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112-547: Chopped and screwed (also called screwed and chopped or slowed and throwed ) is a music genre and technique of remixing music that involves slowing down the tempo and DJing . It was developed in the Houston , Texas, hip hop scene in the early 1990s by DJ Screw . The screwed technique involves slowing the tempo of a song down to 60 and 70 quarter-note beats per minute and applying techniques such as skipping beats, record scratching , stop-time and affecting portions of

224-448: A bloated user experience, which incorporated features beyond its original focus on music. Beginning with Macs running macOS Catalina , iTunes was replaced by separate apps, namely Music , Podcasts , and TV , with Finder and Apple Devices taking over the device management capabilities. This change did not affect iTunes running on Windows or older macOS versions. In February 2024, most features of iTunes for Windows were split into

336-549: A network-attached storage system, and connect to that storage system through an app. iTunes includes sound processing features, such as equalization , "sound enhancement" and crossfade . There is also a feature called Sound Check , which normalizes the playback volume of all songs in the library to the same level. Introduced on April 28, 2003, The iTunes Music Store allows users to buy and download songs, with 200,000 tracks available at launch. In its first week, customers bought more than one million songs. Music purchased

448-405: A subset of audio mixing in music and song recordings. Songs may be remixed for a large variety of reasons: Remixes should not be confused with edits, which usually involve shortening a final stereo master for marketing or broadcasting purposes. Another distinction should be made between a remix, which recombines audio pieces from a recording to create an altered version of a song, and a cover :

560-470: A " gentrified " version of chopped and screwed. For the Houston Chronicle , Shelby Stewart wrote, "Give DJ Screw his flowers. Slowed + reverb is a poor imitation of what chopped and screwed music is." Moore had mixed feelings about the phenomenon, saying, "I always felt that I shouldn’t touch chopped and screwed music. One, it’s not really screwed if it’s not by Screw. Two, the chops are sacred to

672-470: A boisterous floor-filler by stripping away all the instrumental tracks and substituting a minimalist, sequenced " track " to underpin her vocal delivery, remixed for the UK release which reached No1 pop by Simon Harris . The art of the remix gradually evolved, and soon more avant-garde artists such as Aphex Twin were creating more experimental remixes of songs (relying on the groundwork of Cabaret Voltaire and

784-421: A cassette recorder. From the mid-1970s, DJs in early discothèques were performing similar tricks with disco songs (using loops and tape edits ) to get dancers on the floor and keep them there. One noteworthy figure was Tom Moulton who invented the dance remix as we now know it. Though not a DJ (a popular misconception), Moulton had begun his career by making a homemade mix tape for a Fire Island dance club in

896-481: A dedicated section for apps rather than a separate app. In September 2017, Apple updated iTunes to version 12.7, removing the App Store section in the process. iTunes 12.6.3 was released the following month, retaining App Store functionality, with 9to5Mac noting that the secondary release was positioned by Apple as "necessary for some businesses performing internal app deployments". In May 2007, Apple announced

1008-432: A derivative work and subject to the copyrights of the original work's copyright holder. The Creative Commons is a non-profit organization that allows the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools and explicitly aims for enabling a Remix culture . They created a website that allows artists to share their work with other users, giving them the ability to share, use, or build upon their work, under

1120-481: A duration of six to seven minutes, and often consisted of the original song with 8 or 16 bars of instruments inserted, often after the second chorus; some were as simplistic as two copies of the song stitched end to end. As the cost and availability of new technologies allowed, many of the bands who were involved in their own production (such as Yellow Magic Orchestra , Depeche Mode , New Order , Erasure , and Duran Duran ) experimented with more intricate versions of

1232-451: A genre like Christmas music , songs that have not been played recently, or songs the user has listened to the most in a time period. Through a "Home Sharing" feature, users can share their iTunes library wirelessly. Computer firewalls must allow network traffic, and users must specifically enable sharing in the iTunes preferences menu. iOS applications also exist that can transfer content without Internet. Additionally, users can set up

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1344-402: A judge threw out the lawsuit claiming that 50 Cent did not have copyright on the beat, but rather it belonged to Shady/Aftermath Records. Many hip-hop remixes arose either from the need for a pop/R&B singer to add more of an urban, rap edge to one of their slower songs, or from a rapper's desire to gain more pop appeal by collaborating with an R&B singer. Remixes can boost popularity of

1456-610: A live music radio station. In May 2005, video support was introduced to iTunes with the release of iTunes 4.8, though it was limited to bonus features part of album purchases. The following October, Apple introduced iTunes 6, enabling support for purchasing and viewing video content purchased from the iTunes Store . At launch, the store offered popular shows from the ABC network, including Desperate Housewives and Lost , along with Disney Channel series That's So Raven and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . CEO Steve Jobs told

1568-609: A music sample could be transformed "into a fully realized pop masterpiece". The song and its remix arguably remains as one of Carey's most important singles to date. Due to the song's commercial success, Carey helped popularize rapper as a featured act through her post-1995 songs. Sasha Frere-Jones, editor of The New Yorker commented in referencing to the song's remix: "It became standard for R&B/hip-hop stars like Missy Elliott and Beyoncé , to combine melodies with rapped verses. And young white pop stars—including Britney Spears , 'N Sync , and Christina Aguilera —have spent much of

1680-449: A new exemption which allows non-commercial remixing. In 2013, the US court ruling Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. acknowledged that amateur remixing might fall under fair use and copyright holders are requested to check and respect fair use before doing DMCA take down notices . In June 2015, a WIPO article named "Remix Culture and Amateur Creativity: A Copyright Dilemma" acknowledged

1792-429: A playlist, setting criteria such as date and number of times listened to. Apple is credited for being the major catalyst behind the early growth of podcasting. On July 10, 2008, Apple introduced native mobile apps for its iOS operating system. On iOS, a dedicated App Store application served as the storefront for browsing, downloading, updating, and otherwise managing applications, whereas iTunes on computers had

1904-429: A re-recording of someone else's song. While audio mixing is one of the most popular and recognized forms of remixing, this is not the only media form which is remixed in numerous examples. Literature, film, technology, and social systems can all be argued as a form of remix. Since the beginnings of recorded sound in the late 19th century, technology has enabled people to rearrange the normal listening experience. With

2016-441: A remix of " Now I'm Following You " that was used to segue from the original to " Vogue " so that the latter could be added to the set without jarring the listener. In 2015, EDM artist Deadmau5 , who worked with Jay-Z's Roc Nation, tried to sue his former manager for remixing his songs without permission, claiming that he gave his manager the go-ahead to use his work for some remixes, but not others. Deadmau5 wanted reimbursement for

2128-453: A remix. However, if the work that is distributed by the remixer is an entirely new and transformative work that is not for profit, copyright laws are not breached . The key word in such considerations is transformative, as the remix product must have been either sufficiently altered or clearly used for a sufficiently different purpose for it to be safe from copyright violation. In 2012, Canada 's Copyright Modernization Act explicitly added

2240-402: A sample from "Khosara Khosara", a composition by Egyptian composer Baligh Hamdy in his song " Big Pimpin' ". Osama Fahmy, a nephew of Hamdy, argued that while Jay-Z had the "economic rights" to use the song, he did not have the "moral rights". In 1988, Sinéad O'Connor 's art-rock song "I Want Your (Hands on Me)" was remixed to emphasize the urban appeal of the composition (the original contains

2352-419: A simpler "Up Next" feature that notably lost some of "iTunes DJ"'s functionality. Introduced in iTunes 8 in 2008, " Genius " can automatically generate a playlist of songs from the user's library that "go great together". "Genius" transmits information about the user's library to Apple anonymously, and evolves over time to enhance its recommendation system. It can also suggest purchases to fill out "holes" in

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2464-551: A tight, grinding bassline and a rhythm guitar not entirely unlike Chic's work). In 1989, the Cure 's "Pictures of You" was remixed turning "the music on its head, twisted the beat completely, but at the same time left the essential heart of the song intact." Remixes have become the norm in contemporary dance music , giving one song the ability to appeal across many different musical genres or dance venues. Such remixes often include "featured" artists, adding new vocalists or musicians to

2576-576: Is Drake ’s radio station on SiriusXM . Notable members include DJ Ryan Wolf, official DJ of the Cleveland Browns , DJ Candlestick , DJ Hollygrove, Mike G formerly of Odd Future and Oscar Award winning director Barry Jenkins as a creative collaborator. In the mid-2010s, producers on SoundCloud began experimenting with fusing chopped and screwed music and EDM . It has since developed into subgenres such as "future screw and lean house". Slowed and reverb (stylized as "slowed + reverb")

2688-422: Is "education – not about framing or law – but rather what you can do with technology, and then the law will catch up". He believes that trade associations – like mashup guilds – that survey practices and publish reports to establish norm or reasonable behaviours in the context of the community would be useful in establishing fair use parameters. Lessig also believes that Creative Commons and other licences, such as

2800-435: Is Mariah Carey." Mayard also expressed that "To this day ODB and Mariah may still be the best and most random hip hop collaboration of all time", citing that due to the record "Fantasy", "R&B and Hip Hop were the best of step siblings." In the 1998 film Rush Hour , Soo Yong is singing the song while it plays on the car radio, shortly before her kidnapping. In 2011, the experimental metal band Iwrestledabearonce used

2912-428: Is a technique of remixing and a subgenre, derived from chopped and screwed hip-hop and vaporwave , which involves slowing down and adding reverb to a previously existing song, often created by using digital audio editors such as Audacity . The technique originated in 2017, when Houston-based producer Jarylun Moore (known online as slater!), having been inspired by DJ Screw, began uploading remixes of popular songs using

3024-806: Is about a love triangle. Other types of remixes in art are parodies . A parody in contemporary usage, is a work created to mock, comment on, or make fun at an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of humorous, satiric or ironic imitation. They can be found all throughout art and culture from literature to animation. Famous song parody artists include "Weird Al" Yankovic and Allan Sherman . Several current television shows are filled with parodies, such as South Park , Family Guy , and The Simpsons . The internet has allowed for art to be remixed quite easily, as evidenced by sites like memgenerator.net (provides pictorial template upon which any words may be written by various anonymous users), and Dan Walsh's Garfieldminusgarfield.net (removes

3136-444: Is displayed in users' libraries in columns, including album, artist, genre, composer, and more. Users can enable or disable different columns, as well as change view settings. Introduced in 2004, "Party Shuffle" selected tracks to play randomly from the library, though users could press a button to skip a song and go to the next in the list. The feature was later renamed "iTunes DJ", before being discontinued altogether, replaced by

3248-484: Is extremely important", though this was questioned by security researcher Brian Krebs , who told the publication that "A prominent security researcher warned Apple about this dangerous vulnerability in mid-2008, yet the company waited more than 1,200 days to fix the flaw." iTunes has been repeatedly accused of being bloated as part of Apple's efforts to turn it from a music player to an all-encompassing multimedia platform. Former PC World editor Ed Bott accused

3360-409: Is more self-contained due to technical requirements for distribution on the store (not installing background helper services such as Bonjour ), and is updated automatically through the store rather than using Apple Software Update . The role of iTunes has been replaced with independent apps, Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, Apple Books, and Apple TV; with iPhone, iPod, and iPad management integrated into

3472-493: Is not uncommon for industrial bands to release albums that have remixes as half of the songs. Indeed, there have been popular singles that have been expanded to an entire album of remixes by other well-known artists. Some industrial groups allow, and often encourage, their fans to remix their music, notably Nine Inch Nails , whose website contains a list of downloadable songs that can be remixed using Apple 's GarageBand software. Some artists have started releasing their songs in

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3584-474: Is perhaps the most famous of this movement, creating albums using sounds entirely from other music and cutting it into his own. Underground mixing is more difficult than the typical official remix because clean copies of separated tracks such as vocals or individual instruments are usually not available to the public. Some artists (such as Björk , Nine Inch Nails , and Public Enemy ) embraced this trend and outspokenly sanctioned fan remixing of their work; there

3696-519: The Creative Commons license . The artist can limit the copyright to specific users for specific purposes, while protecting the users and the artist. The exclusive rights of the copyright owner over acts such as reproduction/copying, communication, adaptation and performance – unless licensed openly – by their very nature reduce the ability to negotiate copyright material without permission. Remixes will inevitably encounter legal problems when

3808-641: The Finder starting with macOS 10.15 Catalina , and appearing as Apple Devices starting with Windows 10 . iTunes features a music library. Each track has attributes, called metadata , that can be edited by the user, including changing the name of the artist, album, and genre, year of release, artwork, among other additional settings. The software supports importing digital audio tracks that can then be transferred to iOS devices, as well as supporting ripping content from CDs. iTunes supports WAV , AIFF , Apple Lossless , AAC , and MP3 audio formats. It uses

3920-522: The GNU General Public Licence are important mechanisms which mashup and remix artists can use to mitigate the impact of copyright law. Lessig laid out his ideas in a book called "Remix" which is itself free to remix under a CC BY-NC license . The Fair Use agreement allows users to use copyrighted materials without asking the permission of the original creator (section 107 of the federal copyright law). Within this agreement,

4032-519: The Gracenote music database to provide track name listings for audio CDs. When users rip content from a CD, iTunes attempts to match songs to the Gracenote service. For self-published CDs, or those from obscure record labels , iTunes would normally only list tracks as numbered entries ("Track 1" and "Track 2") on an unnamed album by an unknown artist, requiring manual input of data. File metadata

4144-559: The Memphis -based group Three 6 Mafia came out with their song " Sippin' on Some Syrup ". The song debuted as a minor hit but later became one of Three 6 Mafia's most popular songs. The 2007 documentary film Screwed in Houston details the history of the Houston rap scene and the influence of the chopped and screwed subculture on Houston hip hop. In 2011, University of Houston Libraries acquired over 1,000 albums owned by DJ Screw. Some of

4256-524: The U-MYX format, which allows buyers to mix songs and share them on the U-MYX website. Recent technology allows for easier remixing, leading to a rise in its use in the music industry. It can be done legally, but there have been numerous disputes over rights to samples used in remixed songs. Many famous artists have been involved in remix disputes. In 2015, Jay-Z went to trial over a dispute about his use of

4368-706: The Virtua Fighter release on the Sega Saturn. Virtua Fighter had been released on the Saturn in a less-than-impressive state. Sega had attempted to make an accurate port of the Sega Model 1 arcade version, and therefore chose to use untextured models and the soundtrack from the arcade machine. However, as the Saturn was incapable of rendering as many polygons on screen as Model 1 hardware, characters looked noticeably worse. Many claim it to be even worse than

4480-439: The iPhone and iPad upon their introduction. From 2005 on, Apple expanded its core music features with support for digital video, podcasts , e-books , and mobile apps purchased from the iOS App Store . Since the release of iOS 5 in 2011, these devices have become less dependent on iTunes, though it can still be used to back up their contents. Though well received in its early years, iTunes received increasing criticism for

4592-412: The synthesizer -based compositions of electronic musicians such as Kraftwerk , Yellow Magic Orchestra, Giorgio Moroder , and Jean-Michel Jarre . Contemporaneous to Art of Noise was the seminal body of work by Yello (composed, arranged and mixed by Boris Blank ). Primarily because they featured sampled and synthesized sounds, Yello and Art of Noise would produce a great deal of influential work for

Chopped and screwed - Misplaced Pages Continue

4704-524: The "age of remixing" and the need for a copyright reform . ITunes iTunes is a media player , media library, and mobile device management utility developed by Apple . It is used to purchase, play, download and organize digital multimedia on personal computers running the macOS and Windows operating systems, and can be used to rip songs from CDs as well as playing content from dynamic, smart playlists . It includes options for sound optimization and wirelessly sharing iTunes libraries. iTunes

4816-628: The 1960s. Various textual sources (including his own) would be cut literally into pieces with scissors, rearranged on a page, and pasted to form new sentences, new ideas, new stories, and new ways of thinking about words. "The Soft Machine" (1961) is a famous example of an early novel by Burroughs based on the cut-up technique. Remixing of literature and language is also apparent in Pixel Juice (2000) by Jeff Noon who later explained using different methods for this process with Cobralingus (2001). A remix in art often takes multiple perspectives upon

4928-455: The 2001 Grammy as Remixer of the Year . Another well-known example is R. Kelly , who recorded two different versions of " Ignition " for his 2003 album Chocolate Factory . The song is unique in that it segues from the end of the original to the beginning of the remixed version (accompanied by the line "Now usually I don't do this, but uh, go ahead on, break em' off with a little preview of

5040-632: The Apple TV, Music, Podcasts, Books, and Apple Devices apps. When the apps are installed, iTunes is still used for podcasts and audiobooks. SoundJam MP , released by Casady & Greene in 1999, was renamed "iTunes" when Apple purchased it the next year. The primary developers of the software moved to Apple as part of the acquisition, and simplified SoundJam's user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. The first version of iTunes, promotionally dubbed "World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software",

5152-464: The Cloud", in which music purchases were stored on Apple's servers and made available for automatic downloading on new devices. For music the user owns, such as content ripped from CDs, the company introduced "iTunes Match", a feature that can upload content to Apple's servers, match it to its catalog, change the quality to 256 kbit/s AAC format, and make it available to other devices. When iTunes

5264-595: The Knuckles version, which had been provided as an alternative to the original mix by Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, the record's producers. In the age of social media, anybody can make and upload a remix. The most popular apps for doing this are Instagram and YouTube . A remix may also refer to a non-linear re-interpretation of a given work or media other than audio such as a hybridizing process combining fragments of various works. The process of combining and re-contextualizing will often produce unique results independent of

5376-580: The Sega 32X version, thanks to the added CD loading time. Virtua Fighter Remix was created to address many of these flaws. Models have a slightly higher polygon count (though still less than the Model 1 version); they are also texture-mapped, leading to a much more modern-looking game that could effectively compete with the PlayStation. The game also allows players to use the original flat-shaded models. In

5488-628: The UK mainstream". Dorian Lynskey of The Guardian named it a "benchmark remix" and placed it in his top ten list of remixes. The Coldcut remix "Seven Minutes of Madness" became one of the first commercially successful remixes, becoming a top fifteen hit in countries such as Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Early pop remixes were fairly simple; in the 1980s, "extended mixes" of songs were released to clubs and commercial outlets on vinyl 12-inch singles . These typically had

5600-569: The ability to follow other users. Ping was discontinued in September 2012. The Telegraph reported in November 2011 that Apple had been aware of a security vulnerability since 2008 that would let unauthorized third parties install "updates" to users' iTunes software. Apple fixed the issue before the Telegraph ' s report and told the media that "The security and privacy of our users

5712-400: The advent of easily editable magnetic tape in the 1940s and 1950s and the subsequent development of multitrack recording , such alterations became more common. In those decades the experimental genre of musique concrète used tape manipulation to create sound compositions. Less artistically lofty edits produced medleys or novelty recordings of various types. Modern remixing had its roots in

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5824-411: The albums were part of an exhibit in early 2012 and, along with the rest, went available for research in 2013. As of to date, the chopped and screwed music genre has been added to all forms of streaming services including iTunes , Spotify and has crossed over to receive mass mainstream appeal. Created by Swishahouse Records Co-founder OG Ron C they began calling their remixes ChopNotSlop due to all

5936-601: The allure of screw music. The drug beverage has been considered a major influence on the making and listening of chopped and screwed music due to its perceived effect of slowing the brain down, and giving the slow, mellow music its appeal. In an interview for the documentary film Soldiers United For Cash , DJ Screw denounced the claim that one has to use lean to enjoy screwed and chopped music, saying, "People think just to listen to my tapes you gotta be high or dranked out. That ain't true. There's kids getting my tapes, moms and dads getting my tapes, don't smoke or drink or nothing." In

6048-582: The bridge from the original version was used as the chorus. There is a version omitting Ol' Dirty Bastard's verses. The "Bad Boy Fantasy Remix", combines the chorus from the original version and the chorus of the Bad Boy Remix together, removing Ol' Dirty Bastard's vocals from his second verse. Carey re-recorded vocals for club remixes of the song by David Morales , titled "Daydream Interlude (Fantasy Sweet Dub Mix)". The Bad Boy remix garnered positive reviews from music critics. "Fantasy" exemplified how

6160-549: The concept of the remix has been applied analogously to other media and products. In 2001, the British Channel 4 television program Jaaaaam was produced as a remix of the sketches from the comedy show Jam . In 2003 The Coca-Cola Company released a new version of their soft drink Sprite with tropical flavors under the name Sprite Remix . In 1995, Sega released Virtua Fighter Remix (バーチャファイター　リミックス/Bāchafaitā rimikkusu) as an update to, just months after

6272-428: The copyrighted material that is borrowed must be used under specific government regulations. Material borrowed falls under fair use depending on the amount of original content used, the nature of the content, the purpose of the borrowed content, and the effect the borrowed content has on an audience. Unfortunately, there are no distinct lines between copyright infringement and abiding by fair use regulations while producing

6384-401: The courts consider what will amount to a substantial part by reference to its quality, as opposed to quantity and the importance the part taken bears in relation to the work as whole. There are proposed theories of reform regarding the copyright law and remixes. Nicolas Suzor believes that copyright law should be reformed in such a manner as to allow certain reuses of copyright material without

6496-437: The culture, and not everybody can imitate it. So I would never want to even try to. I’m just glad I’m able to bring it to a wider audience." Other responses to the subgenre's popularity were more positive. Despite the backlash from DJ Screw fans, other creators such as Isaac Sigala uploaded slowed and reverb remixes to honor the chopped and screwed genre through nostalgia . Sigala said of the popularity of his remixes, "I knew it

6608-469: The dance hall culture of late-1960s and early-1970s Jamaica . The fluid evolution of music that encompassed ska , rocksteady , reggae and dub was embraced by local music mixers who deconstructed and rebuilt tracks to suit the tastes of their audience. Producers and engineers like Ruddy Redwood, King Tubby and Lee "Scratch" Perry popularized stripped-down instrumental mixes (which they called "versions") of reggae tunes. At first, they simply dropped

6720-429: The earliest Houston based group Geto Boys records from the mid to late 80's. It is unknown when DJ Screw definitively created "screwed and chopped" music. Screw's former manager Charles Washington stated, "Screw mistakenly created the sound while hanging out with friends at an apartment in the late 80s." Screw discovered that dramatically reducing the pitch of a record gave a mellow, heavy sound that emphasized lyrics to

6832-424: The extended mix. Madonna began her career writing music for dance clubs and used remixes extensively to propel her career; one of her early boyfriends was noted DJ John "Jellybean" Benitez , who created several mixes of her work. Art of Noise took the remix styles to an extreme—creating music entirely of samples . They were among the first popular groups to truly harness the potential that had been unleashed by

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6944-422: The first mainstream artists who re-recorded vocals for a dancefloor version, and by 1993 most of her major dance and urban-targeted versions had been re-sung, e.g. " Dreamlover ". Some artists would contribute new or additional vocals for the different versions of their songs. These versions were not technically remixes, as entirely new productions of the material were undertaken (the songs were "re-cut", usually from

7056-542: The first mainstream successes of this style of remix was the 1983 track Rockit by Herbie Hancock , as remixed by Grand Mixer D.ST . Malcolm McLaren and the creative team behind ZTT Records would feature the "cut up" style of hip hop on such records as " Duck Rock ". English duo Coldcut 's remix of Eric B. & Rakim's "Paid in Full" Released in October 1987 is said to have "laid the groundwork for hip hop's entry into

7168-424: The first time in history creativity by default is subject to regulation because of two architectural features. First, cultural objects or products created digitally can be easily copied, and secondly, the default copyright law requires the permission of the owner. The result is that one needs the permission of the copyright owner to engage in mashups or acts of remixing. Lessig believes that the key to mashups and remix

7280-446: The ground up). Carey worked with producer Puff Daddy to create the official Bad Boy remix of "Fantasy". The Bad Boy remix features background vocals by Puff Daddy and rapping by Ol' Dirty Bastard, the latter being of concern to Columbia who feared the sudden change in style would affect sales negatively. Some of the song's R&B elements were removed for the remix, while the bassline and " Genius of Love " sample were emphasized and

7392-425: The intentions and vision of the original designer/artist. Thus the concept of a remix can be applied to visual or video arts, and even things farther afield. Mark Z. Danielewski 's disjointed novel House of Leaves has been compared by some to the remix concept. A remix in literature is an alternative version of a text. William Burroughs used the cut-up technique developed by Brion Gysin to remix language in

7504-481: The issue of intellectual property becomes a concern. The most important question is whether a remixer is free to redistribute his or her work, or whether the remix falls under the category of a derivative work according to, for example, United States copyright law. Of note are open questions concerning the legality of visual works, like the art form of collage , which can be plagued with licensing issues. There are two obvious extremes with regard to derivative works. If

7616-468: The late 1960s. His tapes eventually became popular and he came to the attention of the music industry in New York City. At first, Moulton was simply called upon to improve the aesthetics of dance-oriented recordings before release ("I didn't do the remix, I did the mix"—Tom Moulton). Eventually, he moved from being a "fix it" man on pop records to specializing in remixes for the dance floor. Along

7728-422: The late 1990s, with the help of P2P networks such as Napster , chopped and screwed music spread to a much wider audience. On November 16, 2000, DJ Screw was found dead in the bathroom of his music studio. The autopsy report later revealed that Screw died from a combination of codeine, Valium, PCP . Following the death of DJ Screw, his musical influence spread all over the southern United States. Later in 2000,

7840-749: The launch of "iTunes U" via the iTunes Store , which delivers university lectures from top U.S. colleges. With iTunes version 12.7 in August 2017, iTunes U collections became a part of the Podcasts app. On June 10, 2020, Apple formally announced that iTunes U would be discontinued at the end of 2021. iTunes was required to activate early iPhone and iPad devices. Beginning with the iPhone 3G in June 2008, activation did not require iTunes, making use of activation at point of sale. Later iPhone models are able to be activated and set-up on their own, without requiring

7952-419: The library. The feature was updated with iTunes 9 in 2009 to offer "Genius Mixes", which generated playlists based on specific music genres. "Smart playlists" are a set of playlists that can be set to automatically filter the library based on a customized list of selection criteria, much like a database query. Multiple criteria can be entered to manage the smart playlist. Selection criteria examples include

8064-400: The lyrics to create new meanings, warped and filtered the voices and added his own exhortations to the music's regional audience, mostly just using turntables and a microphone." — The New York Times In Houston, between 1991 and 1992, there was a notable increase in the use of lean (also known as purple drank and sizzurp) which, as Patel Joseph from MTV News believes, contributed to

8176-628: The main character from various original strips by Garfield creator Jim Davis). "A feminist remix is a creative resistance and cultural production that talks back to patriarchy by reworking patriarchal hierarchical systems privileging men. Examples include Barbara Kruger's You are not yourself (1982), We are not what we seem (1988), and Your body is a battleground (1989) Barbara Kruger , Orlan's (1994) Self-Hybridizations Orlan , Evelin Stermitz 's remix, Women at War (2010), and Distaff [Ain't I Redux] (2008) by artist Sian Amoy. In recent years

8288-524: The mid-1970s, the dub and disco remix cultures met through Jamaican immigrants to the Bronx , energizing both and helping to create hip-hop music . Key figures included, DJ Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash . Cutting (alternating between duplicate copies of the same record) and scratching (manually moving the vinyl record beneath the turntable needle) became part of the culture, creating what Slate magazine called "real-time, live-action collage." One of

8400-460: The mid-1990s, chopped and screwed music started to move to the north side of Houston by way of DJ Michael "5000" Watts , and later OG Ron C . A rivalry between north and south Houston over the true originators of chopped and screwed began to arise. Michael "5000" Watts always gave credit to DJ Screw as the originator of chopped and screwed music, although Watts has been a proponent of the slogan "screwed and chopped" instead of "chopped and screwed". In

8512-507: The most influential group of remixers for the disco era. The Salsoul catalog is seen (especially in the UK and Europe) as being the "canon" for the disco mixer's art form. Pettibone is among a very small number of remixers whose work successfully transitioned from the disco to the House era. (He is certainly the most high-profile remixer to do so.) His contemporaries included Arthur Baker and François Kevorkian . Contemporaneously to disco in

8624-460: The next phase. Others such as Cabaret Voltaire and the aforementioned Jarre (whose Zoolook was an epic usage of sampling and sequencing ) were equally influential in this era. After the rise of dance music in the late 1980s, a new form of remix was popularised, where the vocals would be kept and the instruments would be replaced, often with matching backing in the house music idiom. Jesse Saunders , known as The Originator of House Music,

8736-511: The original composition to create a "chopped-up" version of the song. Preceding the late 1990s, most Southern hip hop was upbeat and fast, like Miami bass and Memphis, which was inspired by Afrika Bambaataa & the Soulsonic Force with their groundbreaking track " Planet Rock ". Unlike its southern musical counterparts Houston's rap style has consistently remained slower, even in the beginning of Houston hip hop, as can be heard on

8848-422: The original mix. The remix is also widely used in hip hop and rap music . An R&B remix usually has the same music as the original song but has added or altered verses that are rapped or sung by the featured artists. It usually contains some if not all of the original verses of the song however they may be arranged in a different order than they originally were. In the early 1990s, Mariah Carey became one of

8960-461: The original versions of songs. Thanks to a combination of guest raps, re-sung or altered lyrics and alternative backing tracks, some hip-hop remixes can end up being almost entirely different songs from the originals. An example is the remix of " Ain't It Funny " by Jennifer Lopez , which has little in common with the original recording apart from the title. Slow ballads and R&B songs can be remixed by techno producers and DJs in order to give

9072-580: The original, but he ended the remix with an ad-lib on the outro. Mariah Carey 's song " Heartbreaker " was remixed, containing lyrical interpolations and an instrumental sample from " Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None) " by Snoop Dogg . A separate music video was filmed for the remix, shot in black and white and featuring a cameo appearance by Snoop. In 2001, Jessica Simpson released an urban remix of her song " Irresistible ", featuring rappers Lil' Bow Wow and Jermaine Dupri , who also produced

9184-460: The others), which varied radically from their original sound and were not guided by pragmatic considerations such as sales or "danceability", but were created for "art's sake". In the 1990s, with the rise of powerful home computers with audio capabilities came the mash-up , an unsolicited, unofficial (and often legally dubious) remix created by "underground remixers" who edit two or more recordings (often of wildly different songs) together. Girl Talk

9296-476: The past ten years making pop music that is unmistakably R&B." Moreover, Jones concludes that "Her idea of pairing a female songbird with the leading male MCs of hip-hop changed R&B and, eventually, all of pop. Although now anyone is free to use this idea, the success of "Mimi" [ref. to The Emancipation of Mimi , her tenth studio album released almost a decade after "Fantasy"] suggests that it still belongs to Carey." John Norris of MTV News has stated that

9408-410: The people who create cutting-edge music in such genres as synthpop and aggrotech are solo artists or pairs. They will often use remixers to help them with skills or equipment that they do not have. Artists such as Chicago -based Delobbo, Dallas -based LehtMoJoe , and Russian DJ Ram, who has worked with t.A.T.u. , are sought out for their remixing skill and have impressive lists of contributions. It

9520-416: The permission of the copyright owner where those derivatives are highly transformative and do not impact upon the primary market of the copyright owner. There certainly appears to be a strong argument that non commercial derivatives, which do not compete with the market for the original material, should be afforded some defense to copyright actions. Stanford Law professor Lawrence Lessig believes that for

9632-428: The point of storytelling . Initially, the slow-paced hip hop genre was referred to as laid-back driving music and was limited to South Houston until it was popularized by DJs such as DJ T-Rent Dinero and DJ Z-Rusty. "[DJ Screw] strung together rap singles and vocals from local and other artists, all of which he manipulated and persuaded to slow down the beat to a crawl and the vocals to a torpid drawl. He also chopped up

9744-435: The potential of "serial productions" of a piece to find markets and expand the tastes of listeners. In 1995, after doing " California Love ", which proved to be his best selling single ever, Tupac Shakur would do its remix with Dr. Dre again featured, who originally wanted it for his next album, but relented to let it be on the album All Eyez on Me instead. This also included the reappearance of Roger Troutman , also from

9856-632: The press that "We're doing for video what we've done for music — we're making it easy and affordable to purchase and download, play on your computer, and take with you on your iPod." In 2008, Apple and select film studios introduced "iTunes Digital Copy", a feature on select DVDs and Blu-ray discs allowing a digital copy in iTunes and associated media players. In June 2005, Apple updated iTunes with support for podcasts . Users can subscribe to podcasts, change update frequency, define how many episodes to download and how many to delete. Similar to songs , "Smart playlists" can be used to control podcasts in

9968-548: The remix was "responsible for, I would argue, an entire wave of music that we've seen since and that is the R&;B-hip-hop collaboration. You could argue that the 'Fantasy' remix was the single most important recording that she's ever made." Norris echoed the sentiments of TLC 's Lisa Lopes , who told MTV that it's because of Mariah that we have " hip-pop ." Judnick Mayard, writer of TheFader , wrote that in regarding of R&B and hip hop collaboration, "The champion of this movement

10080-461: The remix."). In addition, the original version's beginning line "You remind me of something/I just can't think of what it is" is actually sampled from an older Kelly song, " You Remind Me of Something ". Kelly later revealed that he actually wrote "Ignition (remix)" before the purported original version of "Ignition", and created the purported original so that the chorus lyric in his alleged remix would make sense. Madonna's I'm Breathless featured

10192-410: The remixes his manager made after they had severed ties, because he claimed it was his "moral right" to turn these future remixing opportunities away if he had wanted to. The two parties reached an agreement in 2016 that kept Play Records from making any new remixes. 50 Cent tried to sue rapper Rick Ross in October 2018 for remixing his " In da Club " beat, due to their publicized feud. However,

10304-770: The same theme. An artist takes an original work of art and adds their own take on the piece creating something completely different while still leaving traces of the original work. It is essentially a reworked abstraction of the original work while still holding remnants of the original piece while still letting the true meanings of the original piece shine through. Famous examples include The Marilyn Diptych by Andy Warhol (modifies colors and styles of one image), and The Weeping Woman by Pablo Picasso, (merges various angles of perspective into one view). Some of Picasso's other famous paintings also incorporate parts of his life, such as his love affairs, into his paintings. For example, his painting Les Trois Danseuses , or The Three Dancers ,

10416-496: The service's podcast feature. For Okayplayer , Elijah C. Watson dubbed slowed and reverb remixes "the soundtrack for Generation Z ", comparing the style to lo-fi hip hop . Remixes using the technique also became popular on the video-sharing service TikTok . Slowed and reverb remixes became controversial on social media in mid-2020 after a viral video posted to TikTok failed to attribute the creation of slowed and reverb to chopped and screwed, causing users to brand slowed and reverb

10528-405: The slowed and reverb content creators. YouTuber Rayen Hemden said that he feels protective of his commenters and will act as a moderator to keep discussion compassionate. He further stated, "I make sure there are no hate comments towards the people who share their stories because it takes bravery. Someone has to be courageous to actually share their story." Remix Most commonly, remixes are

10640-455: The song appeal to the club scene and to urban radio. Conversely, a more uptempo number can be mellowed to give it " quiet storm " appeal. Frankie Knuckles saddled both markets with his Def Classic Mixes, often slowing the tempo slightly as he removed ornamental elements to soften the "attack" of a dancefloor filler. These remixes proved hugely influential, notably Lisa Stansfield 's classic single " Change " would be aired by urban radio in

10752-444: The song at the beginning and end of the video "You Know That Ain't Them Dogs' Real Voices". Indie artist Grimes has called "Fantasy" one of her favorite songs of all-time and has said Mariah is the reason there is a Grimes. M.C. Lyte was asked to provide a "guest rap", and a new tradition was born in pop music. George Michael would feature three artistically differentiated arrangements of " I Want Your Sex " in 1987, highlighting

10864-403: The song is substantively dissimilar in form (for example, it might only borrow a motif which is modified, and be completely different in all other respects), then it may not necessarily be a derivative work (depending on how heavily modified the melody and chord progressions were). On the other hand, if the remixer only changes a few things (for example, the instrument and tempo), then it is clearly

10976-592: The technique to YouTube . The first of these—a remix of Lil Uzi Vert 's song " 20 Min "—earned over one million views on the platform in under two months, eventually earning over four million views before being taken down. The style became especially popular on YouTube, where it became common to play remixes over looping clips from retrofuturistic anime scenes. Other notable producers in this sub-genre include wretchshop (also known as ciki 8k ), rum world, Aestheticg, imlonely, Chovies, slerb as well as streliz. Slowed and reverb remixes were also uploaded to Spotify using

11088-579: The track. It samples the Kool & the Gang 's song " Jungle Boogie " (1973) and " Why You Treat Me So Bad " by Club Nouveau (1987). Released on July 12, 1999, " Always You " remix by Jennifer Paige , reached number six on the Billboard Dance/Club Play chart. The main single of " I Turn to You " by Melanie C was released as the "Hex Hector Radio Mix", for which Hex Hector won

11200-511: The use of iTunes. iTunes also allows users to backup and restore the content of their Apple mobile devices, such as music, photos, videos, ringtones and device settings, and restore the firmware of their devices. However, as of iTunes 12.7, apps can no longer be purchased and installed using iTunes. With the release of iTunes 10 in September 2010, Apple announced iTunes Ping, which CEO Steve Jobs described as "social music discovery". It had features reminiscent of Facebook , including profiles and

11312-480: The vocal tracks , but soon more sophisticated effects were created, dropping separate instrumental tracks in and out of the mix, isolating and repeating hooks , and adding various effects like echo, reverberation and delay . The German krautrock band Neu! also used other effects on side two of their album Neu! 2 by manipulating their previously released single Super/Neuschnee multiple ways, utilizing playback at different turntable speeds or mangling by using

11424-476: The way, he invented the breakdown section and the 12-inch single vinyl format. Walter Gibbons provided the dance version of the first commercial 12-inch single (" Ten Percent ", by Double Exposure ). Contrary to popular belief, Gibbons did not mix the record. In fact his version was a re-edit of the original mix. Moulton, Gibbons and their contemporaries ( Jim Burgess , Tee Scott , and later Larry Levan and Shep Pettibone ) at Salsoul Records proved to be

11536-428: The west, a CG Portrait Collection Disc was also included in the Saturn bundle. North American owners would get Virtua Fighter Remix for free if they registered their Saturns, while Japanese customers would later receive a SegaNet compatible version. Sega would also bring Virtua Fighter Remix to Sega Titan Video arcade hardware. Because remixes may borrow heavily from an existing piece of music (possibly more than one),

11648-429: The whole or a substantial part of the original material has been reproduced, copied, communicated, adapted or performed – unless a permission has been given in advance through a voluntary open content license like a Creative Commons license, there is fair dealing involved (the scope of which is extraordinarily narrow), a statutory license exists, or permission has been sought and obtained from the copyright owner. Generally,

11760-430: The “sloppy” remixes that came out after the passing of DJ Screw. Since 2001 they have dedicated their cause to the legacy of DJ Screw. The Chopstars have become the prominent source for chopped up music. With official releases with Brent Faiyaz , Don Toliver and Little Dragon (Nabuma Purple Rubberband) they have made a niche in the sub genre. They currently have a radio show called ChopNotSlopShow on Sound 42 which

11872-447: Was announced by Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2001. Its original and main focus was music, with a library offering organization and storage of Mac users' music collections. With the 2003 addition of the iTunes Store for purchasing and downloading digital music, and a Windows version of the program, it became an ubiquitous tool for managing music and configuring other features on Apple's line of iPod media players, which extended to

11984-549: Was announced on January 9, 2001. Subsequent releases of iTunes often coincided with new hardware devices, and gradually included support for new features, including "smart playlists", the iTunes Store , and new audio formats. Apple released iTunes for Windows on October 16, 2003. On April 26, 2018, iTunes was released on Microsoft Store for Windows 10 , primarily to allow it to be installed on Windows 10 devices configured to only allow installation of software from Microsoft Store. Unlike Windows versions for other platforms, it

12096-543: Was first released, it came with support for the Kerbango Internet radio tuner service. In June 2013, the company announced iTunes Radio, a free music streaming service. In June 2015, Apple announced Apple Music, a subscription-based music streaming service, and subsequently integrated iTunes Radio functionality. Music tracks provided by Apple Music via iTunes are available at up to 256 kbit/s AAC fidelity. The Apple Music app also integrates Apple Music 1 ,

12208-476: Was gonna happen. I see the kind of emotions that were brought out in me when I first started getting into [slowed music]. I could see how others would express their emotions too." The YouTube comments sections of slowed and reverb videos are often used as a safe haven for users, which Digital Trends described as "a sensitive reprieve from the toxicity often found on the platform." Users commonly share stories of heartbreak and loss , which are given support by

12320-557: Was once a web site which hosted hundreds of unofficial remixes of Björk's songs, all made using only various officially sanctioned mixes. Other artists, such as Erasure , have included remix software in their officially released singles, enabling almost infinite permutations of remixes by users. The band has also presided over remix competitions for their releases, selecting their favourite fan-created remix to appear on later official releases. Remixing has become prevalent in heavily synthesized electronic and experimental music circles. Many of

12432-679: Was protected by FairPlay , an encryption layer referred to as digital rights management (DRM). The use of DRM, which limited devices capable of playing purchased files, sparked efforts to remove the protection mechanism. Eventually, after an open letter to the music industry by CEO Steve Jobs in February 2007, Apple introduced a selection of DRM-free music in the iTunes Store in April 2007, followed by its entire music catalog without DRM in January 2009. In June 2011, Apple announced "iTunes in

12544-608: Was the first producer to change the art of remixing by creating his own original music, entirely replacing the earlier track, then mixing back in the artist's original lyrics to make his remix. He introduced this technique for the first time with the Club Nouveau song "It's a Cold, Cold World", in May 1988. Another clear example of this approach is Roberta Flack 's 1989 ballad "Uh-Uh Ooh-Ooh Look Out (Here It Comes)", which Chicago House great Steve "Silk" Hurley dramatically reworked into

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