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67-1541: Coordinates : 50°49′28″N 4°22′54″E / 50.824308°N 4.381724°E / 50.824308; 4.381724 Belgian national institute [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sciensano" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Sciensano [REDACTED] Headquarters of Sciensano in Ixelles Motto Healthy all life long Established 1 April 2018 ; 6 years ago ( 2018-04-01 ) Field of research Public health Animal health Food safety Directors Pierre Kerkhofs (ad interim anno 2018) Myriam Sneyers (ad interim anno 2018) Staff Ca. 700 employees Location Ixelles ( Brussels ), Belgium 50°49′28″N 4°22′54″E / 50.824308°N 4.381724°E / 50.824308; 4.381724 Nobel laureates Jules Bordet Website www .sciensano .be Map [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Location in Belgium Sciensano
134-505: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
201-460: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
268-604: A One Health resolution to promote partnering between veterinary and human medical organizations in 2007, and a One Health approach was recommended for responses to global disease outbreaks in 2007. Building on these initiatives, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO) came together with the United Nations Children's Fund ( UNICEF ), United Nations System Influenza Coordination, and
335-696: A better understanding of environmental factors that impact disease dynamics. The management board is made up of Ab Osterhaus , John Mackenzie, and Chris Vanlangendonck. The organization has nine objectives, which include: The One Health Platform was responsible for organizing the World One Health Congress meeting each year 2015 - 2020. The next World One Health Congress scheduled for 2022 continued in Singapore hosted by SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute. FAO works closely with WOAH (formerly OIE) and WHO, referred to all together as
402-458: A case study was undertaken by a team of researchers to explore the health implications linked to the land application of biosolids within the framework of One Health. This investigation encompassed the One Health study design across all three health domains, revealing certain limitations encountered when applying One Health research in practical settings. These obstacles encompass, among others,
469-546: A comprehensive answer to the health challenges of the future. More particularly, the merger was based on the One Health principle that states that the areas of human health, animal health and the environment are inherently connected with each other. The merger became official on April 1, 2018. Activities [ edit ] Environmental health: Sciensano researches and monitors environmental health and environmental threats to human health. For example, it assesses
536-569: A department at the University of California, Davis , to jointly address issues in the animal and human health sciences. In 2004, The Wildlife Conservation Society held a conference called "One World, One Health" at Rockefeller University in New York. Out of that conference the twelve Manhattan Principles were created to describe a unified approach to preventing epidemic diseases. These principles emphasized links between humans, animals, and
603-410: A physician, and Kathryn Bowers, a science journalist, published the book Zoobiquity , coining the term as they drew parallels between animal and human health through vivid case studies. They called for the biomedical scientific and clinical communities to rediscover comparative medicine and reexamine human and animal health in terms of evolution and the environment. A New York Times bestseller,
670-608: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
737-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
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#1732780254635804-478: A task force and have teleconferences to discuss One Health. This One Health Initiative Task Force created a report in 2008 which outlined recommendations to: The One Health Commission (OHC) was chartered in Washington, D.C. in 2009 as a 501(c)3 non-profit organization. Its mission is to connect individuals and create relationships across human, animal, and environmental health sectors, as well as to educate
871-528: A variety of countries including Pakistan , Tanzania , Thailand , Uzbekistan and China . Diseases most commonly prioritized include rabies , brucellosis , influenza , Ebola virus , and Rift Valley fever . To ensure fair and community-oriented investment in One Health initiatives that involve multiple institutional and international partners, it is crucial to strengthen their governance foundations. The global One Health community can learn three important lessons to make One Health more inclusive. In 2017,
938-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
1005-480: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
1072-522: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
1139-513: Is Cheryl Stroud, a veterinarian, who has held the position since 2013. The One Health Commission began in 2014 compiling a Who's Who in One Health, a Directory of organizations around the world that are actively working to further the One Health paradigm shift. The OHC also oversees a Global One Health Community listserv. In addition the commission has a webpage known as the One Health Library with many types of resources available on
1206-415: Is a research institute and the national public health institute of Belgium . It is a so-called federal scientific institution that operates under the authority of the federal minister of Public Health and the federal minister of Agriculture of Belgium. Sciensano's core business is scientific research in the fields of public health , animal health and food safety . Sciensano arose in 2018 from
1273-566: Is an approach calling for "the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally, to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment", as defined by the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF). It developed in response to evidence of the spreading of zoonotic diseases between species and increasing awareness of "the interdependence of human and animal health and ecological change". In this viewpoint, public health
1340-491: Is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of humans, animals, plants and ecosystems. It recognizes the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and interdependent. The approach mobilizes multiple sectors, disciplines and communities at varying levels of society to work together to foster well-being and tackle threats to health and ecosystems, while addressing
1407-405: Is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from August 2022 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It
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#17327802546351474-456: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
1541-461: Is no longer seen in purely human terms. Due to a shared environment and highly conserved physiology, animals and humans not only suffer from the same zoonotic diseases but can also be treated by either structurally related or identical drugs. For this reason, special care must be taken to avoid unnecessary or over-treatment of zoonotic diseases, particularly in the context of drug resistance in infectious microbes. A number of organizations throughout
1608-621: Is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. One Health One Health
1675-409: Is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in
1742-601: Is to improve the quality of health care and patient outcomes . Vaccines, medications and health products: Sciensano supports the Belgian Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products by assessing the safety and effectiveness of vaccines , medications and other health products. For example, it performs quality control on medications and vaccines, investigates illegal and counterfeit medications and researches antibiotic resistance . In addition, Sciensano analyses samples of certain illegal drugs within
1809-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
1876-770: The Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain , the Federal Public Service Public Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment and front-line organisations in their tasks related to animal health and food safety. To this end, it monitors zoonoses as well as epizootics for the impact they may have on human health through the food chain as well as purely for their socio-economical impact on animal husbandry . References [ edit ] ^ "Oprichting van het nieuwe federale onderzoekscentrum Sciensano" [Establishment of
1943-629: The Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre and the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance , Sciensano evaluates the quality of the Belgian health care system . For this purpose, it makes use of health indicators , coordinates national databases, keeps track of hospital-acquired infections , makes complex medical diagnoses as a scientific reference authority, and more. Sciensano's end goal
2010-750: The EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In
2077-481: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
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2144-764: The World Bank to develop a framework entitled Contributing to One World, One Health-A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface in 2008, reiterating recommendations for a One Health approach to global health. This framework was expanded and implementable policies were developed at Stone Mountain, Georgia in May 2010. International meetings on One Health were held in 2011 in Africa and Australia. In 2012, Barbara Natterson-Horowitz ,
2211-436: The epidemiology of infectious diseases such as AIDS , influenza , salmonella and bronchitis , of zoonoses such as brucellosis and rabies and of chronic diseases that are linked to wealth , such as cardiovascular disease , cancer and diabetes . This allows Sciensano to detect and evaluate threats, and to support health authorities in their fight against these diseases. Quality of health care: together with
2278-526: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
2345-700: The Advancing Emergency Preparedness Through One Health Act into the United States Senate and House of Representatives , respectively. This bi-partisan piece of legislation would require that the Department of Health and Human Services , Department of Agriculture , and other federal agencies develop a coordinated plan to create a One Health Framework to help prepare responses to zoonotic disease and prevent disease outbreaks. The bill
2412-753: The CDC One Health Office hosts webinars to educate audiences about One Health issues such as food safety, antimicrobial resistance, and recent disease outbreaks. The One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization process is led by the CDC. It involves holding workshops internationally to prioritize which zoonotic diseases are of the most concern and helping countries develop action plans to address those diseases. The process involves 3-6 facilitators representing human, animal, and environmental health sectors, up to 12 voting members which represent human health/public health, agriculture/livestock, wildlife/fisheries,
2479-506: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
2546-729: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
2613-536: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
2680-566: The Tripartite organizations. WHO was a partner in the 2008 establishment of a strategic One Health framework for approaching global health problems. In September 2017, a feature page for One Health was included on the WHO website, defining One Health and highlighting important topic areas such as food safety, zoonotic disease , and antimicrobial resistance . WOAH (headquartered in Paris, France )
2747-697: The United States National Environmental Health Association, among others. Such collaboration, which often remains very limited, could lead to more quick and profound exchange of knowledge and insights between disciplines and professionals, which is important to better and more rapidly respond to outbreaks and newly emerging zoonoses and diseases. The One Health Platform is a scientific reference network to unite researchers and experts to better understand and prepare for zoonotic disease outbreaks from animals to humans, and antimicrobial resistance , including
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2814-661: The awareness of One Health and develop tools to help strengthen One Health movements. The CDC One Health Office is involved in multiple initiatives, including working to implement a Zoonotic Disease Prioritization process, creating Global Health Security Agenda Action Packages, overseeing the Zoonoses Education Coalition, developing guidelines with the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians , and helping educate youth involved with agriculture about influenza . Additionally,
2881-498: The book has been described as "easy to read and entertaining" in its presentation of ideas similar to the "One Health" concept, but also criticized as lacking depth and failing to recognize the extent to which animals and humans have differently evolved as complex systems. In 2016, The One Health Commission, One Health Platform, and One Health Initiative Team deemed International One Health Day to be November 3. In 2019, Senator Tina Smith and Representative Kurt Schrader introduced
2948-577: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
3015-470: The change from a Tripartite to a Quadripartite partnership. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , created a One Health Office in 2009, becoming the first United States federal agency to have an office dedicated to this field. This office works alongside other animal, human, and environmental health organizations both within the United States and across the world in order to increase
3082-544: The collective need for clean water, energy and air, safe and nutritious food, taking action on climate change, and contributing to sustainable development." Calvin Schwabe , a veterinarian trained in public health, coined the term "One Medicine" in a veterinary medical textbook in 1964 to reflect the similarities between animal and human medicine and stress the importance of collaboration between veterinarians and physicians to help solve global health problems . He established
3149-649: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
3216-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
3283-449: The environment and other relevant government sectors, and 10-15 advisors from international organizations (such as the WHO, FAO or OIE), academic partners or NGOs not directly involved in zoonotic diseases. The CDC One Health Office trains facilitators and it takes months to prepare for a workshop to acquire the necessary resources, identify participants, review zoonotic information and confirm logistics. Completed workshops have been held in
3350-641: The environment, their importance in understanding disease dynamics, and the need for interdisciplinary approaches to prevention, education, investment, and policy development. Due to global scares surrounding the H5N1 influenza outbreaks of the early-mid 2000s, the American Veterinary Medical Association established a One Health Initiative Task Force in 2006, the American Medical Association passed
3417-579: The framework of the Belgian Early Warning System Drugs. Quality of medical laboratories: Sciensano is responsible for the inspection and certification of medical laboratories in Belgium, especially with regard to samples of human origin . It supervises the correct handling of sample material and the use of standardised analytical methods , and provides external quality assurance . Animal health: Sciensano supports
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#17327802546353484-474: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
3551-781: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
3618-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
3685-595: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
3752-463: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
3819-903: The merger of the former Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (in Dutch : Centrum voor Onderzoek in Diergeneeskunde en Agrochemie , in French : Centre d’Étude et de Recherches Vétérinaires et Agrochimiques , often shortened to CODA-CERVA) and the former Scientific Institute of Public Health (in Dutch: Wetenschappelijk Instituut Volksgezondheid , in French: Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique , often shortened to WIV-ISP). Both institutions were merged because of their complementary activities and to be able to provide
3886-1594: The new federal research center Sciensano]. www.sciensano.be (in Dutch). Sciensano. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ "About Sciensano" . www.sciensano.be . Sciensano . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ "Levenslang gezond" [Healthy all life long] (PDF) . www.sciensano.be (in Dutch). Sciensano. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ "SCIENSANO & Illegal drugs" . www.sciensano.be . Sciensano . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . External links [ edit ] Official website Authority control databases : People [REDACTED] ISIL : OCLC-BESCI Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sciensano&oldid=1197433357 " Categories : Federal departments and agencies of Belgium Medical and health organisations based in Belgium Research institutes in Belgium Public health organizations Epidemiology organizations Food safety organizations Veterinary research institutes National public health agencies Veterinary medicine in Belgium Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Articles with short description Short description
3953-421: The objective to strengthen food security by improving animal production systems and veterinary services and called for action in improving collaborations between animal, human, and environmental health sectors. FAO, WOAH and WHO published a new guide to approaching zoonotic disease with a One Health framework in 2019. In February 2021, acknowledging the importance of the environment for the One Health approach,
4020-559: The presence and impact of GMOs, food pathogens , food contaminants , pesticide residues , food additives , nanomaterials and other materials that come into contact with food. Health and disease monitoring: through different methods, such as nationwide surveys , disease registries and networks of collaborating physicians , Sciensano collects data about the health of the population, for example about disabilities or medication consumption. This data allows health authorities to evaluate and adjust health policy . It also follows up on
4087-508: The public about these issues with the intent to improve global health. Roger Mahr was the founding CEO. A request for proposal for an institutional partner was put forth in 2010, and Iowa State University was selected to be the main site for operations. In 2013, Roger Mahr retired from the commission and the operations site moved to the Research Triangle of North Carolina, where it currently resides. The current executive director
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#17327802546354154-412: The risks posed to biosafety by genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and develops environmental indicators for a healthier and more environmentally friendly pesticide use. It also investigates the health impact of air pollution . Food consumption and food safety: Sciensano analyses the dietary habits of the population and whether they meet the dietary recommendations . It also investigates
4221-565: The three partner organizations invited UNEP to join the Tripartite. In March of the same year, the Tripartite and UNEP agreed to work together on a strategy to apply the One Health approach in the prevention of future pandemics. One year later, in March 2022, the Twenty-eighth Tripartite Annual Executive Meeting saw the signing of a memorandum of understanding by all organizations involved to mark
4288-426: The topic of or connected to One Health. The One Health Initiative is an interdisciplinary movement to create collaborations between animal, human, and environmental health organizations including the American Veterinary Medical Association , American Medical Association , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , United States Department of Agriculture , Vétérinaires sans Frontières/ Tierärzte ohne Grenzen and
4355-678: The world support the objectives of "One Health" including the One Health Commission (OHC), One Health Initiative, One Health Platform, CDC One Health Office, and the Quadripartite Organizations. The Quadripartite Organizations are: In particular, the One Health High Level Expert Panel, an independent advisory group to the Quadripartite Organizations, provided a comprehensive definition of One Health, whereby: "One Health
4422-424: Was also a partner in establishing a strategic One Health framework in 2008. WOAH works to maintain transparency surrounding global animal disease, collect and distribute veterinary information, publish international trade standards for animals/ animal products, improve veterinary services globally, and to promote animal welfare and food safety. FAO put forth in 2011 a strategic action plan for One Health, which had
4489-583: Was re-introduced by Tina Smith and Todd Young on March 18, 2021. In 2007, Roger K. Mahr from the American Veterinary Medical Association , Jay H. Glasser from the American Public Health Association , and Ronald M. Davis from the American Medical Association came together as liaisons with other health science professionals, academics, students, government workers, and industry scientists to create
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