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27-507: The Scottish Tartans Society (STS) was a society committed to the recording and preservation of woven tartan designs from around the world; it maintained the Register of All Publicly Known Tartans . The society was first formed in 1963 and existed for about 40 years. The Scottish Tartans Society ceased to record new tartan designs in about the year 2000, having recorded about 2,700 different designs. Today, similar functions are provided by

54-591: A planh to the seven maintainers for judgement. The planh (lament) is that of a faithful woman for her lover, who has been absent several years. It was in order to judge these contests that the Consistori first commissioned an Occitan grammar, including the laws of poetry, be written up. The first compiler was Guilhem Molinier , whose Leys d'amor was completed between 1328 and 1337. It went through two subsequent redactions. Several other grammatical treatises and glosses were produced by poets associated with

81-496: A particular subject or discipline, provided they pay their membership fees. Older and more academic/professional societies may offer associateships and/or fellowships to fellows who are appropriately qualified by honoris causa , or by submission of a portfolio of work or an original thesis. A benefit of membership may be discounts on the subscription rates for the publications of the society. Many of these societies award post-nominal letters to their memberships. The membership at

108-449: A prize at the jeux . It still exists today. The Consistori, in its nostalgic attempt to preserve what had gone out of style, is often credited with fostering a monotonous form of poetry devoid of vibrance and feeling. Courtly love , with some adulterous and extramarital connotations, was a rarer theme with troubadours associated with Toulouse than religious themes, especially Marian . Even on religious themes, however, their work lacks

135-544: A separate entity. STS also operated a tartan museum in Edinburgh, which closed with the closure of STS itself. In 1996, several members of the society left to create their own organisation, called the Scottish Tartans Authority (STA). The Scottish Tartans Society ran into financial difficulties and ceased to record new tartan designs around the year 2000. The society is now defunct. The archives of

162-526: The violeta d'aur (golden violet) for the poem or cançó judged the best. The other prizes, awarded for particular poetic forms, were similarly floral, leading later scholars to label the competitions the Jocs Florals . The best dança earned its creator a flor de gaug d'argen fi (a fine silver marigold), and the best sirventés , pastorèla or vergièra garnered a flor d'ayglentina d'argen (a silver dog rose). The first prize

189-804: The American Association for the Advancement of Science , specific to a given discipline, such as the Modern Language Association , or specific to a given area of study, such as the Royal Entomological Society . Most are either specific to a particular country (e.g. the Entomological Society of Israel ), though they generally include some members from other countries as well, often with local branches, or are international, such as

216-969: The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions or the Regional Studies Association , in which case they often have national branches. But many are local, such as the Massachusetts Medical Society , the publishers of the internationally known The New England Journal of Medicine . Some learned societies (such as the Royal Society Te Apārangi ) have been rechartered by legislation to form quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations . Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election. Some societies offer membership to those who have an interest in

243-1221: The World Association in Economics is free of cost. Following the globalization and the development of information technology, certain scholarly societies—such as the Modern Language Association—have created virtual communities for their members. In addition to established academic associations, academic virtual communities have been so organized that, in some cases, they have become more important platforms for interaction and scientific collaborations among researchers and faculty than have traditional scholarly societies. Members of these online academic communities, grouped by areas of interests, use for their communication shared and dedicated listservs (for example JISCMail ), social networking services (like Facebook or LinkedIn ) and academic oriented social networks (like Humanities Commons, ResearchGate , Mendeley or Academia.edu ). Acad%C3%A9mie des Jeux floraux The Consistori del Gay Saber ( Occitan: [kunsisˈtɔɾi ðel ˈɣaj saˈβe] ; "Consistory of

270-481: The sociology of science argue that learned societies are of key importance and their formation assists in the emergence and development of new disciplines or professions. In the form of professional associations, they can assist in the creation of pathways to leadership. The World Association in Economics provides help to the members of the WAE on the following issues: Societies can be very general in nature, such as

297-537: The "force" of the last troubadours of the thirteenth century, like Cerverí de Girona , who wrote much on such themes. The Toulousains lacked originality and for that reason their accomplishments have been undervalued by later generations. Their isolation and their classicism cut them off from the literary movements giving life to other vernaculars, such as the dolce stil novo and the Renaissance in Italian and

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324-602: The College awarded a silver eglantine rose to none other than Pierre de Ronsard , the greatest French poet of his generation, for his Amours . During the Enlightenment , Fabre d'Églantine received his name from the dog rose the academy bestowed on him at the jeux floraux (floral games). In 1694 the Consistori was reborn as the Académie des Jeux Floraux , founded by Louis XIV . Later, Victor Hugo received

351-490: The Consistori. By 1471 the Consistori was losing its Occitan character. It awarded the golden violet to Peire de Janilhac n'ostan qu'el fos Francés, per so que dictec e·l lengatge de Tholosa : notwithstanding that he was French, because he composed in the language of Toulouse. In 1513 the Consistori was transformed into the Collège de rhétorique et de poésie françaises : the College of French Rhetoric and Poetry. In 1554

378-774: The Gay Science") was a poetic academy founded at Toulouse in 1323 to revive and perpetuate the lyric poetry of the troubadours . Also known as the Acadèmia dels Jòcs Florals or Académie des Jeux Floraux ("Academy of the Floral Games"), it is the most ancient literary institution of the Western world. It was founded in 1323 in Toulouse and later restored by Clémence Isaure as the Consistori del Gay Saber with

405-677: The Scottish Tartans Society were kept, since STS's closure, by the Scottish Tartans World Register (STWR). This organisation was a non-authoritative body formed by a consultant to STS, and aimed to record any tartan, new or old, upon request. STWR was the trading name of a registered company, Tartan Registration Ltd, also a registered Scottish charity. STWR's database, also called the Scottish Tartans World Register ,

432-873: The Scottish government's Scottish Register of Tartans (SRT), which affords some legal recognition to tartans registered with it, and the nonprofit Scottish Tartans Authority (STA), founded by former STS members. The Scottish Tartans Society was first formed in 1963, as the Scottish Tartans Information Centre , by several scholars of tartan and Highland dress , with the encouragement of the Lord Lyon King of Arms . The society set out to preserve and record every woven tartan known, including clan tartans and artefacts from several museums and private collections. The society also strove to promote research into Highland dress, and to assist in

459-475: The designing of new tartans. It was also a recognised charity , under Scots law . The society's register of tartans was known as the Register of All Publicly Known Tartans ( RAPKT ). This register was originally a physical collection, consisting of tartans and fabrics. Later, however, the register was eventually transferred to computer in the form of an electronic database. About 2,700 tartans were recorded by

486-530: The goal of encouraging Occitan poetry. The best verses were given prizes at the floral games in the form of different flowers, made of gold or silver, such as violets , rose hips , marigolds , amaranths or lilies . The Consistori eventually became gallicised. It was renewed by Louis XIV in 1694 and still exists today. The Académie des Jeux Floraux has had such prestigious members as Ronsard , Marmontel , Chateaubriand , Voltaire , Alfred de Vigny , Victor Hugo and Frédéric Mistral . The Consistori

513-769: The presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership. Some of the oldest learned societies are the Académie des Jeux floraux (founded 1323), Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana (founded 1488), Accademia della Crusca (founded 1583), Accademia dei Lincei (founded 1603), Académie Française (founded 1635), German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (founded 1652), Royal Society (founded 1660) and French Academy of Sciences (founded 1666). Scholars in

540-483: The seven troubadours of Toulouse"). In its efforts to promote an extinct literary koiné over the evolving dialects of the fourteenth century, the Consistori went a long way to preserving the troubadours' memory for posterity as well as bequeathing to later scholarship an encyclopaedic terminology for the analysis and historiography of Occitan lyric poetry. Chaytor believed that the Consistori "arose out of informal meetings of poets held in earlier years". The Consistori

567-608: The society was accounted as an "Incorporation Noble in the Noblesse of Scotland", being granted a coat of arms by the Lord Lyon King of Arms . In 1988, the society established the Scottish Tartans Museum and Heritage Center , which has exhibits relating to tartan and Highland dress, in Highlands, North Carolina , United States. In 1994, the museum moved to Franklin , North Carolina, where it still operates as

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594-462: The society, categorised as clan or family, district, individual, commemorative, and other. Registration of new designs was not free of charge. STS also (at additional expense and primarily for corporate organisations) hosted rather elaborate "ceremonies of accreditation" for registrants, featuring society members in Highland dress, pipers, presentation of an accreditation scroll, and a prayer. In 1976,

621-585: The work of Ausiàs March in Catalan . Martí de Riquer is highly critical of the escòla poetica de Tolosa , which he charges with a thematically severely limited, weighed down by a narrow conception of art and imposing strictures governing poetic form and content, negatively influencing Catalan poetry by exporting occitanisms (until Italian trends wafted over the western Mediterranean sea routes to rejuvenate it), and sustaining an outmoded literary language. He compares it to French neoclassicism and its "tyranny of

648-634: Was awarded on 3 May 1324 to Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari for a sirventes in praise of the Virgin Mary . The contests were held intermittently until 1484, when the last prize was awarded to Arnaut Bernart de Tarascon . From this period of 160 years survive the record of around a hundred prizes. During that century and a half, the Consistori saw participants from both south of the Pyrenees and north of Occitania, both men and women. In an unknown year, possibly 1385, an anonymous Catalan woman submitted

675-700: Was based upon the Register of All Publicly Known Tartans , and included about 3,000 tartan designs. The STWR's data has been subsumed into that of the Scottish Register of Tartans (SRT) in Edinburgh, which is the Scottish government's official register of tartans. STWR no longer registers tartans, and directs interested parties to the SRT. STWR ceased operation some time after 2008. Learned society Most learned societies are non-profit organizations , and many are professional associations . Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for

702-647: Was founded by seven literary men of the bourgeoisie , who composed a manifesto , in Old Occitan verse, pledging to award prizes to poetry in the troubadouresque style and emulating the language of classical period of the troubadours (roughly 1160–1220). The academy was originally called the Consistori dels Sept Trobadors ("Consistory of the Seven Troubadours") or Sobregaya Companhia dels Set (VII) Trobadors de Tolosa ("Overjoyed Company of

729-468: Was governed by a chancellor and seven judges or mantenedors (maintainers). In 1390 John I of Aragon , one of the earliest Renaissance humanists to sit on a European throne, established the Consistori de Barcelona in imitation of the Toulousain academy. The Consistori held an annual poetry contest at which one contestant, the "most excellent poet" ( plus excellen Dictador ), would receive

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