SculptureCenter is a not-for-profit, contemporary art museum located in Long Island City , Queens , New York City . It was founded in 1928 as "The Clay Club" by Dorothea Denslow. In 2013, SculptureCentre attracted around 13,000 visitors.
121-623: Founded in Crown Heights, Brooklyn , in 1928 as The Clay Club, it was located across the street from the Brooklyn Children's Museum . Its founder, sculptor Dorothea Henrietta Denslow [ Wikidata ] , invited local children and later other artists to share her studio. SculptureCenter soon moved to 8 West Fourth Street in the West Village in 1932 and then, in 1948, to a carriage house at 167 East 69th Street on
242-612: A 1,500 sq ft (140 m) enclosed courtyard for outdoor exhibitions and events. SculptureCenter has presented works by over 750 artists through its annual exhibition program, including Turner Prize winner Charlotte Prodger and nominee Anthea Hamilton , Sanford Biggers , Nairy Baghramian , Tom Burr , Liz Glynn , Rochelle Goldberg, Camille Henrot , Leslie Hewitt , Rashid Johnson , Rita McBride , Catalina Ouyang , Ugo Rondinone , Katrín Sigurdardóttir , Alexandre Singh, Monika Sosnowska , Gedi Sibony, Mika Tajima , and Hugo Boss Prize winners Anicka Yi and Simone Leigh . As
363-545: A European-style kunsthalle . The board also commissioned architects Maya Lin and David Hotson to transform a derelict brick building into an exhibition space of 6,000-square-foot (560 m) with forty-foot-high ceilings and reinforced-concrete floors. In 2014, SculptureCenter underwent a 14-month, $ 4.5 million expansion and renovation led by architect Andrew Berman , including a 2,000-square-foot (190 m) addition, aimed at improving visitor experience and increasing exhibition space to 6,700 sq ft (620 m), plus
484-523: A building or structure in Queens is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Crown Heights, Brooklyn Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn . Crown Heights is bounded by Washington Avenue to the west, Atlantic Avenue to the north, Ralph Avenue to the east, and Empire Boulevard/East New York Avenue to the south. It
605-729: A campaign was launched to supplant the "Bed-Stuy, Do-or-Die" slogan with "Bed-Stuy, and Proud of It". Violent crime also remained a problem in the area, and the two precincts that cover Bedford–Stuyvesant reported a combined 37 murders in 2010. Despite the largest recession to hit the United States in the last 70 years, gentrification continued steadily, and the blocks west of the Nostrand Avenue/Fulton Street intersection and north of Fulton Street and Stuyvesant Avenue were particularly impacted. In 2011, Bedford–Stuyvesant listed three Zagat -rated restaurants for
726-461: A change of -293 (-0.3%) from the 103,462 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 1,185.56 acres (479.78 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 87 inhabitants per acre (56,000/sq mi; 21,000/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 49% African American , 31% White , 3% Asian , 0.2% Native American , 0% Pacific Islander , 0.4% from other races , and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14% of
847-458: A college education or higher. The percentage of Crown Heights North students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 22 percent to 47 percent within the same time period. In Crown Heights South, reading achievement rose from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rose from 21 percent to 47 percent within
968-542: A connection to the Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway 's northern terminal. The Weeksville subsection, founded in 1838, was recognized as one of the first, free African-American communities in the United States. The present street grid was laid out in 1835, as shown by the Street Commissioners map of 1839, and the blocks were divided into lots. The new street grid led to the abandonment of
1089-562: A group of Breuckelen residents decided to improve their farm properties behind the Wallabout section, which gradually developed into an important produce center and market. The petition to form a new hamlet was approved by Governor Stuyvesant in 1663. Its leading signer was Thomas Lambertsen, a carpenter from Holland. A year later, the English capture of New Netherland signaled the end of Dutch rule. In Governor Nicolls' Charter of 1667 and in
1210-402: A group tried to stop workers who were trying to infill an illegal tunnel excavated by students; the incident resulted in nine arrests. Crown Heights is divided into two neighborhood tabulation areas, Crown Heights North and Crown Heights South, which collectively comprise the population of Crown Heights. Crown Heights has a majority West Indian and African American population according to
1331-1316: A lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 8 murders, 26 rapes, 166 robberies, 349 felony assaults, 143 burglaries, 464 grand larcenies, and 68 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates four fire stations in Crown Heights: As of 2018 , preterm births in Crown Heights and births to teenage mothers in Crown Heights North are more common than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers in Crown Heights South are less common than in other places citywide. There were 92 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights North and 91 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights South (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide). Additionally, there were 24.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights North and 14.8 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights South (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Both neighborhoods have
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#17328015115191452-605: A lower ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018 . While 35% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 21% have less than a high school education and 43% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Bedford–Stuyvesant students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 32 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 23 percent to 47 percent within
1573-512: A non-collecting museum, its annual program includes approximately three exhibition cycles of 1–2 commissioning programs by mid-career artists, 10–15 projects and commissions by emerging artists, and 3–6 solo and group exhibitions. SculptureCenter offers free public programs and events including artist talks, performances, film screenings, and publications. 40°44′48.5″N 73°56′27.69″W / 40.746806°N 73.9410250°W / 40.746806; -73.9410250 This article about
1694-542: A plot of land and founded Weeksville. The Stuyvesant Heights Historic District in Bedford-Stuyvesant comprises 577 contributing residential buildings built between about 1870 and 1900. The district encompasses 17 individual blocks (13 identified in 1975 and four new in 1996). The buildings within the district primarily comprise two- and three-storey rowhouses with high basements, with a few multiple dwellings and institutional structures. The district includes
1815-470: A relatively high concentration of elderly residents. Violence broke out several times in the neighborhood during the late 20th century, including during the New York City blackout of 1977 : More than 75 area stores were robbed, and thieves used cars to pull up roll-down curtains in front of stores. In 1991, there was a three-day outbreak known as the Crown Heights Riot , which started between
1936-571: A relatively high population of residents who are uninsured , or who receive healthcare through Medicaid . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 12% in Crown Heights North and 16% in Crown Heights South, compared to the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , is 0.008 milligrams per cubic metre (8.0 × 10 oz/cu ft) in Crown Heights North and 0.0078 milligrams per cubic metre (7.8 × 10 oz/cu ft) in Crown Heights South, slightly higher than
2057-491: A relatively low population of residents who are uninsured , or who receive healthcare through Medicaid . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, which is slightly lower than the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , in Bedford–Stuyvesant is 0.0081 milligrams per cubic metre (8.1 × 10 oz/cu ft), higher than
2178-568: A significant number of Hasidic Jews . It is the location of the Worldwide Headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish movement, at 770 Eastern Parkway . An Orthodox Jewish community which established itself in Crown Heights in the 1940s has continued to thrive around that location. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Crown Heights North was 103,169,
2299-567: A sprinkling of English people; there were also a few professionals. A contemporary description calls it a very well kept residential neighborhood, typical of the general description of Brooklyn as "a town of homes and churches". Built in 1863, the Capitoline Grounds were the home of the Brooklyn Atlantics baseball team. The grounds were bordered by Nostrand Avenue, Halsey Street, Marcy Avenue, and Putnam Avenue. During
2420-583: A subway configuration, the IRT Eastern Parkway Line ( 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 trains), in contrast to many other Brooklyn neighborhoods, which had elevated lines. Conversion to a commuter town also included tearing down the 19th century Kings County Penitentiary at Carroll Street and Nostrand Avenue. Beginning in the early 1900s, many upper-class residences, including characteristic brownstone buildings, were erected along Eastern Parkway. Away from
2541-427: Is 50% in Crown Heights North, lower than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Crown Heights North is considered to be gentrifying . According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning , there is still an overwhelming Black population majority of 40,000 or more residents, but there is a diverse cultural population with each
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#17328015115192662-443: Is a neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn . Bedford–Stuyvesant is bordered by Flushing Avenue to the north (bordering Williamsburg ), Classon Avenue to the west (bordering Clinton Hill ), Broadway to the east (bordering Bushwick and East New York ), and Atlantic Avenue to the south (bordering Crown Heights and Brownsville ). The main shopping street, Fulton Street, runs east–west
2783-459: Is about one mile (1.6 km) wide and two miles (3.2 km) long. Neighborhoods bordering Crown Heights include Prospect Heights to the west, Flatbush and Prospect Lefferts Gardens to the south, Brownsville to the east, and Bedford–Stuyvesant to the north. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway , a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending two miles (3.2 km) east–west. Originally,
2904-538: Is also part of the 18th and 25th State Senate districts, represented respectively by Democrats Julia Salazar and Jabari Brisport , and the 54th, 55th, and 56th State Assembly districts, represented respectively by Democrats Erik Dilan , Latrice Walker , and Stefani Zinerman . Bed-Stuy is located in the New York City Council 's 36th and 41st districts, represented respectively by Democrats Chi Ossé and Darlene Mealy . Bedford–Stuyvesant
3025-551: Is covered by ZIP Codes 11238, 11216, 11213, and 11233 from west to east, while Crown Heights South is covered by ZIP Codes 11225 and 11213 from west to east. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices nearby: the Saint Johns Place Station at 1234 St Johns Place, and the James E Davis Station at 315 Empire Boulevard. Crown Heights generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to
3146-658: Is equal to the median life expectancy of all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 22% are between the ages of 0–17, 30% between 25 and 44, and 25% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 14% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 9 was $ 51,072. In 2018, an estimated 22% of Crown Heights South residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in
3267-556: Is located in New York's 35th and 36th City Council districts, represented respectively by Democrats Crystal Hudson and Chi Ossé . As compared to most other parts of New York City, however, Crown Heights is more politically moderate; several of its precincts voted for Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election . Crown Heights is served by Brooklyn Community Board 8 north of Eastern Parkway and Brooklyn Community Board 9 south of Eastern Parkway. Crown Heights
3388-612: Is located toward the western end of Bedford-Stuyvesant. Before the American Revolutionary War times, it was the first settlement to the east of the Village of Brooklyn. It was originally part of the old village of Bedford, which was centered near today's Bedford Avenue–Fulton Street intersection. The area "extends from Monroe Street on the north to Macon Street and Verona Place on the south, and from just east of Bedford Avenue eastward to Tompkins Avenue," according to
3509-599: Is now New York Harbor aboard a Dutch East India Company ship, the Halve Maen ( Half Moon ) commissioned by the Dutch Republic . European habitation in the New York City area began in earnest with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" ( New Amsterdam ), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. By 1630, Dutch and English colonists started moving into
3630-497: Is part of Brooklyn Community District 9 and is patrolled by the 71st Precinct of the NYPD. Crown Heights's primary ZIP Codes are 11213, 11216, 11225, 11233, and 11238. Politically, it is represented by the New York City Council 's 35th, 36th, and 41st Districts. Although no known physical evidence remains in the Crown Heights vicinity, large portions of what is now called Long Island including present-day Brooklyn were occupied by
3751-626: Is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD . Crown Heights North is covered by the 77th Precinct, located at 127 Utica Avenue, while Crown Heights South is patrolled by the 71st Precinct, located at 421 Empire Boulevard. The 77th Precinct ranked 42nd safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010, while the 71st Precinct ranked 46th safest. As of 2018 , with a non-fatal assault rate of 85 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights North and 73 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights South, both areas' rates of violent crimes per capita are greater than that of
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3872-715: Is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD . The 81st Precinct is located at 30 Ralph Avenue, serving the area east of Marcus Garvey Boulevard, and the 79th Precinct is located at 263 Tompkins Avenue, serving the area west of Marcus Garvey Boulevard. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates seven fire stations in Bedford–Stuyvesant. As of 2018 , preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in Bedford–Stuyvesant than in other places citywide. In Bedford–Stuyvesant, there were 95 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 26.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Bedford–Stuyvesant has
3993-530: Is represented by the New York City Council 's 36th District. The neighborhood's name combines the names of what was the hamlet of Bedford, and the Stuyvesant Heights neighborhoods, initially separate neighborhoods which grew together. The 17th century hamlet of Bedford was named after the market town of Bedford in England . Stuyvesant Heights was named for Peter Stuyvesant , the last governor of
4114-455: Is slightly lower than North Crown Heights. The neighborhood is part of New York's 9th congressional district , represented by Democrat Yvette Clarke since 2013. It is also part of the 19th and 20th State Senate districts, represented by Democrats Roxanne Persaud and Zellnor Myrie , and the 43rd and 57th State Assembly districts, represented respectively by Democrats Brian A. Cunningham and Phara Souffrant Forrest . Crown Heights
4235-413: The 1993 mayoral race and ultimately led to a successful outreach program between Black and Jewish leaders that somewhat helped improve race relations in the city. Through the 1990s, crime, racial conflict, and violence decreased in the city and urban renewal and gentrification began to take effect including in Crown Heights. In the 2010s, Crown Heights experienced rapid gentrification. In some areas
4356-490: The Lenape Native Americans . The Lenape lived in communities of bark- or grass-covered wigwams , and in their larger settlements—typically located on high ground adjacent to fresh water, and occupied in the fall, winter, and spring—they fished, harvested shellfish, trapped animals, gathered wild fruits and vegetables, and cultivated corn, tobacco, beans, and other crops. The first recorded contact between
4477-741: The Our Lady of Victory Catholic Church , the Romanesque Revival style Mount Lebanon Baptist Church, and St. Phillip's Episcopal Church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and expanded in 1996. There are several other historic districts in the neighborhood as of 2024 , designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . Bedford Stuyvesant/Expanded Stuyvesant Heights Historic District
4598-541: The Upper East Side , where it operated a school with artists’ studios. The offerings included clay and wax modeling, stone and wood carving, welding, figure studies and portraits. There were are also after-school classes for children. In 2001, SculptureCenter's board closed both the school and the studios, sold the carriage house for $ 4.75 million and invested the proceeds in reinventing the organization in Queens as
4719-500: The directors of the Dutch West India Company what was described as "a parcel of free (unoccupied) woodland there" on the condition that they situate their houses "within one of the other concentration, which would suit them best, but not to make a hamlet." In the 19th century, the area was rural. The Crow Hill penitentiary and various orphanages were located in the area at the time. In 1884, Alexander Jefferson
4840-402: The 2000s, the neighborhood began to experience gentrification . The two significant reasons for this were the affordable housing stock consisting of brownstone rowhouses located on quiet tree-lined streets, as well as a significant decrease of crime in the neighborhood. Many properties were renovated after the start of the 21st century, and new retailers began moving to the neighborhood. Both
4961-585: The 2010 census. Reflecting the most varied U.S. population of Caribbean immigrants outside the West Indies, Crown Heights is known for its annual West Indian Carnival . The vivid ostentation goes along Eastern Parkway , from Utica Avenue to Grand Army Plaza . According to the West Indian-American Day Carnival Association, over 3.5 million people participate in the parade each year. Crown Heights also contains
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5082-572: The 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning on the neighborhood racial demographics, western Bedford-Stuyvesant now has an almost equal population of White and Black residents with each of their population residents at between 30,000 and 39,999 along with having between 10,000 and 19,999 Hispanic residents. Eastern Bedford-Stuvyvesant has 40,000+ Black residents, 20,000 to 29,000 White residents, and 10,000 to 19,999 Hispanic residents. The 2020 census data show Bedford-Stuyvesant with an increasing diverse racial community. Bedford
5203-536: The BSRC's projects. The abandoned Sheffield Milk bottling plant on Fulton Street was turned into the BSRC offices in 1967, and the BSRC bought and renovated many housing units as well as administered a $ 73 million mortgage assistance program to encourage African-American homeownership. The BSRC also implemented a controversial plan by I.M. Pei to close off St. Marks Avenue and Prospect Place, between Kingston and Albany Avenues, and convert these into community spaces. In
5324-627: The Bed-Stuy area, including the Woodhull Medical Center and the Interfaith Medical Center . Bedford–Stuyvesant is covered by four primary ZIP Codes (11206, 11216, 11221, 11233) and parts of three other ZIP Codes (11205, 11213, and 11233). The northern part of the neighborhood is covered by 11206; the central part, by 11221; the southwestern part, by 11216; and the southeastern part, by 11233. In addition,
5445-670: The Brooklyn and Jamaica Turnpike in favor of a continuation of Brooklyn's Fulton Street, though the lands for the street grid were not sold to the City of Brooklyn until 1852. When Charles C. Betts purchased Maria Lott's tract of land the same year, this marked the end of two centuries of Dutch patrimonial holdings. Most of the streets were not opened until the 1860s, at which point Bedford–Stuyvesant's streets were named after prominent figures in American history. The Dripps Map of 1869 shows that
5566-573: The Charter of 1686, Bedford is mentioned as a settlement within the Town of Brueckelen. Bedford hamlet had an inn as early as 1668, and, in 1670, the people of Breuckelen purchased from the Canarsie Indians an additional area for common lands in the surrounding region. Bedford Corners, approximately located where the present Bedford Avenue meets Fulton Street , and only three blocks west of
5687-598: The Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue commercial corridors became part of the Bed-Stuy Gateway Business Improvement District, bringing along with it a beautification project. Through a series of "wallscapes" (large outdoor murals ), the campaign honored famous community members, including community activist and poet June Jordan , activist Hattie Carthan , and rapper The Notorious B.I.G. The campaign sought to show off
5808-642: The Landmarks Preservation Commission. Bedford is adjacent to Williamsburg, Crown Heights, and Clinton Hill. Stuyvesant Heights is located toward the southern-central section of Bedford-Stuyvesant. It has historically been an African-American enclave. It derives its name from Stuyvesant Avenue, its principal thoroughfare. It was originally part of the outlying farm area of Bedford for most of its early history. A low-rise residential district of three- and four-story masonry row houses and apartment buildings with commercial ground floors, it
5929-500: The Mahalia Jackson School building. Explore Empower Charter School is also located in Crown Heights. The PS 373 Brooklyn Transition Center at H594K, serving grades 9–12, is located at 561 Grand Avenue at the border of Crown Heights and Prospect Heights. Medgar Evers College is an institution of higher education in the neighborhood. The orthodox Jewish community is serviced by gender-segregated schools. Among
6050-429: The NYPD's 79th Precinct in Bedford–Stuyvesant had been one of the only three police precincts in the NYPD to which black police officers were assigned. Race riots followed in 1967 and 1968, as part of the political and racial tensions in the United States of the era, aggravated by continued high unemployment among blacks, continued de facto segregation in housing , and the failure to enforce civil rights laws. With
6171-618: The Reines Talmud Torah. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of turbulent race relations in the area: With increasing poverty in the city, racial conflict plagued some of its neighborhoods, including Crown Heights, with its racially and culturally mixed populations. At the request of their leader, the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson , the neighborhood's mostly white and relatively large population of Lubavitch Hasidim stayed in
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#17328015115196292-735: The Stuyvesant Heights Historic District, the Turnpike ran along the approximate line of Decatur Street. Cripplebush Road to Newtown and the Clove Road to Flatbush also met at Bedford Corners. Hunterfly Road, which joined the Turnpike about a mile to the east of Clove Road, also served as a route for farmers and fishermen of the Canarsie and New Lots areas. At the time of the Revolution, Leffert's son Jakop
6413-440: The Stuyvesant Heights north of Decatur Street looked much as it does today. Stuyvesant Heights was emerging as a neighborhood entity with its own distinctive characteristics. The houses had large rooms, high ceilings and large windows, and were built primarily by German immigrants. The people who bought these houses were generally upper-middle-class families, mostly lawyers, shopkeepers, and merchants of German and Irish descent, with
6534-442: The United States, with roughly 8,800 buildings built before 1900. Its building stock includes many historic brownstones . These homes were developed for the expanding upper-middle class from the 1890s to the late 1910s. These homes contain highly ornamental detailing throughout their interiors and have classical architectural elements, such as brackets, quoins , fluting , finials , and elaborate frieze and cornice banding. Since
6655-556: The United States. In July 2005, the NYPD designated the Fulton Street–Nostrand Avenue business district in Bedford–Stuyvesant as an "Impact Zone", which directed significantly increased levels of police protection and resources to the area for two consecutive 6-month periods, resulting in a 15% decrease in crime within one year. Despite the improvements and increasing stability of the community, Bedford–Stuyvesant has continued to be stigmatized in some circles. In March 2005
6776-474: The White and Hispanic populations at between 10,000 and 19,999 residents. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Crown Heights South was 39,670, a change of -2,700 (-6.8%) from the 42,370 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 366.94 acres (148.50 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 108.1 inhabitants per acre (69,200/sq mi; 26,700/km ). The racial makeup of
6897-793: The ZIP Code 11205 covers several blocks in the northwestern corner of Bed-Stuy, and 11213 includes several blocks in the extreme southern portion of the neighborhood. The United States Postal Service operates four post offices nearby: the Restoration Plaza Station at 1360 Fulton Street, the Shirley A Chisholm Station at 1915 Fulton Street, the Bushwick Station at 1369 Broadway, and the Halsey Station at 805 MacDonough Street. Bedford–Stuyvesant generally has
7018-513: The ages of 0 and 17, 33% between 25 and 44, and 22% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 11% respectively. As of 2022, the median household income in Community Board 3 was $ 71,123. In 2018, an estimated 23% of Bedford–Stuyvesant residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (13%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in
7139-477: The aim of forcing out the rent-stabilized . Other tactics include relocating residents from their apartments claiming renovation and locking them out, as employed by another realtor in the neighborhood, ZT Realty. In 2017, real estate developer Isaac Hager faced opposition from activists when he proposed building a 565-unit apartment complex in Crown Heights; in April 2019, a judge issued a restraining order against
7260-461: The ambulance refused to treat Gavin Cato's injuries while removing members of Schneerson's motorcade instead. Yankel Rosenbaum, a visiting rabbinical student from Australia, was killed in the riot, while Jews were assaulted, and there was property damage amid rock throwing in the ensuing riots. The riot unveiled long-simmering tensions between the neighborhood's Black and Jewish communities, which impacted
7381-524: The area was known as Crow Hill . It was a succession of hills running east and west from Utica Avenue to Washington Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and East New York Avenue . The name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916. The northern half of Crown Heights is part of Brooklyn Community District 8 and is patrolled by the 77th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). The southern half
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#17328015115197502-412: The area was still largely rural with a few freestanding houses mostly on MacDonough Street. The real development of the district began slowly at first, accelerating between 1885 and 1900, and gradually tapering off during the first two decades of the 20th century. In 1857, the City of Brooklyn acquired part of the estate of Tunis Johnson (grandson of Jeremiah Johnson ) to establish a public park. The park
7623-431: The area's positive accomplishments. Several long-time residents and business owners expressed concern that they would be priced out by newcomers, whom they disparagingly characterize as " yuppies and buppies [black urban professionals]", according to one neighborhood blog. They feared that the neighborhood's ethnic character would be lost. However, Bedford–Stuyvesant's population has experienced much less displacement of
7744-502: The black population than other areas of Brooklyn, such as Williamsburg and Cobble Hill . Bedford–Stuyvesant saw the influx of more upwardly mobile middle class African American families, as well as immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean . Surrounding neighborhoods in northern and eastern Brooklyn have a combined population of about 940,000 and are roughly 82% black, making them the largest concentration of African Americans in
7865-534: The border with Crown Heights, is the Alice and Agate Courts Historic District, a set of 36 Queen Anne row houses which were designated on February 10, 2009. The entirety of Community Board 3 had 152,403 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 76.8 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 24% are between
7986-524: The city as a whole. The incarceration rates of 872 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights North and 598 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights South are both greater than that of the city as a whole. The 77th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 85.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 32 rapes, 180 robberies, 297 felony assaults, 158 burglaries, 397 grand larcenies, and 72 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The 71st Precinct also has
8107-617: The citywide and boroughwide averages. Eighteen percent of Crown Heights North residents and eight percent of Crown Heights South residents are smokers , compared to the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Crown Heights North, 26% of residents are obese , 13% are diabetic , and 33% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. By comparison, in Crown Heights South, 32% of residents are obese, 15% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure. In addition, 19% of children are obese in both Crown Heights North and South, compared to
8228-410: The citywide and boroughwide averages. Nineteen percent of Bedford–Stuyvesant residents are smokers , which is higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Bedford–Stuyvesant, 29% of residents are obese , 13% are diabetic , and 34% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 22% of children are obese, compared to
8349-553: The citywide average of 20%. Eighty-four percent of Crown Heights North and eighty-one percent of Crown Heights South residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is slightly lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 78% of Crown Heights North and 84% of Crown Heights South residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", compared to than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket, there are 25 bodegas in Crown Heights North and 21 bodegas in Crown Heights South. Crown Heights North
8470-404: The citywide average of 20%. Eighty-four percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is slightly lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 76% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", slightly less than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Bedford–Stuyvesant, there are 57 bodegas . There are several hospitals in
8591-744: The citywide average of 75% of students. Among the public schools are the International Arts Business School, The League School, The School for Human Rights, The School for Democracy and Leadership and the High School for Public Service: Heroes of Tomorrow , all on the campus of the now-closed George W. Wingate High School , and Success Academy Crown Heights, part of Success Academy Charter Schools . M.S. 587, New Heights Middle School, Achievement First Crown Heights Elementary School, and Achievement First Crown Heights Middle School are all located in Crown Heights, housed in
8712-496: The citywide rate. The ethnic and racial mix of the population has undergone dramatic changes in the past 15 years as the neighborhood has attracted new residents. According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, three-quarters of the residents identified as black or African-American in 2000, but this share had declined to less than half of the population by 2015. In 2015, one-quarter of the residents were white and nearly one-fifth were Hispanic. By comparison, in 2000, less than 3 percent of
8833-513: The colony of New Netherland . In the second half of the 17th century, the lands which constitute the present neighborhood belonged to three Dutch settlers: Dirck Janse Hooghland, who operated a ferryboat on the East River, and farmers Jan Hansen, and Leffert Pietersen van Haughwout. In pre- revolutionary Kings County, Bedford was the first major settlement east of the Village of Brooklyn, on
8954-781: The community as other whites were leaving. In 1964 the Labor Day Carnival celebrating Caribbean culture was moved to the neighborhood when its license to run in Harlem was revoked. It now attracts between one and three million people and is held on the first Monday in September. During the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, Crown Heights was declared a primary poverty area due to a high unemployment rate, high juvenile and adult crime rate, poor nutrition due to lack of family income, relative absence of job skills and readiness, and
9075-607: The demographics of the city, at the time. In 1950, the neighborhood was 89 percent white, with some 50 to 60 percent, or about 75,000 people, being Jewish and many of them Holocaust survivors and recent arrivals from Displaced Persons Camps in the Allied Zones of Occupation of Germany. However, new arrivals from the West Indies and the American South created a growing Black presence. By 1957, there were about 25,000 Black people in Crown Heights, making up about one-fourth of
9196-443: The early 2000s, Bedford-Stuyvesant has undergone significant gentrification, resulting in a dramatic demographic shift combined with increasing rent and real estate prices. Bedford–Stuyvesant is mostly part of Brooklyn Community District 3 . Its primary ZIP Codes are 11205, 11206, 11216, 11221, 11233, and 11238. Bedford–Stuyvesant is patrolled by the 79th and 81st Precincts of the New York City Police Department . Politically it
9317-550: The ferry road to the town of Jamaica and eastern Long Island . Stuyvesant Heights, however, was farmland; the area became a community after the American Revolutionary War. For most of its early history, Stuyvesant Heights was part of the outlying farm area of the small hamlet of Bedford, settled by the Dutch during the 17th century within the incorporated town of Breuckelen. The hamlet had its beginnings when
9438-459: The first time; by 2014, there were over ten Zagat-rated establishments. Moreover, in June 2013, 7 Arlington Place, the setting for Spike Lee 's 1994 film Crooklyn , was sold for over its asking price, at $ 1.7 million. A diverse mix of students, hipsters , artists, creative professionals, architects, and attorneys of all races continued to move to the neighborhood. A business improvement district
9559-473: The first urban riots of the era took place there due to social and racial divisions in the city contributed to the tensions. The relationship between the NYPD and the city's black community became strained due to perceptions of the NYPD as being oppressive and racially biased, and at that time, few black policemen were present on the force. Predominantly black neighborhoods received disproportionate rates of arrests and prosecutions for drug-related crimes, and
9680-867: The girls schools are Beth Rivkah Academy, founded in 1941 by the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson , as the oldest Chasidic school for girls; the school now hosts preschool through higher learning institutions. Newer schools include Bnos Menachem, Bais Chaya Mushka, Bnos Chomesh and Chabad Girls Academy. The boys are educated at Oholei Torah , Yeshiva Tomchei Temimim Lubavitch , Cheder Ohr Menachem, Gan Academy, Darchei Menachem and various other smaller schools. The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) has three branches in Crown Heights: Bedford%E2%80%93Stuyvesant, Brooklyn Bedford–Stuyvesant ( / ˌ b ɛ d f ər d ˈ s t aɪ v ə s ən t / BED -fərd STY -və-sənt ), colloquially known as Bed–Stuy ,
9801-474: The help of local activists and politicians, such as Civil Court Judge Thomas Jones , grassroots organizations of community members and businesses willing to aid were formed and began the rebuilding of Bedford–Stuyvesant. In 1965, Andrew W. Cooper , a journalist from Bedford–Stuyvesant, brought suit under the Voting Rights Act against racial gerrymandering under the grounds that Bedford–Stuyvesant
9922-422: The increasing rents have caused the displacement of long-time residents. Not only did rents for each apartment increase drastically but building management firms such as BCB Realty, affiliated with companies that buy up buildings in the neighborhood, aimed to remove long-term residents by buying them out or pressuring them to move by "failing to adequately maintain apartments", according to a housing activist, with
10043-532: The indigenous people of the New York City region and Europeans was with the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 in the service of France when he anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. There he was visited by a canoe party of Lenape . The next contact was in 1609 when the explorer Henry Hudson arrived in what
10164-574: The late 1930s, the neighborhood has been a major cultural center for Brooklyn's African American population. Following the construction of the Fulton Street subway line ( A and C trains) in 1936, African Americans left an overcrowded Harlem for greater housing availability in Bedford–Stuyvesant. From Bedford–Stuyvesant, African Americans have since moved into the surrounding areas of Brooklyn, such as East New York , Crown Heights , Brownsville , and Fort Greene . Since
10285-488: The late 1980s, resistance to illegal drug-dealing included, according to Rita Webb Smith, following police arrests with a civilian Sunni Muslim 40-day patrol of several blocks near a mosque, the same group having earlier evicted drug sellers at a landlord's request, although that also resulted in arrests of the Muslims for "burglary, menacing and possession of weapons", resulting in a probationary sentence. Beginning in
10406-473: The length of the neighborhood and intersects high-traffic north–south streets including Bedford Avenue , Nostrand Avenue , and Stuyvesant Avenue. Bedford–Stuyvesant contains four smaller neighborhoods: Bedford, Stuyvesant Heights, Ocean Hill , and Weeksville (also part of Crown Heights). Part of Clinton Hill was once considered part of Bedford–Stuyvesant. Bedford–Stuyvesant has the largest collection of intact and largely untouched Victorian architecture in
10527-527: The neighborhood included major sewer and water modernization projects, as well as fiber-optic and cable service upgrades. Improved natural and organic produce continued to become available at local delis and grocers, the farmer's market on Malcolm X Boulevard, and through the Bed-Stuy Farm Share. FreshDirect services the neighborhood, and a large member constituency of the adjacent Greene-Hill Food Coop are from Bedford–Stuyvesant. According to
10648-500: The neighborhood was 62.8% (24,921) African American , 25.8% (10,221) White , 0.7% (285) Asian , 0.2% (81) Native American , 0% (12) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (127) from other races , and 1.5% (601) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.6% (3,422) of the population. The entirety of Community District 9, which covers Crown Heights South, had 98,650 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.2 years. This
10769-402: The neighborhood's West Indian / African American and Jewish communities. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after Gavin Cato, the son of two Guyanese immigrants, was struck and killed by a car in the motorcade of prominent Hasidic rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson . A mob began to attack a Jewish volunteer ambulance, which withdrew. Rumors, which later proved to be unfounded, circulated that
10890-459: The parkway were a mixture of lower middle-class residences. This development peaked in the 1920s. Before World War II Crown Heights was among New York City's premier neighborhoods, with tree-lined streets, an array of cultural institutions and parks, and numerous fraternal, social and community organizations. From the early 1920s through the 1960s, Crown Heights was an overwhelmingly white neighborhood and predominantly Ashkenazi Jewish reflecting
11011-441: The population of Bedford–Stuyvesant. In the 1950s, real estate agents and speculators employed blockbusting to turn a profit. As a result, formerly middle-class white homes were being turned over to poorer black families. By 1960, eighty-five percent of the population was black. Gang wars erupted in 1961 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, and Alfred E. Clark of The New York Times referred to it as "Brooklyn's Little Harlem ". One of
11132-618: The population was white (the Hispanic share of the population has remained relatively unchanged). The Asian population has grown, but remains relatively small, making up less than 5 percent of the neighborhood. According to the US Census Bureau, in 2022 the population was 41% Black, 29% White , 18% Hispanic, 4% Asian, and 8% other or from two or more races. The neighborhood is part of New York's 8th congressional district , represented by Democrat Hakeem Jeffries as of 2013 . It
11253-491: The population. The entirety of Community District 8, which covers Crown Heights North, had 97,130 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.2 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 20% are between the ages of 0–17, 37% between 25 and 44, and 22% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents
11374-483: The population. Around the same time, suburbanization began to rapidly affect Crown Heights and Brooklyn. Robert Moses expanded the borough's access to eastern Long Island through expressway construction; by way of the G.I. Bill, many families moved east. As the Jewish, Irish and Italian populations of Crown Heights moved out of the neighborhood as the housing stock deteriorated and crime rapidly escalated, black people from
11495-643: The pre-existing wooden homes were destroyed and replaced with brownstone rowhouses . In 1907, the completion of the Williamsburg Bridge facilitated the immigration of Jews and Italians from the Lower East Side of Manhattan. During the 1930s, major changes took place due to the Great Depression years. Immigrants from the American South and the Caribbean brought the neighborhood's black population to around 30,000, making it
11616-518: The present Historic District, was the intersection of several well traveled roads. The Brooklyn and Jamaica Turnpike, constructed by a corporation founded in 1809 and one of the oldest roads in Kings County, ran parallel to the present Fulton Street, from the East River ferry to the village of Brooklyn, thence to the hamlet of Bedford and on toward Jamaica via Bed–Stuy. Farmers from New Lots and Flatbush used this road on their way to Manhattan. Within
11737-438: The project. In the wake of the 2010 opening of Basil Pizza & Wine Bar , a series of upscale, kosher, foodie restaurants opened in Crown Heights, which The Jewish Week described as "an eating destination." In November 2013, a series of attacks on Jewish residents were suspected to be part of " knockout games ". Media attention to knockout attacks increased following the incidents in Crown Heights. In response to
11858-508: The rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 53% in Bedford–Stuyvesant, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. As of late 2021, Bedford–Stuyvesant is considered to be gentrifying . The 1790 census records of Bedford lists 132 freemen and 72 slaves. Rapid population growth followed major improvements to public transportation. By 1873, Bed-Stuy's (predominantly white) population
11979-633: The rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 55% in Crown Heights South, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Crown Heights South is considered to be gentrifying. As of the 2020 census according to New York City Department of City Planning , there were between 20,000 and 29,999 Black residents and 10,000 to 19,999 White residents. The concentration of Black residents in South Crown Heights
12100-515: The rest of the city as of 2018 . In Crown Heights North, 44% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 40% are high school graduates or have some college education. In Crown Heights South, 35% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 48% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have
12221-506: The same time period. Bedford–Stuyvesant's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In Bedford–Stuyvesant, 30% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year , compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 70% of high school students in Bedford–Stuyvesant graduate on time, lower than the citywide average of 75% of students. Several public schools serve Bedford-Stuyvesant. The zoned high school for
12342-497: The same time period. Crown Heights' rates of elementary school student absenteeism are higher than the rest of New York City. The proportions of elementary school students who missed twenty or more days per school year were 28% in Crown Heights North and 22% in Crown Heights South, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 71% of high school students in Crown Heights North and 77% of high school students in Crown Heights South graduate on time, compared to
12463-571: The second destination for black New Yorkers and the New York Times even dubbed it "Little Harlem" in 1961. After a large decline during the 1970s (mirroring the citywide decline), the population in Bedford Stuyvesant grew by 34 percent between 1980 and 2015 (faster than the citywide growth rate of 21 percent) to reach 150,900 residents. The population increased by 25 percent between 2000 and 2015, more than three times faster than
12584-484: The second largest Black community in the city at the time. During World War II , the Brooklyn Navy Yard attracted many black New Yorkers to the neighborhood as an opportunity for employment, while the relatively prosperous war economy enabled many of the Jewish and Italian residents to move to Queens and Long Island. By 1950, the number of black residents had risen to 155,000, comprising about 55 percent of
12705-528: The seventh and ninth wards of the newly incorporated City of Brooklyn. With the building of the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad in 1833, along Atlantic Avenue , Bedford was established as a railroad station near the intersection of current Atlantic Avenue and Franklin Avenues. In 1836, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad was taken over by the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), which in 1878 would gain
12826-550: The south and immigrants from the Caribbean continued to move there. The 1957 departure of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the destruction of Ebbets Field for public housing for its Black population symbolically served as the end of the old white ethnic Crown Heights and in the 1960s the neighborhood experienced mass white flight . The demographic change was astounding; in 1960 the neighborhood was 70% white, and by 1970 it
12947-640: The violence, the Jewish community hosted an event for African-American teens, designed to promote greater understanding of Jews and their beliefs. The event, hosted by the Jewish Children's Museum , was coordinated by local Jewish organizations, public schools, and by the NYPD's 71st and 77th precincts. On January 8, 2024, clashes broke out at the World Headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement at 770 Eastern Parkway , after
13068-525: The western end of Long Island . In 1637, Joris Jansen de Rapalje purchased about 335 acres (1.36 km ) around Wallabout Bay and over the following two years, director Kieft of the Dutch West India Company purchased title to nearly all the land in what is now Kings County and Queens County from the indigenous inhabitants. Finally, the areas around present-day Crown Heights saw its first European settlements starting in about 1661/1662 when several men each received, from Governor Peter Stuyvesant and
13189-605: The winters, the operators would flood the area and open an ice-skating arena. The grounds were demolished in 1880. In 1890, the city of Brooklyn founded another subsection: Ocean Hill , a working-class predominantly Italian enclave. In the last decades of the 19th century, with the advent of electric trolleys and the Fulton Street Elevated , Bedford–Stuyvesant became a working-class and middle-class bedroom community for those working in downtown Brooklyn and Manhattan in New York City. At that time, most of
13310-492: Was subdivided from the larger community of Stuyvesant Heights. From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s Ocean Hill was an Italian enclave. By the late 1960s Ocean Hill and Bedford-Stuyvesant proper together formed the largest African American community in the United States . Weeksville is located toward the southeast. Weeksville was named after James Weeks, an ex-slave from Virginia , who in 1838 bought
13431-576: Was 14,000. In the early 1900s, prosperous black families began buying up the mansions of Bed-Stuy, many of which were designed by prominent architects. The population was quick to grow, but it wasn't until the 1930s that Bed-Stuy's black population boomed. Following the introduction of the IND Fulton Street Line (a.k.a. the A/C line) in 1936, African-Americans left crowded Harlem in search of better housing opportunities. Bed-Stuy quickly became
13552-516: Was 70% Black. The one exception to this pattern were Lubavitch Hasidic Jews . There were thirty-four large synagogues in the neighborhood, including the Bobov , Chovevei Torah, and 770 Eastern Parkway , home of the worldwide Lubavitch movement. There were also three prominent Yeshiva elementary schools in the neighborhood, Crown Heights Yeshiva on Crown Street, the Yeshiva of Eastern Parkway, and
13673-563: Was a leading citizen of Bedford and the town clerk of Brooklyn. His neighbor, Lambert Suydam, was captain of the Kings County cavalry in 1776. An important part of the Battle of Long Island took place in and near the Historic District. In 1784, the people of the Town of Brooklyn held their first town meeting since 1776. In 1800, Bedford was designated one of the seven districts of the Town of Brooklyn, and, in 1834, it became part of
13794-492: Was designated on April 16, 2013, and extended the Stuyvesant Heights district north to Jefferson Avenue, east to Malcolm X Boulevard, and west to Tompkins Avenue. The Bedford Historic District was created on December 8, 2015, and is roughly bounded by Fulton Street, Bedford Avenue, Monroe Street, and Tompkins Avenue. The Willoughby–Hart Historic District was designated on June 25, 2024, and includes about 50 buildings on Willoughby Avenue and Hart Street. Along Atlantic Avenue, on
13915-424: Was developed mostly between 1870 and 1920, mainly between 1895 and 1900. The Stuyvesant Heights Historic District is located within the area bounded roughly by Tompkins Avenue on the west, Macon and Halsey Streets on the north, Malcolm X Boulevard on the east, and Fulton Street on the south. Ocean Hill is located toward the eastern end Ocean Hill received its name in 1890 for being slightly hilly. Hence it
14036-532: Was divided among five congressional districts , each with a white representative . It resulted in the creation of New York's 12th Congressional District and the election in 1968 of Shirley Chisholm , the first black woman and West Indian American ever elected to the US Congress . In 1967, Robert F. Kennedy , U.S. senator for New York state, launched a study of problems facing the urban poor in Bedford–Stuyvesant, which received almost no federal aid and
14157-470: Was killed during a prolonged hanging after being convicted of the Crow Hill Murders . Appeals seeking to overturn his death sentence documented the significant poverty in the area at the time. Crown Heights had begun as a fashionable residential neighborhood, a place for secondary homes in which Manhattan's growing bourgeois class could reside. The area benefited by having its rapid transit in
14278-580: Was launched along the Fulton and Nostrand Corridor, with a redesigned streetscape planned to include new street trees, street furniture, pavers , and signage and improved cleanliness in an effort to attract more business investment. Major infrastructure upgrades have been performed or are in progress, such as Select Bus Service bus rapid transit on the B44 route along Nostrand and Bedford Avenues, which began operating in late 2013. Other infrastructure upgrades in
14399-459: Was lower, at 9% and 12% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 8 was $ 60,107. In 2018, an estimated 21% of Crown Heights North residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent,
14520-435: Was opened in 1871, named Tompkins Park after Daniel D. Tompkins . In 1985 it was renamed Herbert Von King Park after the local community leader. Construction of masonry row houses in the 1870s began to transform the rural district into an urban area. The first row of masonry houses in Stuyvesant Heights was built in 1872 on MacDonough Street for developer Curtis L. North. In the 1880s and 1890s, more rows were added, most of
14641-509: Was the city's largest non-white community. Under Kennedy's leadership and with the help of activists, the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation was established as the United States' first community development corporation. The Manhattan-based Development and Services Corporation (D&S) was established with business, banking and professional leaders which advised and raised private funding for
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