50-814: Scottish Student Sport ( SSS ), formed in June 2005 as Scottish Universities Sport, is the professional body for the delivery and furthering of sports at university and college levels. The body was founded in 2005 following the merger of the Scottish Universities Sports Federation and the Scottish Universities Physical Education Association . SSS represent the Sports Unions and Sport and Exercise Departments of Scottish universities and colleges. Scottish Universities Sport
100-673: A Humanist academy for the training of clerics. Public lectures that were established in Edinburgh in the 1540s would eventually become the University of Edinburgh in 1582. A university also briefly existed in Fraserburgh . After the Reformation, Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with Andrew Melville , who was influenced by the anti-Aristotelian Petrus Ramus . In 1617 King James VI decreed that
150-748: A 'stepping stone' into the UK with the prospect of free education for their dependants in the UK preferable to paying for private education in Nigeria. Braverman faced opposition to these plans from the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Jeremy Hunt, the Secretary of State for Education, Gillian Keegan and the Science Minister, George Freeman who were concerned that this may damage the prospects of
200-497: A Graduate Route post study work visa from 2021 will retain leave to remain and the right to work in the UK provided they were in the country with them during the international student's postgraduate studies. A study published in 2023 by Universities UK International (UUKi), the Higher Education Policy Institute and Kaplan International Pathways in collaboration with London Economics, has found that
250-481: A main applicant to dependency ratio exceeding one – 10 times the rate for all other countries except for India. In 2022/23, 60,923 dependants accompanied 59,053 Nigerian students and 38,990 dependants accompanied 139,539 Indian students. In the previous year, 34,031 Nigerian students arrived in the United Kingdom with 31,898 dependant visas issued alongside them, in contrast, 114,837 Chinese students arrived in
300-423: A net benefit of £37.4 billion for the 2021/22 academic year. University College London 's revenue from international tuition fees alone was worth over half a billion pounds – the equivalent of a third of the annual overseas earnings of the entire UK fishing industry. This figure grew by about 25% to £640 million in the 2022/23 academic year. The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) estimates that
350-589: A taught postgraduate degree (primarily a master's degree) and 14,105 for a postgraduate research degree (primarily PhD). The three largest universities by enrolment were the Universities of Glasgow (39,755 students), Edinburgh (39,110 students) and Strathclyde (24,860 students). The Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics (SUSSP) was established in 1960 by the four ancient Scottish Universities (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St. Andrews) to contribute to
400-402: A third cluster containing 13 old universities and 54 new universities including the remaining Scottish universities; and a fourth cluster contains 19 new universities but no Scottish universities. The below lists the outcome of the latest Research Excellence Framework undertaken in 2021 (the next REF is scheduled for 2028) by the four UK higher education funding bodies. The quality of research
450-530: Is provided for Scottish-domiciled students by the Student Awards Agency for Scotland . Students ordinarily resident in Scotland do not pay tuition fees for their first undergraduate degree, but tuition fees are charged for those from the rest of the United Kingdom. All students are required to pay tuition fees for postgraduate education (e.g. MSc, PhD), except in certain priority areas funded by
500-811: Is the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills , currently Jenny Gilruth of the Scottish National Party . University status in Scotland and throughout the United Kingdom today is conferred by the Privy Council which takes advice from the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education . All Scottish universities are public universities and part funded by the Scottish Government (through its Scottish Funding Council ) and financial support
550-562: The European Enlightenment . Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. Key figures included Francis Hutcheson , Hugh Blair , David Hume , Adam Smith , James Burnett , Adam Ferguson , John Millar and William Robertson , William Cullen , James Anderson , Joseph Black and James Hutton . At the beginning of
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#1732801870401600-591: The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 , the distinction between universities and colleges was removed, creating new universities at Abertay , Glasgow Caledonian , Napier , Paisley and Robert Gordon . There are fifteen universities in Scotland and three other institutions of higher education which have the authority to award academic degrees . The University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) gained full university status in 2011, having been created through
650-522: The Robbins Report of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish Universities had doubled. New universities included the University of Dundee , Strathclyde , Heriot-Watt , and Stirling . From the 1970s the government preferred to expand higher education in the non-university sector and by the late 1980s roughly half of students in higher education were in colleges. In 1992, under
700-505: The 2022–23 academic year, 292,240 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland, 228,005 of whom were full-time, 59.0% were female and 40.4% male. 59.5% of students were domiciled in Scotland, 11.5% from the rest of the United Kingdom, and the remaining 28.7% being international students (4.5% from the European Union). Of all these, approximately 198,745 were studying at undergraduate level, 79,395 for
750-753: The 2025 global rankings, three Scottish universities featured in the world's top 200 universities in both of the QS and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings . In terms of rankings there are four distinctive clusters of higher and lower status universities in the UK: Oxbridge comprising cluster one; a second cluster containing the remaining 22 Russell Group universities together with 17 other old universities, including Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Heriot-Watt, St Andrews, Stirling and Strathclyde;
800-573: The Scottish Government, or if another source of funding can be found (e.g. research council studentship for a PhD). A representative body called Universities Scotland works to promote Scotland's universities, as well as six other higher education institutions. The total consolidated annual income for the fifteen Scottish universities for 2020–21 was £4.38 billion of which £847 million was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £290.4 million (6.63%). £1.36 billion
850-624: The Scottish economy. Until the fifteenth century, Scots who wished to attend university had to travel to England or to the Continent. This situation was transformed by the founding of St John's College, St Andrews in 1418 by Henry Wardlaw , bishop of St. Andrews. St Salvator's College was added to St. Andrews in 1450. The other great bishoprics followed, with the University of Glasgow being founded in 1451 and King's College, Aberdeen in 1495. Initially, these institutions were designed for
900-598: The UK – ranging from 18.6% in Wales to 28.7% in Scotland . This represented a 10.4% increase in international students from the previous year (2021/22: 679,790 and 2020/21: 605,130). London Economics, a policy and economics consultancy, have estimated one first-year cohort of international students in 2018/19 to deliver £25.9 billion net benefit to the British economy over the course of their study. They upgraded this figure to
950-447: The UK. In 2019, the UK government's International Education Strategy set a target to recruit 600,000 international students in higher education and to increase the value of higher education exports to £35 billion by 2030. The recruitment target was met in one year and in the 2022/23 academic year, there were 758,855 international students studying at UK higher education institutions, equivalent to 25.8% of all higher education students in
1000-723: The United Kingdom The United Kingdom is among the world's most popular destinations for international students , regularly placing within the top three countries for hosting international students alongside the United States and Australia. Data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency indicates that students from the three countries of India, China, and Nigeria together account for around 53% of all international students enrolled at higher education institutions in
1050-466: The United Kingdom in 2022/23 are listed below. The mainstream universities with the highest number of international students for 2022/23 are listed below: The mainstream universities with the highest proportion of international students for 2022/23 are listed below: On 14 October 2019, the Home Office confirmed that graduates of the country's higher education institutions will be eligible for
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#17328018704011100-571: The United Kingdom may lead to a sudden drop in recruitment. Adam Habib , Director of SOAS , has argued that the majority of universities in the United Kingdom will be severely impacted financially in this event. In response, the university sector is aiming to diversify its intake and has been targeting emerging markets in India, South Asia and Nigeria. In 2022, for the first time, more study visas were issued to Indian nationals than Chinese nationals. In 2022, Suella Braverman , then Home Secretary of
1150-556: The United Kingdom, wanted to curb the number of international students and in particular, the number of dependants on student visas. The number of dependants accompanying international students granted visas had increased eight-fold in three years to 135,788 in 2022, with Nigerian and Indian nationals bringing the most dependants. In 2015, dependants from the two countries accounted for 11% of all dependants, at around 1,500 individuals. By 2022, this grew to over 100,000 individuals, representing about 73% of all dependants. Nigerian nationals had
1200-464: The authority to award academic degrees. The first university college in Scotland was founded at St John's College, St Andrews in 1418 by Henry Wardlaw , bishop of St Andrews. St Salvator's College was added to St Andrews in 1450. The University of Glasgow was founded in 1451 and King's College, Aberdeen in 1495. St Leonard's College was founded in St Andrews in 1511 and St John's College
1250-439: The centre-right think tank Onward has estimated that the average university makes 7% of their total fee income from China-domiciled students, with 16 universities (mainly Russell Group ) receiving more than a fifth of their fee income from China-domiciled students. There are concerns that universities are becoming overly reliant on international students from China for financing and increasing geopolitical shifts between China and
1300-513: The country's 'science superpower' ambitions. In May 2023, the Home Office announced plans to restrict the ability to bring dependants to only postgraduate courses designated as research programmes, effective from January 2024. As the new restrictions came into place, exemptions were also extended to courses with government-funded scholarships. In the first quarter of 2024, the number of dependant visas issued for students fell by 80% compared to
1350-629: The dissemination of advanced knowledge in physics and the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries through the setting up of a series of annual summer schools of the highest international standard. As of 2014 it had increased to include Dundee, Glasgow Caledonian, Heriot-Watt, Paisley, and Strathclyde. In the 2025 national league table rankings, five of the top twenty in both of The Guardian University Guide and in The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide were Scottish universities. In
1400-674: The economic impact of international students has risen steadily from £31.3 billion in 2018/9 to £41.9 billion in 2021/22. International students were found to make the greatest impact in the cities of Glasgow, London, Sheffield, Nottingham and Newcastle. According to data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency for the 2021/22 academic year, higher education institutions in the UK received tuition fees and contracts worth £9.99 billion from international students (£1.06 billion from EU students and £8.93 billion from non-EU students). International tuition fees made up
1450-460: The federation of 13 colleges and research institutions across the Highlands and Islands, a process that began in 2001. All Scottish universities have the power to award degrees at all levels: undergraduate, taught postgraduate, and doctoral. Education in Scotland is controlled by the Scottish Government under the terms of the Scotland Act 1998 . The minister responsible for higher education
1500-557: The general secretary of the Indian National Student Association, a representative body for Indian students in the UK, saying that agents had tried to direct students onto certain courses by offering incentives, regardless of whether these were a good choice for the student. Former universities minister Jo Johnson also warned that unethical agents that falsified visa paperwork could put universities' licences at risk. In order to address ethical concerns,
1550-805: The largest proportion of tuition fees income at the following mainstream universities with all ancient universities of Scotland and London members of the Golden triangle featuring: The United Kingdom remains one of the most desirable countries for Chinese students looking to study abroad, ahead of the USA, Australia, and Canada. This has led to students from mainland China making up significant proportions of international students at some universities: Southampton : 60.5%; RCA : 59.8%; Sheffield : 57.8%; York : 56.2%; Birmingham : 50.3%; and Manchester : 49.9%. In 2021/22, Southampton doubled its income from international students to £170 million in just one year. Research from
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1600-514: The need to reform the system to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the Scottish university system, which expanded to 6,254 students by the end of the century and produced leading figures in both the arts and sciences. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. After
1650-412: The nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exam, students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications. The curriculum was dominated by divinity and the law and there was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum, particularly by introducing degrees in the physical sciences and
1700-428: The number of international students will continue to increase with international applications to study at British universities expected to increase by 60%, from around 150,000 in 2022 to 240,000 in 2030. As of 2023, 58 current world leaders have been educated at a higher education institution in the United Kingdom, second in the world only to the United States' 65. The top 15 countries and regions sending students to
1750-456: The preceding period were preserved. The colleges at Aberdeen were de-merged. The five Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry. In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for
1800-630: The previous year. Visas issued for international students also fell by 15%. The Observer reported in 2023 that UK universities were spending millions of pounds on agents fees, with universities that provided data in response to freedom of information requests typically reporting fees of between £2,000 and £8,000 per student. The University of Greenwich paid more than £28.7 million to recruit almost 3,000 postgraduate and 500 undergraduate students, while De Montfort University paid £17.1 million to recruit almost 4,500 students. The report also highlighted that there were ethical concerns around agents, with
1850-494: The same period with only 401 dependant visas issued alongside them. Local reporting in Nigeria has credited the growth in students and dependants to the broader movement of 'Japa', a Yoruba term meaning 'to scarper' Nigeria, with no intention of returning due to the country's problem with corruption and poor governance. Reporting from the BBC suggested that some Nigerians are willing to study for degrees they do not need in order to have
1900-545: The town college of Edinburgh should be known as King James's College. In 1641, the two colleges at Aberdeen were united by decree of Charles I (r. 1625–49), to form the "King Charles University of Aberdeen." Under the Commonwealth (1652–60), the universities saw an improvement in their funding. After the Restoration there was a purge of Presbyterians from the universities, but most of the intellectual advances of
1950-552: The training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented. Chairs of medicine were founded at all the university towns. By the 1740s Edinburgh medical school was the major centre of medicine in Europe and was a leading centre in the Atlantic world. Access to Scottish universities
2000-685: The training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented. Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Scotland's five university colleges had no entrance exams. Students typically entered at ages of 15 or 16, attended for as little as two years, chose which lectures to attend and left without qualifications. There
2050-515: The training of clerics, but they would increasingly be used by laymen. International contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of Humanism were brought into Scottish intellectual life in the sixteenth century. St Leonard's College was founded in St Andrews in 1511 and St John's College was re-founded as St Mary's College, St Andrews in 1538, as
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2100-582: The two-year Graduate Route visa from summer 2021. In July 2020, the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy revealed that international students who complete a PhD from Summer 2021 can stay in the UK for 3 years after study to live and work with the Graduate Route visa, as opposed to 2 years for undergraduate and postgraduate students. The UK Home Office also confirmed that dependants of postgraduate international students with
2150-466: The universities, but most of the intellectual advances of the preceding period were preserved. The Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the civil war years and Restoration with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry. In the eighteenth century the universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for
2200-430: Was a concerted attempt to modernise the curriculum to meet the needs of the emerging middle classes and the professions. The result of these reforms was a revitalisation of the Scottish university system and growth in the number of students. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. After the Robbins Report of 1963 there
2250-602: Was a rapid expansion in higher education in Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish universities had doubled. In 1992 the distinction between universities and colleges was removed, creating a series of new universities. All Scottish universities are public and funded in part by the Scottish Government (through its Scottish Funding Council ). In 2022–23, approximately 292,200 students studied at universities or institutes of higher education in Scotland, 84,000 of whom are international students . The sector employs, directly and indirectly, six per cent of all jobs in
2300-405: Was probably more open than in contemporary England, Germany or France. Attendance was less expensive and the student body more representative of society as a whole. The system was flexible and the curriculum became a modern philosophical and scientific one, in keeping with contemporary needs for improvement and progress. Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution to
2350-463: Was rated 4* (world leading), 3* (internationally excellent), 2* (recognised internationally), 1* (recognised nationally) and unclassified. GPA measures the quality of research and Research Power is calculated by the GPA score of a university multiplied by the full-time equivalent number of researchers submitted. The rankings are out of 129 institutions as measured by output: International students in
2400-588: Was re-founded as St Mary's College, St Andrews in 1538, as a Humanist academy for the training of clerics. Public lectures that were established in Edinburgh in the 1540s, would eventually become the University of Edinburgh in 1582. After the Reformation , Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with Andrew Melville . After the Restoration there was a purge of Presbyterians from
2450-499: Was received from the Scottish Funding Council via grants and £298.5 million was received from tuition fees of Home-domiciled students, defined as Scotland-domiciled students and European Union-domiciled students who began their studies prior to 2021-22. The table below is a record of each Scottish university's financial data for the 2020–21 financial year as recorded by the Higher Education Statistics Agency : In
2500-453: Was renamed to Scottish Student Sport in June 2011 following the admission of colleges as full members. This article about an organisation in Scotland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to sport in Scotland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Scottish universities There are fifteen universities in Scotland and three other institutions of higher education that have
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