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41-463: The area has been populated for at least the past 12,000 years B.C., according to archeological artifacts found in this area. Humans were most likely drawn here due to the location's abundance of streams and springs, they raised animals and kept up fruits and vegetables. The foundation of the town is attributed to the Chichimecas , in 1168 A.D. Historical records show that the town was dominated by

82-698: A century, the Spanish and Chichimeca assimilated. De las Casas, Gonzalo. (1571). The War of the Chichimecas Barrio Barrio ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbarjo] ) is a Spanish word that means " quarter " or " neighborhood ". In the modern Spanish language, it is generally defined as each area of a city delimited by functional (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial, etc.), social, architectural or morphological features. In Spain , several Latin American countries and

123-409: A kind of gated community . In Colombia , the term is used to describe any urban area neighborhood whose geographical limits are determined locally. The term can be used to refer to all classes within society. The term barrio de invasión or comuna is more often used to refer to shanty towns, but the term "barrio" has a more general use. [1] In Cuba , El Salvador and Spain , the term barrio

164-527: A municipal capital or municipal seat of Tequixquiac , Santiago Tequixquiac is the seat of the municipal government, known as the Ayuntamiento municipal . Since 1999, the town has been divided into 5 administrative barrios (in Spanish), each neighborhood has got colonies or seccions: The neighborhoods ( barrios ) are based mostly on historical divisions, and several are former villages annexed by

205-492: A wide range of cultural development from hunter-gatherers to sedentary agriculturalists with sophisticated political organizations." They practiced animal sacrifice, and they were feared for their expertise and brutality in war. The Chichimeca War (1550-1590) ended with the Spanish making favorable peace terms with the Chichimeca. Spanish/Chichimeca interaction resulted in a "drastic population decline in population of all

246-533: A wild, nomadic people who lived north of the Valley of Mexico . They had no fixed dwelling places, lived by hunting, wore little clothes and fiercely resisted foreign intrusion into their territory, which happened to contain silver mines the Spanish wished to exploit." Gradie noted that Chichimeca was used as a broad and generalizing term by outsiders, writing, "[it] was used by both Spanish and Nahuatl speakers to refer collectively to many different people who exhibited

287-420: Is open without tunnel. Other small river is Río Salado de Hueypoxtla this same cross the urban place, is using for irrigation growing lands. The municipal seat is on a small hill named El Vije ( Mbixe ), Taxdho hill and Gumisha hill ( B'omitsa ) to an elongated north valley, the old village was named by Otomi people as ( Nthehe ) and Aztec people named this site as Tequixquiac (Place on Tequesquite waters). As

328-680: Is sometimes said to be related to chichi "dog", but both i' s in chichi are short, and both in Chīchīmēcah are long. That changes the meaning, as vowel length is phonemic in Nahuatl. In the late sixteenth century, Gonzalo de las Casas wrote about the Chichimec. He had received an encomienda near Durango and fought in the wars against the Chichimec peoples: the Pame , the Guachichil ,

369-423: Is still widely used interchangeably with barangay . Both may refer to rural settlements or urban municipal districts (the latter formerly known as visitas ). It is alternatively spelled as baryo , though the preferred spelling is the Spanish one (barrio). In the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico , the term barrio is an official government designation used to denote a subdivision of a municipio and denotes

410-557: Is used officially to denote a subdivision of a municipio (or municipality); each barrio is subdivided into sectors ( sectores ). In the Philippines , the term barrio may refer to a rural village, but it may also denote a self-governing community subdivision within a rural or urban area anywhere in the country. A 1974 decree replaced the word barrio with barangay , the basic administrative unit of government, possessing an average population of 2,500 people. Barrio , however,

451-691: Is used to refer to inner-city areas overwhelmingly inhabited by first-generation Spanish-speaking immigrant families who have not been assimilated into the mainstream American culture. Some examples of this include Spanish Harlem in New York City, East L.A. in Los Angeles; and Segundo Barrio in Houston. Some of these neighborhoods are simply referred to as just "El Barrio" by the locals, as opposed to using their actual names (Spanish Harlem, East L.A., Segundo Barrio, etc.). In Venezuela and

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492-568: The Dominican Republic , the term is commonly used to describe slums in the outer rims of big cities such as Caracas and Santo Domingo as well as lower- and middle-class neighborhoods in other cities and towns. Over the centuries, selectness in the Spanish Empire evolved as a mosaic of the various barrios , surrounding the central administrative areas. As they matured, the barrios functionally and symbolically reproduced

533-738: The Guamare and the Zacateco , who lived in the area known at the time as " La Gran Chichimeca ." Las Casas' account was called Report of the Chichimeca and the Justness of the War Against Them. He described the people, providing ethnographic information. He wrote that they only covered their genitalia with clothing; painted their bodies; and ate only game, roots and berries. He mentioned, in order to prove their supposed barbarity, that Chichimec women, having given birth, continued traveling on

574-574: The Nahua peoples of Mexico generically applied to nomadic and semi- nomadic peoples who were established in present-day Bajío region of Mexico. Chichimeca carried the same meaning as the Roman term " barbarian " that described Germanic tribes . The name, with its pejorative sense, was adopted by the Spanish Empire . In the words of scholar Charlotte M. Gradie, "for the Spanish, the Chichimecas were

615-417: The Philippines , the term may also be used to officially denote a division of a municipality . Barrio is an arabism ( Classical Arabic بري barrī : "wild" via Andalusian Arabic bárri : "exterior"). In Argentina and Uruguay , a barrio is a division of a municipality officially delineated by the local authority at a later time, and it sometimes keeps a distinct character from other areas (as in

656-692: The Toltecs and the Tepanecas as well as the Aztecs. The Aztecs were the last to take control, this region was named Teotlalpan , after Chimalpopoca conquered the area in 1415. Tequixquiac remained in the Tepaneca district of the Aztec Empire under the authority of the lord of Tacuba , paying tribute to him at Hueypoxtla . The town kept its chiefs, now loyal to the Aztecs, one of the last of which

697-447: The barrios of Buenos Aires , even if they have been superseded by larger administrative divisions). The word does not have a special socioeconomic connotation unless it is used in contrast to the centro (city center or downtown). The expression barrio cerrado (translated "closed neighborhood") is used to describe small upper-class residential settlements planned with an exclusive criterion and often physically enclosed in walls, that is,

738-438: The brigantines that helped destroy Tenochtitlan and Andrés Núñez. In this town along with Apaxco and Hueypoxtla , lime began to be extracted using Indian forced labor . Indian families were displaced off their lands in 1552 by Francisco López de Tlaltzintlale to make way for more Spanish settlers and new Christians from Spain and Portugal (Crypto-Jews). The viceregal government justified this via religious means. They had

779-399: The 1950s with urban problems now, this urban sectors named agricultural colonies and new colonies at neighborhoods is the answer by Mexican Revolution for the redistribution of agricultural land, these new colonies have got many problems, the land propriety is very complicated, no urban planning, no security, no municipal services as water, lighting web, cleaning garbage service or pavement on

820-570: The 20th century, the production of pulque was economically important here, with the Hacienda of San Sebastián being the major producer. A railway to connect Mexico City with the rest of the country was built through here in 1917 on what is now Alfredo del Mazo street, but was dismantled for political reason in 1945. The town of Santiago Tequixquiac became urbanized as part of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area starting in

861-536: The Chapel) was brought over to Tequixquiac from Apaxco. When the drought broke, the image was not returned, presumably because it was made of fiber and had grown too heavy to carry. From then on, it has stayed in this town and many miracles have been attributed to it. The parish's vault was constructed in 1856. The first school in the town was built in 1856 in the San Miguelito neighborhood by Narciso Vargas. In

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902-589: The Franciscans build new chapels built on the various encomiendas and settled the Indians around these. One of these chapels was the Temple of Santiago Tequixquiac, which had authority over the new villages of San Mateo Hueycalco , San Sebastián Tlalachco , and others. This temple was constructed in 1569, and became a formal parish in 1590. During a drought , a sculpture of the "Señor de la Capilla" (Our Lord of

943-568: The Grand Channel of Mexico City Waters. Also many people from other states of Mexico arrived as Oaxaca, Veracruz, Puebla and Hidalgo for working. This engineering work was important for Mexico City. In this period many mixed families, grew up the population until the Mexican Revolution when many people died by the war. All through the 20th century the people suffered poverty, hunger and lack of employment, many people emigrated to

984-468: The city and in some way tended to replicate it. The barrio reproduced the city through providing occupational, social, physical and spiritual space. With the emergence of an enlarged merchant class, some barrios were able to support a wide range of economic levels. This led to new patterns of social class distribution throughout the city. Those who could afford to locate in and around the central plazas relocated. The poor and marginal groups still occupied

1025-524: The city has been divided into 2 administrative Agricultural colonies ( colonias ejidales in Spanish), is urban sectors consolidated in the 20th century on communal land by farmer's son homes  : The Agricultural colonies ( colonias ejidales ) are based mostly on communal land divisions over neighborhood pad or way, and several are former urban sectors annexed by the town seat of Santiago Tequixquiac since 1960. Each Agricultural colony has its own communal sheriff ( comisariado ejidal in Spanish), also

1066-512: The city, e.g., one might make shoes, while another made cheese. Integration of daily life could also be seen in the religious sector, where a parish and a convento might serve one or more neighborhoods. The mosaic formed by the barrios and the colonial center continued until the period of independence in Mexico and Latin America . The general urban pattern was one where the old central plaza

1107-468: The colony people use the COPACI concejo de participación ciudadana or Civil Participative Council. The composition of each colony council depends on the number of votes each political civil parties ( planillas in Spanish). The people in this village, mainly is Mestizo , mixed between Indigenous people with Iberic people ; the first group to occupy this land was Otomis , the second group who stayed here

1148-419: The combined Chichimeca peoples in a war of "fire and blood", but eventually sought peace as they were unable to defeat them. The Chichimeca's small-scale raids proved effective. To end the war, the Spanish adopted a "Purchase for Peace" program by providing foods, tools, livestock, and land to the Chichimecas, sending Spanish to teach them agriculture as a livelihood, and by converting them to Catholicism . Within

1189-468: The government's lowest level and geographically smallest officially recognized administrative unit. A barrio in Puerto Rico is not vested with political authority. It may or may not be further subdivided into sectors, communities, urbanizaciones , or a combination of these, but such further subdivisions, though popular and common, are unofficial In the mainland United States , the term barrio

1230-433: The municipal government and policy. The town of Santiago Tequixquiac, a municipal seat and urban place most populated in the municipality. The town is divided in four barrios (neighborhood.) and one colonia ejidal (Agricultural colony). The Gran Canal de Desagüe de Ciudad de México is an artificial channel that crossing by Santiago Tequixquiac and connect with natural rivers, at gun port channel ( lumbrera La Cinco )

1271-530: The north of Mexico and other people to the United States , others settled in Mexico City. In the decade of the 80s, towards the end of 20th century, the population grew up and the quality of life of the inhabitants improved. In the village of Santiago Tequixquiac there were 22,676 inhabitants in 2010. Chichimeca Chichimeca ( Spanish: [tʃitʃiˈmeka] ) is the name that

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1312-752: The peoples known collectively as Chichimecas, and to their eventual disappearance as peoples of all save the Pames of San Luis Potosí and the related Chichimeca-Jonaz of the Sierra Gorda in eastern Guanajuato ." In modern times, only one ethnic group is customarily referred to as Chichimecs, namely the Chichimeca Jonaz, a few thousand of whom live in the state of Guanajuato . The Nahuatl name Chīchīmēcah (plural, pronounced [tʃiːtʃiːˈmeːkaʔ] ; singular Chīchīmēcatl ) means "inhabitants of Chichiman," Chichiman meaning "area of milk." It

1353-399: The same day without stopping to recover. In the late 16th century, according to the Spanish, the Chichimeca did not worship idols as did many of the surrounding indigenous peoples. Chichimeca military strikes against the Spanish included raidings, ambushing critical economic routes, and pillaging. In the long-running Chichimeca War (1550–1590), the Spanish initially attempted to defeat

1394-414: The space needs of local craftsman and the shelter needs of the working class. At times they were designed to meet municipal norms, but they usually responded to functional requirements of the users. Barrios were built over centuries of sociocultural interaction within urban space. In Mexico and in other Latin American countries with strong heritages of colonial centers, the concept of barrio no longer contains

1435-504: The spaces at the city's edge. The desire on the part of the sector popular to replicate a barrio was expressed through the diversity of the populace and functions and the tendency to form social hierarchies and to maintain social control. The limits to replication were mainly social. Any particular barrio could not easily expand its borders into other barrios , nor could it easily export its particular social identity to others. Different barrios provided different products and services to

1476-405: The streets. In these places have got a growing demographic no planning and poverty on natural places or agricultural lands. Santiago Tequixquiac hasn't united with other towns, has got many farms and growing land between other urban areas, but has arrived here more people come from others places. The native people has got vulnerability with an organized crime and narcotrafic cartels with impunity in

1517-506: The town seat of Santiago Tequixquiac since Spanish colonial period in New Spain by religious administrative government. Each neighborhood has its own council led by a councilor ( presidente del concejo in Spanish), also named COPACI concejo de participación ciudadana or Civil Participative Council. The composition of each neighborhood council depends on the number of votes each political civil parties ( planillas in Spanish). Since 1999,

1558-471: Was Acalmiztli , who supposedly was very respected among his subjects. The inhabitants of pre-Conquest Tequixquiac were known for their strict honor code and being advanced in medicine, education, architecture, and civil engineering . After the fall of the Aztec empire to the Spanish, Hernán Cortés awarded the town and the area around it as an encomiendas to two conquistadors: Martín López, who constructed

1599-399: Was designated for collective uses, such as farming or grazing. This practice of peripheral land expansion laid the groundwork for later suburbanization by immigrants from outside the region and by real estate agents. At the edge of Hispanic American colonial cities there were places where work, trade, social interaction and symbolic spiritual life occurred. These barrios were created to meet

1640-459: Was surrounded by an intermediate ring of barrios and emerging suburban areas linking the city to the hinterland. The general governance of the city was in the hands of a mayor and city councilors. Public posts were purchased and funds given to the local government and the royal bureaucracy. Fairness and equity were not high on the list of public interests. Lands located on the periphery were given to individuals by local authorities, even if this land

1681-505: Was the Aztecs or Mexicas until the conquest of Mexico Tenochtitlan. The first European people who established this town were Hernán Cortés 's soldiers from Spain and Portugal, man who given the encomiendas in Coyoacán, some were Marranos or New Christians (Sephardic settlement converted to Roman Catholic religion). After Mexico's independence; English miners arrived here from Cornwall , from Pachuca, Necaxa and Real del Monte to build

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