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62-415: Sandpiper Trust was founded in 2001 after the tragic death of a 14-year-old child called Sandy Dickson in an accident in 2000. This accident highlighted to the founders (his family) that critical illness does not respect geography, and that an ambulance can not always be rapidly accessible when accidents occur in remote and rural areas. This led the trust to provide life-saving emergency medical equipment (in

124-833: A Yellow level response in relation to the trauma network. They carry injectable medications not usually available to Scottish Ambulance Service paramedics, including: They can undertake a number of advanced interventions, including: Advanced Practitioners in Urgent & Primary Care (APUC) are located more widely across Scotland. Specifically at the following ambulance stations: Lerwick, Kirkwall, Stornoway, Benbecula, Lairg, Inverness, Lochcarron, Elgin, Aberdeen, Oban, Pitlochry, Callander, Perth, Dundee, Campbeltown, Paisley, Glasgow (Castlemilk fire station), Kilmarnock, Hamilton, Stranraer, Newton Stewart, Dumfries, Biggar, Melrose, Prestonpans, Edinburgh, Livingston, Falkirk, Stirling, Dunfermline, Cupar and Leven. Scottish Ambulance Service employ

186-514: A Scottish Health Award for his part in the care and rescue of a child with traumatic injuries from a mountain. Medic One is a charity team formed in 1980 which deploys from the emergency department in Edinburgh. In 1998 a charitable trust was set up, aligned to the Medic One team, to facilitate learning and development of Edinburgh hospital staff. It has a fast response car, but relies on

248-497: A bystander. The guidelines recommend lay rescuers start CPR on a person with presumed cardiac arrest because the overall risk of harm to patients from CPR is low, even if their heart hasn't stopped beating. Properly performed CPR can keep the heart in a shockable rhythm for 10–12 minutes longer. Most adults who can be saved from cardiac arrest are in ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia , which means their heart has fallen out of rhythm. Early defibrillation

310-415: A heart attack, and significantly reduces time to treatment at the hospital. This prearrival ECG and notification has been shown to improve patient outcomes. In the event of a complication at the scene of the event or on the way to the hospital, ACLS ambulance providers can administer life saving therapies, including CPR, rapid defibrillation, airway management, and intravenous medications. In October 2020,

372-416: A mixture of automatic or manual transmissions. The equipment used on board Scottish Ambulance Service vehicles broadly falls in line with NHS Scotland and allows for interoperability in most cases. Equipment is standardised nationally and replaced at regular service intervals; for example, high-cost items such as defibrillators are costed and changed every seven years according to clinical need. The uniform

434-591: A motivational self-help guide on Amazon. It is ranked at number 29 in the amazon best-sellers list for poetry anthologies. In addition to sales of these two books, the trust also receives donations from organisations and individuals, and in 2021 a Highlands family raised a significant amount for the charity through open water swimming . The charity also regularly runs charity auctions to raise money, and has been donated auction items such as handwritten lyrics from Annie Lennox , luxury Scottish fishing trips, and sculptures, among other things. Sandpiper Trust has developed

496-420: A number of Community First Responder schemes across Scotland which support the ambulance service. These are voluntary responders with basic medical training who are deployed to 999 calls, mostly cardiac arrests. The Highland PICT Team is based at Raigmore Emergency Department , Inverness and respond to a round 150 patients a month. It was formed in 2016 to address a lack of physician-led pre-hospital care in

558-707: A number of Specialist and Advanced Retrieval Practitioners as part of the ScotSTAR service. The Scottish Ambulance Service coordinates the pre-hospital and inter-hospital transfer elements of the Scottish Trauma Network. This response comes from the Scottish Ambulance Service and a number of partner agencies. These are sometimes categorised as Red, Yellow and Green resources; of these, Medic One and BASICS Scotland are registered charities. The use of Yellow and Red categorisation

620-490: A patient transport service which provides transport to lower-acuity patients, and provides for a wide variety of supporting roles including air medical services , specialist operations including response to HAZCHEM or CBRN incidents and specialist transport and retrieval. In 1948, the newly formed Scottish National Health Service (NHS) contracted two voluntary organisations, the St Andrew's Ambulance Association and

682-461: A series of actions that, properly executed, reduce the mortality associated with sudden cardiac arrest . Like any chain, the chain of survival is only as strong as its weakest link. The six interdependent links in the chain of survival are early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest and access to emergency medical care, early CPR , early defibrillation, early advanced cardiac life support , and physical and emotional recovery. The first three links in

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744-677: A single response car or a paramedic practitioner may attend different kinds of emergencies. The Scottish Ambulance Service also maintains three command and control centres in Scotland, which facilitate handling of 999 calls and dispatch of ambulances; a further 350–400 staff employed as call handlers and dispatchers fulfil this role across three locations: Edinburgh , Glasgow and Inverness . These three centres (which, through use of software, operate as one integrated unit) have been in use since 2004 and handle over 800,000   calls per year. The Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS)

806-525: A specialist response to major incidents, and provide paramedic care in hostile environments. The team provides capability in arenas such as water rescue, safe working at height, search and rescue including the use of breathing apparatus, and confined space working. The SORT teams also provide a full-time emergency decontamination and inner-cordon capability. With the remote towns and villages in Scotland often being hours away from advanced medical treatment, Scottish Specialist Transport and Retrieval (ScotSTAR)

868-556: A thousand Sandpiper Bags have been distributed across Scotland and beyond. The 1000th bag was presented by Elizabeth II in 2016. In 2021 The Sandpiper Trust funded and in conjunction with BASICS Scotland , developed the Emergency Medicines pouch for active BASICS Scotland volunteer responders. The drug pouch contains an array of medicines required for the initial management and stabilisation of critically unwell patients across rural Scotland. The Sandpiper Wildcat Project

930-670: A varied fleet of around 1,500 vehicles. Emergency response vehicles include ambulances , and single-response vehicles such as cars and small vans for paramedics . There are also patient-transport ambulances, which are adapted minibuses , lorries and support vehicles for major incidents and events, and specialist vehicles such as 4x4s and tracked vehicles for difficult access. The service also has three bicycles, which are only utilised during events at which Scottish Ambulance Service crews are present. The geography of Scotland includes urban centres such as Edinburgh and Glasgow, areas of relatively low population density such as Grampian and

992-808: A variety of other specialised roles. Patient Transport Vehicles come in a variety of forms and are staffed by ambulance care assistants, who work either double- or single-crewed. They are trained to look after patients during the journey, and to provide basic emergency care. The service has the only government -funded air ambulance service in the UK, operated under contract by Gama Aviation . The fleet consists of two Airbus H145 helicopters and two Beechcraft B200C King Air fixed-wing aircraft, which provide emergency response and transfers of patients to and from remote areas of Scotland. The two previous H145 helicopters were operated under sub-contract by Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore until May 2020. In 2015–2016,

1054-408: A wide range of authors/chefs including Gordon Ramsay , it also contains a number of cocktails (including Tiger Woods exclusive wedding cocktail) and unusually for a cookbook, essential emergency medical tips. The trust also produced this text in 2013, described as "A collection of thought provoking prose and poetry, to help provide comfort, strength and support during difficult times", and listed as

1116-416: Is a Scottish charity which since 2013 has worked to provide additional air ambulance resources to support the work of the ambulance service. They transport around 1 patient a day. The helicopter is crewed by 1 or 2 paramedics and a pilot. The Tayside Trauma Team is an enhanced care team working out of Ninewells Hospital, Dundee . They attend around six patients a month. The team is made up of staff from

1178-473: Is also applied to the enhanced skills offered by different teams or clinicians. The service also uses a number of volunteer responders in conjunction with BASICS Scotland and the Sandpiper Trust . These responders are doctors, nurses and paramedics who volunteer their time to respond on behalf of the ambulance service and help the sick and injured. Equipment is provided to these responders by both

1240-515: Is based in Glasgow. EMRS (The Emergency Medical Retrieval Service) was created in 2004 by ten emergency medical consultants from Glasgow and Paisley. Initially, the service provided aeromedical cover to six isolated hospitals within Argyll and Bute. The ten consultants only had £40,000 worth of funding for medical equipment. In its first year the service transported 40 patients. In years to follow,

1302-592: Is in line with the NHS Scotland National Uniform standard, which is in keeping with the uniform standard described by the National Ambulance Uniform Procurement group in 2016. Amongst cost and comfort considerations, all Scottish Ambulance Service Staff now wear the national uniform which comprises a dark green trouser/shirt combination. Personal protective equipment (boots, helmet and protective jackets)

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1364-626: Is issued to all staff and denote rank/clinical rank by way of epaulette and helmet markings. The national headquarters is located at Gyle Square, South Gyle , on the west side of Edinburgh . There are five divisions within the service, namely: The Patient Transport Service carries over 1.3 million patients every year. This service is provided to patients who are physically or medically unfit to travel to hospital out-patient appointments by any other means so that they can still make their appointments. The service also handles non-emergency admissions, discharges, transport of palliative care patients and

1426-420: Is of the greatest value when the other links in the chain do not fail. Early advanced cardiac life support by paramedics is another critical link in the chain of survival. In communities with survival rates > 20%, a minimum of two of the rescuers are trained to the advanced level. Some ACLS ambulance providers will administer medications to manage pain, arrhythmias, shock, and pulmonary congestion; monitor

1488-548: Is part of NHS Scotland , which serves all of Scotland's population . The Scottish Ambulance Service is governed by a special health board and is funded directly by the Health and Social Care Directorates of the Scottish Government . It is the sole public emergency medical service covering Scotland's mainland and islands; providing a paramedic -led accident and emergency service to respond to 999 calls ,

1550-656: Is similar to the Hazardous Area Response Team in other parts of the United Kingdom. SORT paramedics have the same scope of practice as a regular paramedic, however have an enhanced scope of practice in relation to Personal protective equipment and other rescue equipment. They do not however carry nor administer ketamine. In 2010, the service established three teams of specialist accident & emergency ambulance personnel who were given specialist training. This £4.3   million initiative

1612-479: Is the link in the chain most likely to improve survival since defibrillation can help shock the heart back into a regular beat. Early, rapid defibrillation is considered the most important link in the chain of survival. Rapid defibrillation outside of the hospital improves the chances of survival by as much as 30%, and involves using an automated external defibrillator (AED) to shock the patient's heart. While CPR keeps blood flowing artificially, rapid defibrillation

1674-414: Is the only way to restart the heart and reset it to a healthy rhythm. And while only 40% of adults experiencing cardiac arrest receive CPR, fewer than 12% receive shocks from an AED before EMS arrival. What is more, the chances of the patient's survival decrease by as much as 10% with every minute that they do not receive rapid defibrillation. AEDs are becoming more common in businesses, schools, and even

1736-756: Is used for call prioritisation, and provides post-dispatch instructions to callers, allowing medical advice to be given over the phone, before the ambulance arrives. Clinical staff are present to provide clinical oversight and tertiary triage . Co-located with the Ambulance Control Centres (ACC) are patient transport booking and control services, which handle approximately 1   million patient journeys per year. Scottish Ambulance Service Advanced Practitioners in Critical Care (APCC) are based at Raigmore Hospital, Newbridge Ambulance Station in Edinburgh and Glasgow Airport. They are considered

1798-534: The British Red Cross , to jointly provide a national ambulance provision for Scotland, known then as the St Andrew's and Red Cross Scottish Ambulance Service . After British Red Cross withdrew from the service in 1967, the service was renamed the St Andrew's Scottish Ambulance Service . In 1974, with the reorganisation of the Scottish health services, ambulance provision in Scotland was taken over by

1860-504: The Channel 5 television documentary series Highland Emergency . In late 2010, a charity, Scotland's Charity Air Ambulance (SCAA), was founded to provide a further air ambulance, based at Perth Airport to work alongside the state-funded aircraft. SCAA commenced operations in May 2013 with a MBB Bo 105 helicopter. Since November 2015, SCAA has operated a Eurocopter EC135 . The EC135

1922-534: The Journal of Emergency Medical Services in 1989, and further promoted in an editorial she wrote for the first issue of Currents in Emergency Cardiac Care in 1990. The American Heart Association later adopted the concept and elaborated on it in its 1992 guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care, The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) echoed

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1984-643: The Scottish Highlands , and inhabited islands. Thus the fleet provision has to be flexible and include different kinds of vehicle. In the past, 4x4 -build ambulances on van chassis were used in more rural areas, and traditional van conversions in more urban areas. When a large fleet upgrade project was commissioned in 2016, the business case was made to move to a solely box-body on chassis build, to provide some flexibility and more resilient parts procurement. Most of these replacement ambulances have been based on either Mercedes or Volkswagen chassis, with

2046-1012: The American Heart Association added the recovery phase as the sixth link in the chain of survival. Recovery consists of cardiac arrest survivors receiving treatment, surveillance, and rehabilitation at a hospital. It also includes an assessment for anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress, which can all lead to future repeated events. Before being discharged from the hospital, the American Heart Association recommends that cardiac arrest survivors receive rehabilitation assessment and treatment for physical, neurologic, cardiopulmonary, and cognitive impairments. They also recommend that cardiac arrest survivors and their caregivers receive comprehensive, multidisciplinary discharge planning to include medical and rehabilitative treatment recommendations and return to activity and work expectations. A patient's recovery from cardiac arrest continues long after their initial hospitalization following

2108-617: The American Heart Association issued a new pediatric chain of survival for infants, children, and adolescents.   Mary M. Newman, co-founder and president/CEO of the Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) Foundation and previous executive director of the National Center for Early Defibrillation at the University of Pittsburgh, developed the chain of survival metaphor and first described it in an article she wrote for

2170-834: The Blue Light Hero award at the Pride of Aberdeen awards in 2017. During the COVID-19 pandemic , the trust distributed over 700 pulse oximeters to remote and rural GP practices throughout Scotland, to aid with the diagnosis of, and subsequent monitoring of patients affected by COVID-19 . These have been used in the Orkney and Shetland Islands, Coll, Arran, Tomintoul, Killin, Callander, Strachur, Mull, Galloway, Kenmay, Skye and other practices throughout Grampian. Scottish Ambulance Service The Scottish Ambulance Service ( Scottish Gaelic : Seirbheis Ambaileans na h-Alba )

2232-560: The EMS system, preferring to contact relatives instead (e.g., the elderly often contact their adult offspring rather than contact emergency services). To be most effective, bystanders should provide CPR immediately after a patient collapses. In their 2015 guidelines , the American Heart Association re-emphasized the importance of more bystanders performing hands-only CPR until EMS personnel arrive because, at present, fewer than 40% of people who have an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receive CPR from

2294-679: The Emergency department, however they have no team capability to drive on blue lights, so need to be given a lift from another agency. This results in a variable mobilisation time: average time from 999 call to the team leaving the hospital is 25 minutes, with a range of 6 minutes to 1 hour 40 minutes. In 2020 the Tayside trauma team stated they would soon cease to operate and it was noted that their governance and training could be deemed inadequate by current standards. † NHS Funded * Charity Funded The Scottish Ambulance Service maintains

2356-522: The Highlands. It uses a doctor and advanced practitioner model, providing advanced care and extending the capabilities of the Scottish Ambulance Service. They were winners of the Highland Heroes award in 2022, with the team's founder and clinical lead receiving an international award for his work in rural pre-hospital medicine in 2021. One of the team's advanced nurses was also nominated for

2418-556: The Sandpiper Bag) to rural clinicians. With the hope of enabling the provision of prehospital emergency care in situations where ambulance response times are long, or where the skills of a senior clinician (doctor, nurse or paramedic) may be a valuable augmentation to the statutory ambulance service, the Scottish Ambulance Service . Sandpiper Trust also provides BASICS Scotland volunteer responders with

2480-470: The Scottish Ambulance Service sending a driver to the hospital in order to attend 999 calls. The usual composition of the team is an emergency medicine consultant with a middle grade doctor, with one or two emergency nurses. They attend around three patients a month. In 2020 Medic One declared their intention to cease operations and it was noted that that their training and governance was unlikely to meet current standards. The Scottish charity air ambulance

2542-651: The Scottish NHS, with the organisational title being shortened to the current Scottish Ambulance Service. St. Andrew's First Aid , the trading name of St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, continues as a voluntary organisation and provides first aid training and provision in a private capacity. The organisation was established as a NHS trust on 1 April 1995 when it legally became known as the Scottish Ambulance Service National Health Service Trust. The trust

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2604-493: The Trust. The trust has four trustees; Penny Dickson, Aly Dickson, Claire Maitland and Caroline Ross-Stewart. It also has two medical advisors, to ensure they are able to facilitate rural immediate medical care to the best of their abilities, these are: Dr Ewen McLeod and Dr Ben Price. Sandpiper Trust has four core objectives. Firstly to work towards the relief of the suffering (from illness or injury) of people in Scotland through

2666-645: The United States each year. Three minutes after the onset of cardiac arrest, a lack of blood flow starts to damage the brain, and 10 minutes after, the chances of survival are low. Therefore, bystanders have only a few minutes to act to optimize a person's chances of survival and recovery. To improve survival outcomes for people who have experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the American Heart Association–International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recommended

2728-494: The air ambulance crews flew 3,849 missions. One helicopter and one King Air are based at a Gama Aviation facility at Glasgow Airport . The other operating bases are Inverness Airport (helicopter) and Aberdeen Airport (King Air). The aircraft based in Glasgow are regularly used by the Emergency Medical Retrieval Service (EMRS). The air ambulance service was occasionally featured as part of

2790-518: The ambulance service and BASICS Scotland , with assistance from the Sandpiper Trust. These responders may be able to offer enhanced "Yellow" skillsets and advanced interventions to assist the other emergency services. Such skills offered by BASICS Scotland responders may include: endotracheal intubation , procedural sedation, advanced analgesia , nerve blocks, cardioversion and thoracostomy with or without drain insertion. There are also

2852-658: The campus of Glasgow Caledonian University , which opened in June 2011. The facility has purpose built classrooms, lecture theatres, syndicate rooms and a clinical simulation area that recreates a 16-bed hospital ward and Accident & Emergency department allowing realistic interaction with other trainee healthcare professionals. From 1996 until April 2011, the service used its own dedicated training college located at Barony Castle in Eddleston near Peebles . Set in 25 acres (100,000 m ) of formal gardens and woodlands, Barony

2914-433: The chain can be performed by lay bystanders, while the second three links are designated to medical professionals. Currently, between 70 and 90% of cardiac arrest patients die before they reach the hospital. However, a cardiac arrest does not have to be lethal if bystanders can take the right steps immediately. According to the American Heart Association, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest can affect more than 300,000 people in

2976-469: The chain of survival concept in the early 2000s. Originally, the chain consisted of four steps: early access to emergency medical care was the first link, the second link was early CPR, early defibrillation was the third link, and the final link was early advanced cardiac life support. Over the years, the American Heart Association has added two new links to the chain: post-resuscitation care in 2010, and physical and emotional recovery in 2020. Also in 2020,

3038-661: The clinical crew began to gather evidence for the life-saving impact and cost effectiveness of the service. Following a successful 18-month trial period in the West of Scotland funded by the Scottish Government, in 2010 the service was opened up to the whole of the country, after securing permanent funding. The service is currently staffed by 47 part-time retrieval consultants, 14 retrieval practitioners, and 4 registrars, carrying out around 1000 missions every year. The service has its own dedicated training academy within

3100-583: The concept in 1997. The links of the Chain of survival are described below. Ideally, someone must recognize an impending cardiac arrest or otherwise witness the cardiac arrest and activate the EMS system as early as possible with an immediate call to the emergency services. Unfortunately, many persons experiencing symptoms (for example, angina) that may lead to a cardiac arrest ignore these warning symptoms or, recognizing these warning symptoms correctly, fail to activate

3162-468: The heart rhythm to identify any potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias; or initiate transcutaneous pacing. ACLS ambulance providers use the mnemonic "MONA" (morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, and aspirin) to reflect the out-of-hospital therapies they will use for cardiac arrest. Often, ACLS ambulance providers will attach an electrocardiogram to the patient and transmit its findings to the receiving hospital or care facility, which leads to earlier diagnosis of

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3224-470: The home as the public becomes more aware of the importance of rapid defibrillation. AEDs come with pre-recorded instructions and are easy to use. If an AED is not available, bystanders will need to continue CPR until emergency responders arrive with a defibrillator, which is why it is important to recognize cardiac arrest and call for help quickly. Public access defibrillation may be the key to improving survival rates in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but

3286-720: The internationally respected Sandpiper Bag, which is used across Scotland by BASICS Scotland responders, in Australia through the newly formed charity Sandpiper Australia and is the official immediate care bag for the Faculty of Prehospital Care examinations at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh . Each bag contains over 50 items of life-saving medical equipment, these are organised into removable pouches, allowing them to be passed out to different team members to facilitate parallel working in acute situations. To date over

3348-529: The provision of immediate medical care, secondary to facilitate the advancement of the study of immediate medical care through the provision of education and training across Scotland. Thirdly the provision of medical equipment to facilitate the first objective and finally, relieving human suffering through the promotion of medical research. As part of their fund-raising activities, Sandpiper Trust produced their own cookbook, compiled by Claire Maitland and published by Finks Publishing in 2009. It includes recipes from

3410-419: The rest of NHS Scotland , is free at point of access and is widely used by both the public and healthcare professionals. Employing almost 1,300 paramedic staff, and a further 1,200 technicians , the accident and emergency service is accessed through the public 999 system. Ambulance responses are changing in Scotland and are now prioritised according to patient needs: a traditional, double-crewed ambulance ,

3472-595: The technology to connect them to the Scottish Ambulance Service despatch system, monitor their location for safety purposes, and allow communication with the ambulance control room and other emergency services. Currently a number of responders are provided with Airwave digital radios, while others have vehicle locator systems. The patron of Sandpiper Trust since its inception has been Gavin Hastings . Hastings has hosted many events for The Sandpiper trust and continues to generously devote his time and energy to supporting

3534-499: Was a research programme focussing on saving lives after out of hospital cardiac arrest, through optimising the chain of survival in rural Grampian , Scotland. The driving hypothesis being that providing enhanced training and equipment a team of volunteer community first responders, who are then targeted to areas where Scottish Ambulance Service response times can be prolonged would lead to earlier, effective resuscitation, hopefully resulting in improved patient outcomes. The project won

3596-504: Was a residential training and conference centre with 78 bedrooms that allowed the service to carry out all its training in house. Between 1985 and 1996 it used the former Redlands women's and children's hospital in Glasgow's west end and prior to that the training school was based at Bangour Hospital before moving to Gartloch Hospital . In year ended 31 March 2020, the service: Other Scottish emergency and non-emergency services: Chain of survival The chain of survival refers to

3658-497: Was dissolved on 1 April 1999 and at the same time constituted as a special health board known as the Scottish Ambulance Service Board. The Scottish Ambulance Service now continues in its current form as one of the largest emergency medical providers in the UK, employing more than 5,000 staff in a variety of roles and responding to 740,631 emergency incidents in 2015–2016 alone. The service, like

3720-480: Was previously operated by the state-funded service, until they replaced the fleet with H145 aircraft. The helicopter is crewed by Scottish Ambulance Service paramedics, tasking is from the SAS ambulance control centre at Cardonald . In April 2018, it was announced by the charity that a drive was underway to raise funds to secure a second helicopter. This aircraft is now operational at Aberdeen Airport. The SORT service

3782-432: Was setup incorporating paediatric and neonatal retrieval and transfer teams and the two adult Emergency Medical Retrieval Service teams ( EMRS ). The ScotSTAR service was set up on 1 April 2014 and transported 2,654 patients 2014–2015. The service uses multiple vehicles, either owned by the ambulance service or other organisations: specialist ambulances and cars, five air ambulances and HM Coastguard helicopters. The service

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3844-651: Was to provide additional preparedness to be able to respond to large-scale hazardous incidents, such as those that might involve chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear material. The work was in concert with the UK government. In 2019, the SORT services responded to 1,200 calls requiring specialist intervention, and supported a further 9,000 calls. As of October 2017 there are five SORT teams; three full-time based in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, and two on-call teams in Inverness and Dumfries. These teams provide

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