established at the start of the century. After the war, working-class districts such as Trnje emerged between the railway and the Sava , whereas the construction of residential districts on the hills of the southern slopes of Medvednica was completed between the two World Wars . In the 1920s, the population of Zagreb increased by 70 percent – the largest demographic boom in the history of

8550-580: Was originally a program of the National League of Cities , but it became a separate corporation in 1967 due to the growth and popularity of the program. Twin town cultural events include the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival in Washington, D.C., honoring Washington's twin relationship with Tokyo City . Many twinned towns developed business agreements with their partners. For example, Vermont 's Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream company opened

8645-520: Was recorded on the since defunct Borongaj Airfield in February 1940. The most important historical high-rise constructions are Neboder (1958) on Ban Jelačić Square , Cibona Tower (1987), and Zagrepčanka (1976) on Savska Street, Mamutica in Travno ( Novi Zagreb – istok district, built in 1974) and Zagreb TV Tower on Sljeme (built in 1973). In the 2000s, the City Assembly approved

8740-719: Was the first and the closest area to become a part of the agglomeration and is already included in the City of Zagreb for administrative purposes and now forms the easternmost city district. The climate of Zagreb is classified as an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), bordering a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). Zagreb has four separate seasons. Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. In late May it gets significantly warmer, temperatures start rising and it often becomes very warm or even hot with occasional afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Heatwaves can occur but are short-lived. Temperatures rise above 30 °C (86 °F) on average 14.6 days each summer. During summertime, rainfall

8835-468: Was the first twinned city in Canada and the second in North America, while Denver, United States , twinned with Brest, France , was the second twinned city in the United States. Liberal, Kansas was twinned with Olney, United Kingdom in 1950, and the cities have run a joint Pancake Day race ever since. Littleton, Colorado, twinned with Bega, Australia, in 1961. Tashkent , the capital city of Uzbekistan,

8930-594: Was the second largest city. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Sabor Republike Hrvatske ) proclaimed Zagreb as the capital of the Republic of Croatia. The history of Zagreb dates as far back as 1094 A.D. when the Hungarian King Ladislaus , returning from his campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia , founded

9025-458: Was twinned with Seattle , Washington, in 1973. Rochester, Minnesota , and Knebworth , UK, both centers for primary medical research, twinned in 1967. Ontario, California , has five sister cities around the world. They are Brockville, Ontario, Canada (since 1977); Guamúchil, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1982); Mocorito, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1982); Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1988); and Winterthur, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Oakville, Ontario

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