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162-440: Rumors abound as to what the letters DDT supposedly stood for, including Damien's Death Trap , Damien's Death Touch , Damien's Dinner Time (all named after Jake's pet python, Damien), Drape Drop Takedown , Drop Down Town , Downward Dome Thrust , and Death Drop Technique . When asked what DDT meant, Jake once famously replied "The End." The abbreviation itself originally came from the chemical dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ,

324-534: A Flatliner on opponent to increase the velocity and effect of move. This move sees an opponent with their upper body on the ropes and their feet on one of the attacking wrestler's shoulders, while the other wrestler charges at their partner, leapfrogging over them and straddling the opponent's lower back. This move was popularized by the World's Greatest Tag Team ( Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin ). Any double-team move in which one wrestler helps another to perform

486-399: A Gory bomb on the opponent, while their partner stands to their back side. When the original partner releases the opponent, the second executes a cutter as the opponent falls. This move first sees one wrestler place an opponent in a wheelbarrow facebuster position while the other wrestler applies a three-quarter facelock . One wrestler then drops to their back as their partner drops to

648-496: A modified DDT or a modified facebuster . Karrion Kross uses a pumphandle version called the Final Prayer . The wrestler charges at a bent-forward opponent and applies a front facelock before dropping backwards to drive the opponent down to the mat head first, this can also used to counter an opponent's back body drop attempt. In another variation the wrestler wll also push the opponent up with their free arm, performing

810-410: A neckbreaker by twisting/forcing the opponent down to the mat harder while a neckbreaker is performed. Another version of an aided neckbreaker, known as an elevated neckbreaker, sees one member of the attacking tag team get the opponent up into an elevated position to allow a wrestler to perform a neckbreaker from a greater height. This is a normal whiplash , but instead of having the opponent held in

972-430: A pendulum backbreaker and holds the opponent over their knee as another wrestler jumps down from the top rope and performs a diving attack . This variation sees the partner on the top rope hit the opponent with a diving elbow drop from the middle or top rope on the exposed head or chest, flipping the opponent over and down to the mat. This was the finisher move of former WWE Tag Team The Prime Time Players calling it

1134-414: A powerbomb , either by aiding the wrestler to get the opponent up on to their shoulders or by pulling down on the opponent as they get dropped down, to force them into the mat harder. A three-person variation also exists, popularized by The Shield . The double team powerbomb is known as Old school Powerbomb, while the three-person variation is known as Triple Powerbomb. In this version one partner sits on

1296-404: A spike DDT version of the move. Used by Jeff Jarrett and The Undertaker . This move sees the wrestler apply the front facelock and then put one of their legs on one of the opponent's arms before falling backward and driving the opponent head first to the mat. MsChif uses this as her finisher and popularized it. The opponent is facing the wrestler on the turnbuckle. The wrestler then does

1458-479: A standing headscissors and then falls backwards, slamming the opponent into the mat face-first. Also often referred to as the Hurricanrana Driver . Variation of a classic DDT in which the wrestler first applies a hammerlock on the opponent's further arm, goes for a front facelock , and then falls backwards onto their back, driving the opponent's head down to the mat. Andrade uses this move as

1620-412: A DDT is similar to a spike DDT and is often referred to as a low angle brainbuster , or simply as an implant DDT. The attacking wrestler applies a front facelock to an opponent then lifts the opponent off the ground just before falling backwards to drive the opponent face or head first down to the mat. A slight variation of this sees the wrestler spin the opponent's body away from themselves as they raise

1782-452: A backflip maintaining his hold on his opponent thus executing the maneuver. Another version of this move is used as a counter against a sidewalk slam . The wrestler begins by running towards an opponent from behind and to either of their side. The wrestler allows the opponent to then reache around their torso with their near arm across the wrestler's chest. The wrestler using their own momentum then backflips while using their near arm to place

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1944-426: A backflip towards the opponent catching the opponent into a DDT on the way down. The wrestler places the opponent in a front facelock and hooks only one of the opponent's arms behind their neck, as if going for a suplex, before falling back and driving the opponent's head into the mat. A variation of this move sees the wrestler lift the opponent off the ground after applying the underhook, before falling back to drive

2106-696: A butterfly DDT. Mick Foley , Stevie Richards , Drew McIntyre , and Jon Moxley have all popularized variations of this DDT: Foley used an unnamed jumping version, Richards uses a lifting version he calls the Stevie-T , McIntyre uses a snap version called the Future Shock , and Moxley uses a lift-and-snap version called the Death Rider , which was referred to as Dirty Deeds during his time in WWE. The wrestler stands in an elevated position (usually on

2268-468: A finisher, which he calls La Sombra and, later, The Message . Tessa Blanchard also uses a variant of the Move called Buzzsaw. A slight variation where instead of just falling backwards, the wrestler jumps up while holding the front facelock and then uses the weight and momentum to pull the opponent down on their head. Also, a variation of this move is sometimes seen where, as the wrestler jumps, they use

2430-472: A hammerlock cradle DDT, involves the attacking wrestler lifting the opponent into a bear hug, applying a hammerlock, then a front facelock, then finally driving the opponent's head into the mat. British wrestler Joseph Conners uses this variation, known as the Righteous Kill, and Nia Jax has also utilized a version of this move. Innovated by Kenta Kobashi . Instead of applying a head or facelock,

2592-420: A military press on the other partner and before throwing them, while the other opponent performs a 360° Splash . Also known as double suplex, a double-team move in which one wrestler help another to perform a suplex , usually by putting their own weight behind the move to increase its impact. This move sees one wrestler wrap a forward-facing opponent's legs around their waist and apply a gutwrench hold to lift

2754-507: A modified version move calling it as the Neck stop Driver . Also known as a springboard backflip three-quarter facelock inverted DDT. A wrestler puts the opponent into a ¾ facelock , then runs up the corner turnbuckles or ring ropes and jump backwards performing a backflip, and landing face down driving the opponent down to the mat back-first. Sometimes a standing variant is performed by wrestlers with adequate leaping ability or when assisted by

2916-522: A move in which two attackers perform separate moves on an opponent at the same time. A popular example of this would be the X-Mark performed by D-Generation X , where Shawn Michaels hits the Sweet Chin Music on an opponent, then followed up by a Pedigree by Triple H . One attacking wrestler performs a belly-to-back suplex while their partner climbs a turnbuckle. The attacking wrestler holds

3078-461: A notorious pesticide , as stated during shoot interviews and Jake's Pick Your Poison DVD. The wrestler lifts the opponent onto their shoulders as in an Argentine backbreaker rack and pushes the opponent's legs while still holding the front facelock, flipping them over to the front of the wrestler. The wrestler falls down to the mat front-first, driving the opponent face-first down to the mat. Although not its innovator, Kenta Kobashi popularized

3240-743: A patent in 1934 by Wolfgang von Leuthold. DDT's insecticidal properties were not, however, discovered until 1939 by the Swiss scientist Paul Hermann Müller , who was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his efforts. DDT is the best-known of several chlorine -containing pesticides used in the 1940s and 1950s. During this time, the use of DDT was driven by protecting American soldiers from diseases in tropical areas. Both British and American scientists hoped to use it to control spread of malaria , typhus , dysentery , and typhoid fever among overseas soldiers, especially considering that

3402-1069: A possible association with liver cancer and biliary tract cancer are conflicting: workers who did not have direct occupational DDT contact showed increased risk. White men had an increased risk, but not white women or black men. Results about an association with multiple myeloma, prostate and testicular cancer, endometrial cancer and colorectal cancer have been inconclusive or generally do not support an association. A 2017 review of liver cancer studies concluded that "organochlorine pesticides, including DDT, may increase hepatocellular carcinoma risk". A 2009 review, whose co-authors included persons engaged in DDT-related litigation, reached broadly similar conclusions, with an equivocal association with testicular cancer. Case–control studies did not support an association with leukemia or lymphoma. The question of whether DDT or DDE are risk factors in breast cancer has not been conclusively answered. Several meta analyses of observational studies have concluded that there

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3564-475: A predictor of breast cancer, and a marker of high risk". Malaria remains the primary public health challenge in many countries. In 2015, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide resulting in an estimated 438,000 deaths, 90% of which occurred in Africa. DDT is one of many tools to fight the disease. Its use in this context has been called everything from a "miracle weapon [that is] like Kryptonite to

3726-407: A prone powerbomb position. The first wrestler keeps hold of the opponent's head at this point, holding it against their shoulder as with a hangman's neckbreaker while keeping the opponent's back and head parallel with the ground. From here the first wrestler falls to a sitting position while the other wrestler, who is holding the opponent in the powerbomb position, drops to their knees, thus driving

3888-443: A resurgence. In many areas early successes partially or completely reversed, and in some cases rates of transmission increased. The program succeeded in eliminating malaria only in areas with "high socio-economic status, well-organized healthcare systems, and relatively less intensive or seasonal malaria transmission". DDT was less effective in tropical regions due to the continuous life cycle of mosquitoes and poor infrastructure. It

4050-577: A role in the elimination of malaria in Europe and North America . Despite concerns emerging in the scientific community, and lack of research, the FDA considered it safe up to 7 parts per million in food. There was a large economic incentive to push DDT into the market and sell it to farmers, governments, and individuals to control diseases and increase food production. DDT was also a way for American influence to reach abroad through DDT-spraying campaigns. In

4212-459: A sit out position, performing a cutter and a wheelbarrow facebuster. This variation sees one of the wrestlers lift the opponent into a Canadian backbreaker rack . From this position the second wrestler runs towards the opponent and grabs their head, performing a running cutter , while the other wrestler completes the inverted powerbomb , driving the opponent face-first to the mat. Roppongi 3K uses this move as Stargazer 3K. One wrestler hits

4374-464: A standard inverted DDT. This move was the original finisher of The Miz when he made his WWE Debut, dubbing it the Mizard of Oz . DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane , commonly known as DDT , is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochloride . Originally developed as an insecticide , it became infamous for its environmental impacts . DDT

4536-561: A swinging variation and dubbed it the Lita DDT. Alexa Bliss uses it as well and calls it the Bliss DDT . The wrestler applies a front facelock to the opponent and lifts them up with their free arm. The wrestler then falls backwards, driving the opponent vertically down to the mat head first. The Spike DDT is a version of the DDT which is somewhere between a lifting DDT and a brainbuster. It

4698-463: A swinging variation as a finishing move, calling it the Glorious DDT . The wrestler stands in an elevated position (usually on the second or top rope) and faces away the standing opponent. As they flip, the wrestler wraps their near arm around the opponent's head in a front facelock and swings themselves backwards in midair, landing back-first and simultaneously forcing the opponent's head into

4860-595: A tag team partner. The move is popularly known, especially in North America, as Sliced Bread No. 2 , a name created by wrestler Brian Kendrick . In a slight variation named the sitout shiranui the wrestler lands into a seated position instead, driving the opponent's head between the legs. Seth Rollins used the Sliced Bread No. 2 early in NXT in 2011/2012 season. A wrestler applies an inverted facelock to

5022-564: A vertical suplex, but then drops their opponent face first to the mat. Sylvain Grenier uses this move as a finisher, dubbed 3 Seconds of Fame . This move sees a wrestler grab their opponent around their neck and lean them backwards. The wrestler then applies a front facelock and swings their opponent around, slamming them head first into the mat. Currently used by SANADA as the Deadfall . Also known as Satellite DDT , this variation sees

DDT (professional wrestling) - Misplaced Pages Continue

5184-399: A wheelbarrow clutch the second wrestler applies a front facelock and DDT 's the opponent while the other wrestler drops to a sitting position, driving the opponent's face to the mat, finishing the wheelbarrow facebuster . Any double-team move in which one wrestler help another to perform a piledriver on an opponent by pushing down on the opponent’s foot for more impact. In a variation of

5346-405: A wrestler is actually dropped vertically upside down). When this move is performed on an opponent draped on the first rope, then only it is called hangman's DDT. This move is usually performed with the defending wrestler's feet on the middle rope but Tommaso Ciampa uses this move to an opponent attempting to enter the ring as his finisher; called Willows Bell in honor of his daughter. Randy Orton

5508-661: Is a major factor in the comeback of the bald eagle (the national bird of the United States ) and the peregrine falcon from near-extinction in the contiguous United States . The evolution of DDT resistance and the harm both to humans and the environment led many governments to curtail DDT use. A worldwide ban on agricultural use was formalized under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants , which has been in effect since 2004. Recognizing that total elimination in many malaria-prone countries

5670-639: Is also conferred by up-regulation of genes expressing cytochrome P450 in some insect species, as greater quantities of some enzymes of this group accelerate the toxin's metabolism into inactive metabolites. Genomic studies in the model genetic organism Drosophila melanogaster revealed that high level DDT resistance is polygenic, involving multiple resistance mechanisms. In the absence of genetic adaptation, Roberts and Andre 1994 find behavioral avoidance nonetheless provides insects with some protection against DDT. The M918T mutation event produces dramatic kdr for pyrethroids but Usherwood et al. 2005 find it

5832-535: Is also used, which is popularized by Kalisto as the Salida del Sol . NJPW wrestler Tetsuya Naito uses a modified version of this move called the Destino which sees him grabbing and underhooking an opponent's single right arm with his right arm from behind while reaching under the outstretched right arm to take hold the opponent's head with his left arm while running a few short steps forward to jump performing while

5994-426: Is applied to the inside walls of homes to kill or repel mosquitoes. This intervention, called indoor residual spraying (IRS), greatly reduces environmental damage. It also reduces the incidence of DDT resistance. For comparison, treating 40 hectares (99 acres) of cotton during a typical U.S. growing season requires the same amount of chemical to treat roughly 1,700 homes. DDT is a persistent organic pollutant that

6156-477: Is clofenotane. Commercial DDT is a mixture of several closely related compounds. Due to the nature of the chemical reaction used to synthesize DDT, several combinations of ortho and para arene substitution patterns are formed. The major component (77%) is the desired p , p ' isomer . The o , p ' isomeric impurity is also present in significant amounts (15%). Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) make up

6318-415: Is considered likely to be a human carcinogen although the majority of studies suggest it is not directly genotoxic . DDE acts as a weak androgen receptor antagonist , but not as an estrogen . p , p ' -DDT, DDT's main component, has little or no androgenic or estrogenic activity. The minor component o , p ' -DDT has weak estrogenic activity. DDT is classified as "moderately toxic" by

6480-511: Is currently unfeasible in the absence of affordable/effective alternatives for disease control, the convention exempts public health use within World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines from the ban. DDT still has limited use in disease vector control because of its effectiveness in killing mosquitos and thus reducing malarial infections, but that use is controversial due to environmental and health concerns. DDT

6642-478: Is done by one superstar placing an opponent on the top turnbuckle where his partner would perform a Super-plex on their opponent. This move sees one wrestler grab their partner's body while the partner is wrapping their legs around the opponent's neck. Then the partner swings and executes a headscissors takedown. This was the finishing move of the tag team known as Power and Glory ( Hercules Hernandez and Paul Roma ). Hercules would take an opponent and sit him on

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6804-542: Is entirely ineffective against DDT. Scott 2019 believes this test in Drosophila oocytes holds for oocytes in general. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by Othmar Zeidler under the supervision of Adolf von Baeyer . It was further described in 1929 in a dissertation by W. Bausch and in two subsequent publications in 1930. The insecticide properties of "multiple chlorinated aliphatic or fat-aromatic alcohols with at least one trichloromethane group" were described in

6966-556: Is highly hydrophobic and nearly insoluble in water but has good solubility in most organic solvents , fats and oils . DDT does not occur naturally and is synthesised by consecutive Friedel–Crafts reactions between chloral ( CCl 3 CHO ) and two equivalents of chlorobenzene ( C 6 H 5 Cl ), in the presence of an acidic catalyst . DDT has been marketed under trade names including Anofex, Cezarex, Chlorophenothane, Dicophane, Dinocide, Gesarol, Guesapon, Guesarol, Gyron, Ixodex, Neocid, Neocidol and Zerdane; INN

7128-558: Is no overall relationship between DDT exposure and breast cancer risk. The United States Institute of Medicine reviewed data on the association of breast cancer with DDT exposure in 2012 and concluded that a causative relationship could neither be proven nor disproven. A 2007 case-control study using archived blood samples found that breast cancer risk was increased 5-fold among women who were born prior to 1931 and who had high serum DDT levels in 1963. Reasoning that DDT use became widespread in 1945 and peaked around 1950, they concluded that

7290-410: Is one of many tools to fight malaria, which remains the primary public health challenge in many countries. WHO guidelines require that absence of DDT resistance must be confirmed before using it. Resistance is largely due to agricultural use, in much greater quantities than required for disease prevention. DDT is similar in structure to the insecticide methoxychlor and the acaricide dicofol . It

7452-450: Is positioned in front of them. The partner then leaps upwards, grabbing the opponent from behind by the chin, and pulling them down into a double knee backbreaker while the first wrestler delivers the powerbomb. This elevated neckbreaker is performed when one attacking wrestler stands facing a bent-over opponent and seizes the opponent around the waist, flipping them over as in a suplex up onto another wrestler's shoulders, leaving them in

7614-540: Is readily adsorbed to soils and sediments , which can act both as sinks and as long-term sources of exposure affecting organisms. Depending on environmental conditions, its soil half-life can range from 22 days to 30 years. Routes of loss and degradation include runoff, volatilization, photolysis and aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation . Due to hydrophobic properties, in aquatic ecosystems DDT and its metabolites are absorbed by aquatic organisms and adsorbed on suspended particles, leaving little DDT dissolved in

7776-411: Is sometimes known as a jumping swinging DDT and is used regularly by fighters who use a standard tornado DDT. Mickie James popularized this move under the name Mick-DT . This subsection lists DDTs that involve the opponent being dropped on the back of their heads. The basic inverted DDT is also known as an inverted DDT . Commonly known as the reverse DDT. A wrestler applies an inverted facelock to

7938-420: Is the most notable user of this move. In this variation, the wrestler stands on the top rope with the opponent standing in front of the wrestler. From here, the wrestler performs a cartwheel across the ropes. Then, with his near arm, the wrestler quickly catches the opponent in a front facelock and dives off the ropes, driving the opponent’s head into the mat. This move is used by Jake Atlas , calling it both

8100-464: Is toxic to a wide range of living organisms, including marine animals such as crayfish , daphnids , sea shrimp and many species of fish . DDT, DDE and DDD magnify through the food chain , with apex predators such as raptor birds concentrating more chemicals than other animals in the same environment. They are stored mainly in body fat . DDT and DDE are resistant to metabolism; in humans, their half-lives are 6 and up to 10 years, respectively. In

8262-588: The Divorce Court . The wrestler applies a front facelock to the opponent, then lifts the opponent into an elevated leg-trap bodyscissors position, and finally fall backwards, driving the opponent head first down to the mat. Former WWE and current AEW wrestler Saraya uses this variation as a finishing move called the Knightcap (previously known as Ram-Paige during her time in WWE). A variation, known as

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8424-469: The Halo DDT . This version of a DDT has many names like draping, hangman's, rope-hung and spike which first sees an attacking wrestler place the opponent on an elevated surface, usually the ropes or the turnbuckle, while applying a front facelock. The attacking wrestler next draws the opponent away from the elevated surface leaving the opponent's feet over the elevated surface (i.e. ring ropes), making them

8586-471: The Hype Bros ( Zack Ryder and Mojo Rawley ), who called it the "Hype Ryder". This variation sees one of the wrestlers grasps the opponent's neck, lifts them up, while the partner behind them catches the opponent's legs. Simultaneously, the front wrestler will complete the chokeslam, and the back wrestler will complete the powerbomb. One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb while their partner

8748-465: The Rainbow DDT and LGBDDT . The wrestler applies a front facelock and then falls backwards, much like a normal DDT, but instead of the opponent's head impacting the mat, the wrestler falls to a kneeling or sitting position driving the face of the opponent on to their knee. Also known as a front flip DDT. After applying a front facelock , the wrestler pushes off the mat with their legs to flip

8910-496: The South Pacific , it was sprayed aerially for malaria and dengue fever control with spectacular effects. While DDT's chemical and insecticidal properties were important factors in these victories, advances in application equipment coupled with competent organization and sufficient manpower were also crucial to the success of these programs. In 1945, DDT was made available to farmers as an agricultural insecticide and played

9072-425: The fireman's carry position while the other attacking wrestler runs and jumps up alongside both and takes hold or twists the neck of the opponent for any type of neckbreaker slam , as the first wrestler falls down to the mat, forcing the opponent down with them in a Samoan drop . This can see the wrestler performing the fireman's carry turn on the spot (an airplane spin ) while the other charges at them and performs

9234-451: The "Bada Boom Shakalaka". Another variation of this move has the elbow drop. This move is currently used by Bullet Club , who calls it “Rocket Launcher Elbow Drop”. One of the wrestlers ascends the top turnbuckle. Their partner then stands below them and reaches up, taking hold of them. The wrestler on the top rope then performs a top rope diving attack, with their partner throwing them, thus increasing their range and height. This refers to

9396-512: The 1944 issue of Life magazine there was a feature regarding the Italian program showing pictures of American public health officials in uniforms spraying DDT on Italian families. In 1955, the World Health Organization commenced a program to eradicate malaria in countries with low to moderate transmission rates worldwide, relying largely on DDT for mosquito control and rapid diagnosis and treatment to reduce transmission. The program eliminated

9558-747: The 1950s the federal government began tightening regulations governing its use. These events received little attention. Women like Dorothy Colson and Mamie Ella Plyler of Claxton, Georgia , gathered evidence about DDT's effects and wrote to the Georgia Department of Public Health, the National Health Council in New York City, and other organizations. In 1957 The New York Times reported an unsuccessful struggle to restrict DDT use in Nassau County, New York , and

9720-631: The EPA's internal staff stating that DDT was not an imminent danger. However, these findings were criticized, as they were performed mostly by economic entomologists inherited from the United States Department of Agriculture , who many environmentalists felt were biased towards agribusiness and understated concerns about human health and wildlife. The decision thus created controversy. The EPA held seven months of hearings in 1971–1972, with scientists giving evidence for and against DDT. In

9882-607: The Palos Verdes Shelf area of the Montrose Chemical Superfund site exhibited continued thin-shell problems, though DDT's role in the decline of the California condor is disputed. The biological thinning mechanism is not entirely understood, but DDE appears to be more potent than DDT, and strong evidence indicates that p , p ' -DDE inhibits calcium ATPase in the membrane of

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10044-596: The U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) and "moderately hazardous" by WHO, based on the rat oral LD 50 of 113 mg/kg. Indirect exposure is considered relatively non-toxic for humans. Primarily through the tendency for DDT to build up in areas of the body with high lipid content, chronic exposure can affect reproductive capabilities and the embryo or fetus. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified DDT as Group 2A "probably carcinogenic to humans". Previous assessments by

10206-456: The U.S. National Toxicology Program classified it as "reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen" and by the EPA classified DDT, DDE and DDD as class B2 "probable" carcinogens ; these evaluations were based mainly on animal studies. A 2005 Lancet review stated that occupational DDT exposure was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk in 2 case control studies, but another study showed no DDE dose-effect association. Results regarding

10368-719: The US before the 1972 ban. Usage peaked in 1959 at about 36,000 tonnes. China ceased production in 2007, leaving India the only country still manufacturing DDT; it is the largest consumer. In 2009, 3,314 tonnes were produced for malaria control and visceral leishmaniasis . In recent years, in addition to India, just seven other countries, all in Africa, are still using DDT. In insects, DDT opens voltage-sensitive sodium ion channels in neurons , causing them to fire spontaneously, which leads to spasms and eventual death. Insects with certain mutations in their sodium channel gene are resistant to DDT and similar insecticides. DDT resistance

10530-795: The United States, these chemicals were detected in almost all human blood samples tested by the Centers for Disease Control in 2005, though their levels have sharply declined since most uses were banned. Estimated dietary intake has declined, although FDA food tests commonly detect it. Despite being banned for many years, in 2018 research showed that DDT residues are still present in European soils and Spanish rivers. The chemical and its breakdown products DDE and DDD caused eggshell thinning and population declines in multiple North American and European bird of prey species. Both laboratory experiments and field studies confirmed this effect. The effect

10692-734: The accuracy of giving animals high amounts of pesticides for cancer potential. Industry sought to overturn the ban, while the EDF wanted a comprehensive ban. The cases were consolidated, and in 1973 the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the EPA had acted properly in banning DDT. During the late 1970s, the EPA also began banning organochlorines, pesticides that were chemically similar to DDT. These included aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, toxaphene, and mirex. Some uses of DDT continued under

10854-439: The ages of 14–20 were a critical period in which DDT exposure leads to increased risk. This study, which suggests a connection between DDT exposure and breast cancer that would not be picked up by most studies, has received variable commentary in third-party reviews. One review suggested that "previous studies that measured exposure in older women may have missed the critical period". The National Toxicology Program notes that while

11016-462: The air with the aid of the ring rope, they are kept in the elevated position by another wrestler. This wrestler has the opponent's legs on their shoulders and is facing the first wrestler. When the whiplash is performed, the extra wrestler will often twist down to the mat and land on top of the opponent. The move is also known as the "Magic Killer" or the "Tornado-Plex", originally used by Tomko and AJ Styles , then by Tomko and Giant Bernard before it

11178-522: The apex of the powerbomb while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with a missile dropkick , driving the opponent backwards and finishing the powerbomb with extra force. This was also used by the WCW Tag Team Harlem Heat as the "Heat Seeker". One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle, while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds

11340-537: The apex of the powerbomb, while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with a diving seated senton , driving the opponent backwards and finishing the powerbomb with extra force. A somersault variation can also be used. Edge and Rey Mysterio used this as the Bombs Away One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle, while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds

11502-425: The attacker from the back falls to their back. This move sees one of the attacking wrestlers stand back-to-back with the opponent, reach over their shoulder, take hold of the opponent by their head or neck, and take a couple of steps forward so that the opponent's torso is facing the sky. Meanwhile, the other attacking wrestler climbs the top turnbuckle and jumps from the top turnbuckle onto the opponent's chest, while

11664-418: The attacker holding the opponent's neck falls to the mat onto their back to drive the opponent's back and neck into the mat so both wrestlers end up falling simultaneously to the mat. This can refer to one of two moves. The traditional version features a combination of a flapjack and a cutter . This maneuver sees an opponent get pushed upwards in a flapjack throw by one partner; then, as the opponent falls to

11826-404: The attackers facing the opponent and the other attacker behind the opponent. The attacker in front of the opponent grabs the opponent around the waist and lifts them up, while the partner who is behind the opponent reaches over their shoulder and takes hold of the opponent by their head or neck. Both partners fall to the mat simultaneously so the attacker in the front falls on top of the opponent and

11988-467: The balance of impurities in commercial samples. DDE and DDD are also the major metabolites and environmental breakdown products. DDT, DDE and DDD are sometimes referred to collectively as DDX. DDT has been formulated in multiple forms, including solutions in xylene or petroleum distillates , emulsifiable concentrates , water- wettable powders , granules, aerosols , smoke candles and charges for vaporizers and lotions. From 1950 to 1980, DDT

12150-508: The beginning. Opposition to DDT was focused by the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson 's book Silent Spring . It talked about environmental impacts that correlated with the widespread use of DDT in agriculture in the United States, and it questioned the logic of broadcasting potentially dangerous chemicals into the environment with little prior investigation of their environmental and health effects. The book cited claims that DDT and other pesticides caused cancer and that their agricultural use

12312-423: The charging wrestler being spun into a tilt-a-whirl and ends the move up into a DDT. An inverted variation is also possible. The tornado DDT is also referred to as a spinning DDT. A wrestler goes to the top rope and applies a front facelock to an opponent from an elevated position (for example, sitting on the top turnbuckle against an opponent standing on the mat, or from the apron against an opponent standing on

12474-543: The dangers of using the pesticide DDT in agriculture. DDT had been researched and manufactured in St. Louis by the Michigan Chemical Corporation , later purchased by Velsicol Chemical Corporation , and had become an important part of the local economy. Citing research performed by Michigan State University in 1946, Robinson, a past president of the local Conservation Club, opined that: perhaps

12636-639: The disease in "North America, Europe, the former Soviet Union ", and in " Taiwan , much of the Caribbean , the Balkans , parts of northern Africa, the northern region of Australia, and a large swath of the South Pacific" and dramatically reduced mortality in Sri Lanka and India. However, failure to sustain the program, increasing mosquito tolerance to DDT, and increasing parasite tolerance led to

12798-542: The eggs of peregrine falcons and California condors and finding that increased levels corresponded with thinner shells. In response to an EDF suit, the U.S. District Court of Appeals in 1971 ordered the EPA to begin the de-registration procedure for DDT. After an initial six-month review process, William Ruckelshaus , the Agency's first Administrator rejected an immediate suspension of DDT's registration, citing studies from

12960-425: The environment and were endangering human health. Silent Spring was a best seller, and public reaction to it launched the modern environmental movement in the United States. The year after it appeared, President John F. Kennedy ordered his Science Advisory Committee to investigate Carson's claims. The committee's report "add[ed] up to a fairly thorough-going vindication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring thesis", in

13122-473: The facelock turning it into an inverted facelock and then either landing face down to the mat, on their own back to the side, on their knees, or in a sitting position, to drive the opponent's head back-first down to the mat. This move has several names, usually depending on the person performing it. The official name of the move used to be the Asai DDT as it was innovated by Último Dragón . A sitout variation

13284-465: The finisher used by NJPW tag team and Bullet Club members Guerrillas of Destiny . In this move, Tanga Loa has an opponent lifted up in a wheelbarrow hold, while Tama Tonga executes a Double-Arm DDT on the opponent. This move is used by WWE Tag Team Awesome Truth as their finisher by name Truth Crushing Finale (TCF) . In this move The Miz performs his finisher Skull Crushing Finale (a full nelson facebuster ) on opponent while R-Truth performed

13446-512: The former western German states. By 1991, total bans, including for disease control, were in place in at least 26 countries; for example, Cuba in 1970, the US in the 1980s, Singapore in 1984, Chile in 1985, and the Republic of Korea in 1986. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants , which took effect in 2004, put a global ban on several persistent organic pollutants , and restricted DDT use to vector control . The convention

13608-404: The greatest danger from D.D.T. is that its extensive use in farm areas is most likely to upset the natural balances, not only killing beneficial insects in great number but by bringing about the death of fish, birds, and other forms of wild life either by their feeding on insects killed by D.D.T. or directly by ingesting the poison. As its production and use increased, public response was mixed. At

13770-413: The ground). The wrestler then jumps forward and swings around to fall backwards and drop the opponent's head into the mat. The move is popularly used by John Cena during his matches in the WWE. In this version the fighter charges an opponent standing, jumps and applies the front facelock in the air before swinging and falling backwards having the opponent hit face first or head first into the canvas. This

13932-480: The high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods ". The WHO 's anti-malaria campaign of the 1950s and 1960s relied heavily on DDT and the results were promising, though there was a resurgence in developing countries afterwards. By October 1945, DDT was available for public sale in the United States. Although it was promoted by government and industry for use as an agricultural and household pesticide, there were also concerns about its use from

14094-471: The horizontal position to execute a front dropkick to the knees of the opponent to add additional impact to the move. Also known as the Russian legsweep DDT. In these versions of a DDT the wrestler applies a front facelock and then performs a type of legsweep to essentially take out the legs from under the opponent before falling backwards to drive the opponent face first down to the mat. This version of

14256-542: The issue came to the attention of the popular naturalist-author Rachel Carson when a friend, Olga Huckins , wrote to her including an article she had written in the Boston Globe about the devastation of her local bird population after DDT spraying. William Shawn , editor of The New Yorker , urged her to write a piece on the subject, which developed into her 1962 book Silent Spring . The book argued that pesticides , including DDT, were poisoning both wildlife and

14418-504: The leg closest to the opponent) before swinging it forward to build extra momentum. They then drop onto their back, driving the opponent head first to the mat. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson used this variation of the DDT in his late years in the WWF/E. Yujiro Takahashi also performs a variation where he delivers the DDT to a kneeling opponent, calling his version Pimp Juice . The Miz uses this version, and taught it to Logan Paul . Lita used

14580-493: The majority of studies have not found a relationship between DDT exposure and breast cancer that positive associations have been seen in a "few studies among women with higher levels of exposure and among certain subgroups of women". A 2015 case control study identified a link (odds ratio 3.4) between in-utero exposure (as estimated from archived maternal blood samples) and breast cancer diagnosis in daughters. The findings "support classification of DDT as an endocrine disruptor,

14742-400: The mat, the other partner applies a cutter, forcing the opponent's head down to the mat. The alternative version starts with one attacker performing a delayed back drop . A second attacker will grab the defending wrestler's head and rest it on their own shoulder. Both attackers then drop to their backs simultaneously, delivering the back drop and a neckbreaker to the defending wrestler. The move

14904-448: The mat. This elevated neckbreaker is a combination of a belly-to-back suplex and a neckbreaker . This maneuver sees an opponent get pushed upwards in a belly-to-back suplex lift by one partner, then as the opponent falls to the mat, the other partner applies a headlock neckbreaker, forcing the opponent's head into the mat. This was the finisher used by Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel when they teamed together. This move starts with one of

15066-402: The mat. Johnny Gargano uses it as One Final Beat , which was previously known as Thunderstruck . The wrestler applies a front facelock to their opponent. The wrestler then jumps down onto their back, swinging their legs forward, bending the opponent, and driving them down to the mat face, forehead, or head first. A slight variation sees the wrestler draw one of their legs backwards (usually

15228-481: The mat. An inverted variation was popularized by AJ Styles as the Phenomenon . With the opponent placed in a front facelock, the attacking wrestler performs a Moonwalk maneuver across the ring and then proceeds to execute a classic DDT slam. The attacking wrestler puts the opponent over the shoulder as in a powerslam set up but instead throws them off and around their body grabbing their head and executing

15390-435: The mat. Popularized by Christian Cage . The attacking wrestler applies an inverted facelock and puts their arm under the opponent's arm, completing the half nelson, and drops down with the opponent's head driven into the mat. The wrestler applies an inverted facelock on the opponent with one arm, and lifts the opponent up with the other. The wrestler then falls backwards down onto their back, slightly to their side, driving

15552-933: The mosquitoes", to "toxic colonialism". Before DDT, eliminating mosquito breeding grounds by drainage or poisoning with Paris green or pyrethrum was sometimes successful. In parts of the world with rising living standards, the elimination of malaria was often a collateral benefit of the introduction of window screens and improved sanitation. A variety of usually simultaneous interventions represents best practice. These include antimalarial drugs to prevent or treat infection; improvements in public health infrastructure to diagnose, sequester and treat infected individuals; bednets and other methods intended to keep mosquitoes from biting humans; and vector control strategies such as larviciding with insecticides, ecological controls such as draining mosquito breeding grounds or introducing fish to eat larvae and indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides, possibly including DDT. IRS involves

15714-421: The move more effective. For example, a wrestler could perform a DDT on an opponent. However, an ally could lift the opponent' feet off the ground first, making it an Aided DDT, a much more effective variation of the move. An aided brainbuster sees one wrestler help another wrestler perform a brainbuster , usually by putting their own weight behind the move to increase its impact. This move is best known as being

15876-471: The move throughout Japan, calling it the Burning Hammer . Also called a Single arm DDT or a Jumping armbreaker , this variation of the armbreaker involves the attacking wrestler grabbing the opponent's left or right arm, holding it across their chest, and then falling backwards, dropping the opponent face-first as well as damaging the opponent's arm and shoulder. "Beautiful" Bobby Eaton called this

16038-614: The move, the second wrestler jumps off the turnbuckle while pushing the opponent’s feet downward for even more damage, this is well known as a spike piledriver (not to be confused with a one-person spike piledriver ). The move was famously used by the Brain Busters , the New Age Outlaws , and FTR , the latter of which dubbed it the "Mind Breaker". Also known as a spike powerbomb, this is any double-team (sometimes triple-team) move in which one wrestler help another to perform

16200-417: The names that professional wrestlers give their "finishing move" (signature moves that usually result in a win) names. Occasionally, these names become popular and are used regardless of the wrestler performing the technique. Moves are listed under general categories whenever possible. These moves involve one wrestler actually performing the move to an opponent. An ally of the attacker will do something to make

16362-519: The neck of the opponent into the shoulder of this wrestler from an elevated position. Beer Money, Inc. members James Storm and Bobby Roode would use this move as their tag team finisher, naming the move "DWI – Drinking While Investing". This move also used by the Authors of Pain . One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle, while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds

16524-524: The neckbreaker as they spins. Another variation is when someone holds the opponent in a fireman's carry position. The partner then gives the opponent a side headlock and, at the same time, they do a double rolling somersault into a combination of the rolling fireman's carry slam and the corkscrew neckbreaker . the former WWE Tag Team Cryme Tyme used the Samoan Drop/Corkscrew Neckbreaker, dubbing it "G9". One partner sets up

16686-441: The only thing other than the wrestler keeping the opponent off the ground. The attacking wrestler then falls backwards so that the opponent is forced to dive forward onto their head with extra force due to the height of which they were dropped. This can also be performed as a double team move . A slight variation, known as a diving DDT or a Halo DDT, exists and sees the wrestler and the opponent both on an elevated surface, albeit with

16848-503: The opponent and drive them onto the top of their head in a manner similar to the flip piledriver . It has been used by Will Ospreay as the Essex Destroyer . Also known as a Samurai Driver, this DDT sees a wrestler place their head between the thighs of an opponent before jumping up while pushing away from the opponent's thighs to flip up and sit on the shoulders of the opponent. The wrestler then spreads their legs, dropping off

17010-409: The opponent at the apex of the powerbomb while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with a diving clothesline or a flying lariat , driving the opponent backwards and finishing the powerbomb with extra force. One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle, while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds

17172-404: The opponent at the apex of the powerbomb while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with a diving neckbreaker , driving the opponent backwards and finishing the powerbomb with extra force. One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle, while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds the opponent at

17334-417: The opponent at the apex of the powerbomb while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with an aerial attack , often a clothesline or a seated senton, driving the opponent backwards and completing the partner's powerbomb with added force. Certain attacks can also be timed so that, instead of hitting the opponent at the apex of the move, they can impact at the exact moment the powerbomb impacts

17496-401: The opponent at the apex of the powerbomb, while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with a diving crossbody driving the opponent backwards and finishing the powerbomb with extra force. One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds the opponent at

17658-496: The opponent at the apex of the powerbomb, while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with a diving elbow drop , driving the opponent backwards and finishing the powerbomb with extra force. This double team move was also another finisher move used by WCW Tag Team Harlem Heat as the "Heat Bomb". One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle, while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds

17820-437: The opponent at the apex of the powerbomb, while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with a diving leg drop just as the opponent lands on the mat, crushing their neck, face, or chest. The leg drop can sometimes be a somersault variation. One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds

17982-418: The opponent at the apex of the powerbomb, while the second dives off the top rope and impacts the opponent with a diving spear , driving the opponent backwards and finishing the powerbomb with extra force. This device variation sees one of the wrestlers lift the opponent onto their shoulders, into the powerbomb position, while standing with their back to the corner turnbuckles. Another wrestler then climbs to

18144-407: The opponent at the apex while the second wrestler performs a diving leg drop , driving the opponent into the mat. The Viking Raiders use this move as their tag team finisher '"Fallout". Sasha Banks and Bayley also use this move. Where one wrestler performs a spinebuster on their opponent while the opponent is being attacked by a leg lariat from the wrestler's partner. This move was innovated by

18306-626: The opponent down to the mat upper back and head first. This move is sometimes incorrectly referred to as an inverted DDT or a reverse DDT. Another variation used can be done where the wrestler falls on their stomach instead of their back, which is known as a lifting falling inverted DDT. Dustin Rhodes uses this move as the Curtain Call while D-Von Dudley used this as the Saving Grace . British wrestler Eddie Dennis of NXT UK uses this as

18468-421: The opponent head first down to the mat. This lifting variation was popularized by Prince Devitt , who uses a lifting version as a finisher under the name of Bloody Sunday and the 1916 as Finn Bálor. The wrestler stands on the ring apron and performs a slingshot , and as they pull themselves over the top rope, they grab their opponent in a front facelock and fall backwards, driving their opponent's head into

18630-455: The opponent into any type of jawbreaker from a raised height. Most notably this sees the opponent's legs being held on the shoulders of one wrestler while another wrestler catches hold of the head of this opponent. At this point the wrestler will lock a hold onto the head of the opponent and drop them into the jawbreaker. This is where one wrestler (usually a larger wrestler) backs up to the corner turnbuckles and allows another wrestler to climb

18792-405: The opponent is held face-up across both shoulders of the attacking wrestler. The second attacking wrestler then grabs the racked opponent's head and, along with the first wrestler, falls to the ground, driving the opponent's head and neck into the mat below. Another variation is when the attacking wrestler falls backwards and the partner then does a cutter on the opponent as they falls face first into

18954-423: The opponent landing on the back of their head, as in a standing inverted DDT. The same technique can be used to end in a falling inverted DDT . A slight variation of this sees the wrestler reach under the opponent while setting up the move to grab their far arm. From there, the wrestler pulls the arm over, causing the opponent to twist around until they are in an inverted facelock before then dropping backwards for

19116-471: The opponent locked in a front facelock , and fall back to drive the opponent skull-first to the mat, as per a regular DDT. The maneuver is usually performed after the attacker ducks a punch or a clothesline . A variant of the DDT popularized by Raven as the Evenflow / Raven Effect, the attacking wrestler kicks the opponent in the stomach before applying a front facelock and falling backwards to drive

19278-565: The opponent off the ground. Another version, the lifting inverted DDT , sees the wrestler apply an inverted facelock, lift the opponent off the ground and fall back. This move was popularized by Gangrel during his stint in WWE as his finishing move, called the Impaler DDT , and was later adopted by Edge , who called it the Edgecution . It is currently performed by Robert Roode , who uses

19440-451: The opponent on the floor. Like all the below variations, this move does not have to see the second attacking wrestler dive from the turnbuckle; it can be performed from any elevated surface, or alternatively the wrestler could springboard off the ring ropes to gain height. One wrestler sets up the opponent for a powerbomb with their back to a turnbuckle while their partner climbs that same turnbuckle. The first attacking wrestler then holds

19602-410: The opponent picks up the other partner and makes a 180° turn before dropping the partner on the opponent. The wrestler can lift their partner in a variety of ways (military press, wheelbarrow suplex, etc.) before dropping them on the opponent. Another variation starts with both partners on either the right or left side of an opponent who is lying face-up on the mat. The one closest to the opponent performs

19764-436: The opponent up off the ground. The partner then steps in front of both wrestlers and grabs the opponent's arms or shoulders and yanks them upward, just as the first attacker throws themself and the victim backwards in a wheelbarrow suplex. This increases the momentum with which the victim is thrown backwards onto their upper back, neck, and head. This move was famously used by the former tag team The British Bulldogs . This move

19926-438: The opponent's head into an inverted facelock as they are falling backwards to force the back of the opponent's head onto the mat. Indy wrestler Matt Sydal used this move called Standing Sea Fire as a signature. WWE wrestler Dragon Lee currently uses this move as a finisher called Operation Dragon . This variation sees a wrestler lock in a front facelock and, while falling backwards, twist their opponent around resulting in

20088-428: The opponent's head into the mat. Also described as a fireman's carry implant DDT, this move sees the attacking wrestler first put an opponent up in the fireman's carry (across the wrestler's shoulders) position, then throw the opponent's legs out in front of them to spin them out while the attacking wrestler switches the position of their arm holding the opponent's head to a front facelock and falls backwards to drive

20250-403: The opponent's shoulder (If it is the opponent's left shoulder that the attacker chooses to seize, he or she hooks with his or her right, or opposite if sides are reversed), swing under the opponent's armpit, then around and over the opponent's back so that he or she faces the same way as the opponent, lock the opponent's head under his or her other hand's armpit, spin another 180 ° to end up having

20412-415: The opponent's shoulders as they grab hold of the opponent's head in a front facelock to fall down to the mat back first, driving the opponent's head down to the mat. This move sees the attacking wrestler get lifted in a powerbomb position so often this move is used as a counter to a powerbomb. This DDT sees the wrestler stand in front of the opponent facing him or her, duck, hook one of his or her arms over

20574-413: The opponent, swings either their legs for momentum, and then falls backward, driving the back of the opponent's head into the mat. This move is used by Lance Archer , naming the move Dark Days and Final Days . Also known as a backflip three-quarter facelock inverted DDT. In this move a wrestler applies a three-quarter facelock on the opponent and performs a backflip over the opponent while maintaining

20736-478: The opponent, then falls backward, driving the back of the opponent's head into the mat. The move was popularized by Sting in the late 1990s after he adopted it as his new finisher and named it the Scorpion Death Drop . A wrestler applies an inverted facelock . Then the attacker throws their feet backwards, falling onto their own stomach. The defending wrestler has the back of their head driven into

20898-610: The public health exemption. For example, in June 1979, the California Department of Health Services was permitted to use DDT to suppress flea vectors of bubonic plague . DDT continued to be produced in the United States for foreign markets until 1985, when over 300 tons were exported. In the 1970s and 1980s, agricultural use was banned in most developed countries, beginning with Hungary in 1968 – although in practice it continued to be used through at least 1970. This

21060-590: The pyrethrum was harder to access since it came mainly from Japan. Due to the potency of DDT, it was not long before America's War Production Board placed it on military supply lists in 1942 and 1943 and encouraged its production for overseas use. Enthusiasm regarding DDT became obvious through the American government's advertising campaigns of posters depicting Americans fighting the Axis powers and insects and through media publications celebrating its military uses. In

21222-521: The region's food web . Medical researchers in 1974 found a measurable and significant difference in the presence of DDT in human milk between mothers who lived in New Brunswick and mothers who lived in Nova Scotia , "possibly because of the wider use of insecticide sprays in the past". Because of its lipophilic properties, DDT can bioaccumulate , especially in predatory birds . DDT

21384-403: The ring. Although it was initially used by ECW tag team The Pitbulls , The Dudley Boyz went on to popularize this move, usually by putting their adversaries through tables. This move starts with both partners on either the right or left side of an opponent who is lying face-up on the mat, with one partner in front of the other and both of them facing away from the opponent. The one closest to

21546-471: The same time that DDT was hailed as part of the "world of tomorrow", concerns were expressed about its potential to kill harmless and beneficial insects (particularly pollinators ), birds, fish, and eventually humans. The issue of toxicity was complicated, partly because DDT's effects varied from species to species, and partly because consecutive exposures could accumulate, causing damage comparable to large doses. A number of states attempted to regulate DDT. In

21708-418: The shell gland and reduces the transport of calcium carbonate from blood into the eggshell gland. This results in a dose-dependent thickness reduction. Other evidence indicates that o,p'-DDT disrupts female reproductive tract development, later impairing eggshell quality. Multiple mechanisms may be at work, or different mechanisms may operate in different species. DDT is an endocrine disruptor . It

21870-821: The situation. Resistance was largely fueled by unrestricted agricultural use. Resistance and the harm both to humans and the environment led many governments to curtail DDT use in vector control and agriculture. In 2006 WHO reversed a longstanding policy against DDT by recommending that it be used as an indoor pesticide in regions where malaria is a major problem. Once the mainstay of anti-malaria campaigns, as of 2019 only five countries used DDT for Indoor Residual Spraying Professional wrestling double-team maneuvers#Elevated DDT In professional wrestling double-team maneuvers are executed by multiple wrestlers instead of one and typically are used by tag teams in tag team matches. Many of these maneuvers are combination of two throws , or submission holds . Most moves are known by

22032-403: The specific goal of enacting a ban on DDT. Victor Yannacone , Charles F. Wurster , Art Cooley and others in the group had all witnessed bird kills or declines in bird populations and suspected that DDT was the cause. In their campaign against the chemical, the EDF petitioned the government for a ban and filed lawsuits. Around this time, toxicologist David Peakall was measuring DDE levels in

22194-480: The summer of 1972, Ruckelshaus announced the cancellation of most uses of DDT – exempting public health uses under some conditions. Again, this caused controversy. Immediately after the announcement, both the EDF and the DDT manufacturers filed suit against EPA. Many in the agricultural community were concerned that food production would be severely impacted, while proponents of pesticides warned of increased breakouts of insect-borne diseases and questioned

22356-399: The top of the opponent's head into the mat. After applying a front facelock , the wrestler hooks the opponent's near leg with their other arm, slightly hoists them up, and falls backwards onto their back, driving the opponent's head down to the mat. Very different from a classic or traditional DDT, as the wrestler never uses their hand in this variation. The wrestler catches the opponent in

22518-417: The top rope facing the ring. The second partner stands behind the opponent (both facing the first partner). The second partner then puts their head under one of the opponent's arms and lifts them into the air, placing them on the first partner's shoulders (with the opponent's legs around their neck). From there the first partner stands up and jumps forward, powerbombing the opponent from the second rope down to

22680-399: The top rope then performs a flying body splash , with their partner throwing them, thus increasing their range, height, and impact. This move was named and innovated by The Midnight Express . A variation of this move has the throwing partner pressing down on the back of the falling partner to further increase the impact. This move was formerly used by Enzo Amore and Big Cass , who called it

22842-406: The top rope) and faces the standing or bent-over opponent. As they dive, the wrestler wraps their near arm around the opponent's head in a front facelock and swings themselves backwards in midair, landing back-first and simultaneously forcing the opponent's head into the mat. It is used by Yoshinobu Kanemaru as The Deep Impact . This move was also used by former WWE Tough Enough winner Maven as

23004-552: The top turnbuckle (as to set up a superplex) near his partner Roma. When Hercules set up the opponent and was ready to perform the superplex, he would tag in Roma. Roma would run to the next turnbuckle and climb up. As Hercules executed the superplex, Roma would fly off the top turnbuckle with a splash, timing the landing on the opponent so that he would hit immediately after Hercules landed. With an opponent kept up in an elevated position by one wrestler, another wrestler has chance to drop

23166-500: The top turnbuckle, faces away from the ring, and grabs a three-quarter facelock on the opponent, performing a shiranui , while the other wrestler slams the opponent down. This variation sees one of the wrestlers perform a suplex, but the partner behind them catches the opponent's waist. At that point, the front wrestler will complete a suplex, and the back wrestler will complete their powerbomb. This move first sees one wrestler place an opponent in an Argentine backbreaker rack where

23328-671: The treatment of interior walls and ceilings with insecticides. It is particularly effective against mosquitoes, since many species rest on an indoor wall before or after feeding. DDT is one of 12 WHO–approved IRS insecticides. The WHO's anti-malaria campaign of the 1950s and 1960s relied heavily on DDT and the results were promising, though temporary in developing countries. Experts tie malarial resurgence to multiple factors, including poor leadership, management and funding of malaria control programs; poverty; civil unrest; and increased irrigation . The evolution of resistance to first-generation drugs (e.g. chloroquine ) and to insecticides exacerbated

23490-542: The treaty is arguably better than the status quo going into the negotiations. For the first time, there is now an insecticide which is restricted to vector control only, meaning that the selection of resistant mosquitoes will be slower than before." Despite the worldwide ban, agricultural use continued in India, North Korea, and possibly elsewhere. As of 2013, an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 tons of DDT were produced for disease vector control , including 2,786 tons in India. DDT

23652-452: The turnbuckle, then up onto their shoulders. This wrestler then jumps off to perform any type of diving splash (i.e. Shooting star press ) on a supine opponent. Sometimes this move sees the first wrestler climb up on the turnbuckle as well, getting even higher before the second wrestler gets up and jumps off them. One wrestler ascends the top turnbuckle. Their partner then stands below them and reaches up, taking hold of them. The wrestler on

23814-556: The water (however, its half-life in aquatic environments is listed by the National Pesticide Information Center as 150 years ). Its breakdown products and metabolites, DDE and DDD, are also persistent and have similar chemical and physical properties. DDT and its breakdown products are transported from warmer areas to the Arctic by the phenomenon of global distillation , where they then accumulate in

23976-478: The words of the journal Science , and recommended a phaseout of "persistent toxic pesticides". In 1965, the U.S. military removed DDT from the military supply system due in part to the development of resistance by body lice to DDT; it was replaced by lindane . DDT became a prime target of the growing anti-chemical and anti-pesticide movements, and in 1967 a group of scientists and lawyers founded Environmental Defense (later Environmental Defense Fund, EDF) with

24138-411: The wrestler bends the opponent forward and hooks each arm behind the opponent's head, a position known as a butterfly . The wrestler then tucks the opponent's head under one of their arms and falls back to pull the opponent down either flat on their face, which is the more common variant, or onto the top of their head, causing them to roll over like in a regular DDT. It is also known as a double arm DDT or

24300-427: The wrestler facing the ring. With the opponent in the front facelock, the wrestler and the opponent both dive off the elevated surface, resulting in the wrestler falling forward to perform the DDT instead of falling backwards. The move is sometimes referred to as a spike DDT , because the defending wrestler lands in an upside-down, almost completely vertical position (known as the "spiked" position, which refers to when

24462-476: Was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. Although Carson never directly called for an outright ban on the use of DDT, its publication was a seminal event for the environmental movement and resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led, in 1972, to a ban on DDT's agricultural use in the United States. Along with the passage of the Endangered Species Act , the United States ban on DDT

24624-418: Was abandoned in 1969 and attention instead focused on controlling and treating the disease. Spraying programs (especially using DDT) were curtailed due to concerns over safety and environmental effects, as well as problems in administrative, managerial and financial implementation. Efforts shifted from spraying to the use of bednets impregnated with insecticides and other interventions. By October 1945, DDT

24786-449: Was applied in sub-Saharan Africa by various colonial states, but the 'global' WHO eradication program didn't include the region. Mortality rates in that area never declined to the same dramatic extent, and now constitute the bulk of malarial deaths worldwide, especially following the disease's resurgence as a result of resistance to drug treatments and the spread of the deadly malarial variant caused by Plasmodium falciparum . Eradication

24948-505: Was available for public sale in the United States, used both as an agricultural pesticide and as a household insecticide. Although its use was promoted by government and the agricultural industry, US scientists such as FDA pharmacologist Herbert O. Calvery expressed concern over possible hazards associated with DDT as early as 1944. In 1947, Bradbury Robinson , a physician and nutritionist practicing in St. Louis, Michigan , warned of

25110-515: Was extensively used in agriculture – more than 40,000 tonnes each year worldwide  – and it has been estimated that a total of 1.8 million tonnes have been produced globally since the 1940s. In the United States, it was manufactured by some 15 companies, including Monsanto , Ciba , Montrose Chemical Company , Pennwalt , and Velsicol Chemical Corporation . Production peaked in 1963 at 82,000 tonnes per year. More than 600,000 tonnes (1.35 billion pounds) were applied in

25272-644: Was first conclusively proven at Bellow Island in Lake Michigan during University of Michigan -funded studies on American herring gulls in the mid-1960s. DDE-related eggshell thinning is considered a major reason for the decline of the bald eagle , brown pelican , peregrine falcon and osprey . However, birds vary in their sensitivity to these chemicals, with birds of prey , waterfowl and song birds being more susceptible than chickens and related species . Even in 2010, California condors that feed on sea lions at Big Sur that in turn feed in

25434-574: Was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler . DDT's insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller in 1939. DDT was used in the second half of World War II to limit the spread of the insect-borne diseases malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 "for his discovery of

25596-639: Was followed by Norway and Sweden in 1970, West Germany and the United States in 1972, but not in the United Kingdom until 1984. In contrast to West Germany, in the German Democratic Republic DDT was used until 1988. Especially of relevance were large-scale applications in forestry in the years 1982–1984, with the aim to combat bark beetle and pine moth . As a consequence, DDT-concentrations in eastern German forest soils are still significantly higher compared to soils in

25758-517: Was later used by Bernard and Karl Anderson , the latter of whom went on to also use it with Luke Gallows as part of the Good Brothers . Guerrillas of Destiny and Evil and Sanada also used it as well. This was also used by Rob Conway and Sylvain Grenier of La Résistance with this move being called "Au Revoir". A wheelbarrow facebuster can be combined with many facebuster and DDT variations. While one wrestler holds an opponent in

25920-601: Was popularized by WWE Hall of Famers the Dudley Boyz as the Dudley Death Drop , or 3D for short. The Usos would adopt their move in 2022 as the 1D . Variations include the Shatter Machine , where the flapjack is dropped into a double knee facebreaker, and 3K , where the flapjack is dropped into a reverse STO . One wrestler (usually the larger one) places an opponent over their shoulders in

26082-632: Was ratified by more than 170 countries. Recognizing that total elimination in many malaria-prone countries is currently unfeasible in the absence of affordable/effective alternatives, the convention exempts public health use within World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines from the ban. Resolution 60.18 of the World Health Assembly commits WHO to the Stockholm Convention's aim of reducing and ultimately eliminating DDT. Malaria Foundation International states, "The outcome of

26244-505: Was used by Shinya Hashimoto . The wrestler bounces off the middle rope or elevates themself on the top rope, performing a springboard and then hits any variation of the DDT on their opponent. The wrestler also spins around if they're doing the springboard DDT by bouncing off the middle rope. One of its users was Sabu , who used a tornado DDT by performing a springboard off the middle rope as his finisher. In this variant, an opponent lifts up their opponent as if they were going to perform

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