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120-407: The terms are sometimes used to describe tensions in multilateral relations. Some commentators have used them as a comparison to the original Cold War, while others have discouraged their use to refer to any ongoing tensions. Two of the earliest uses of the phrase “new Cold War” were in 1955 by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and in 1956 when The New York Times warned that Soviet propaganda

240-675: A La Trobe University professor Nick Bisley wrote that the US–China rivalry "will be no Cold War" but rather will "be more complex, harder to manage, and last much longer." He further wrote that comparing the old Cold War to the ongoing rivalry "is a risky endeavour." In September 2020, the UN Secretary General António Guterres warned that the increasing tensions between the US under Trump and China under Xi were leading to "a Great Fracture" which would become costly to

360-619: A tribunal ruling against China in favor of the Philippines in the South China Sea. Afterwards, the term "new Cold War" appeared in Chinese media more often. Analysts believe this does not reflect China's desire to pursue such a strategy but precautions should still be in place to lower the chances of any escalation. In June 2019, University of Southern California (USC) professors Steven Lamy and Robert D. English agreed that

480-615: A 2016 op-ed for The Straits Times , Kor Kian Beng wrote that the phrase "new Cold War" between US-led allies versus Beijing and Moscow did not gain traction in China at first. This changed in 2016 after the United States announced its plan to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) in South Korea against North Korea, but China and Russia found the advanced anti-missile system too close for comfort. The US also supported

600-605: A U.S. senator for New York. Dulles served for four months before his defeat in a special election . Despite having supported his political opponents, Dulles became a special advisor to president Harry S. Truman , with a focus on the Indo-Pacific region. In this role from 1950 to 1952, he became the primary architect of the Treaty of San Francisco , which ended World War II in Asia, the U.S.–Japan Security Treaty , which established

720-580: A former United States Congressman and Speaker of the House of Representatives. They had two sons and a daughter. Their older son John W. F. Dulles (1913–2008) was a professor of history and specialist in Brazil at the University of Texas at Austin . Their daughter Lillias Dulles Hinshaw (1914–1987) became a Presbyterian minister. Their son Avery Dulles (1918–2008) converted to Roman Catholicism , entered

840-513: A general budget of $ 3.5 million a year. In 1976, one third of Stanford University's book holdings were housed at the Hoover library. At that time, it was the largest private archive collection in the United States. For his presidential campaign in 1980 , Reagan engaged at least thirteen Hoover scholars to assist the campaign in multiple capacities. After Reagan won the election, more than thirty current or former Hoover Institution fellows worked for

960-534: A junior diplomat. While some recollections indicate he clearly and forcefully argued against imposing crushing reparations on Germany, other recollections indicate he ensured Germany's reparation payments would extend for decades as perceived leverage militating against future German-born hostilities. Afterwards, he served as a member of the War Reparations Committee at Wilson's request. He was also an early member, along with Eleanor Roosevelt , of

1080-612: A library founded by Stanford alumnus Herbert Hoover prior to his presidency in order to house his archives gathered during the Great War . The well-known Hoover Tower was built to house the archives, then known as the Hoover War Collection (now the Hoover Institution Library and Archives ), and contained material related to World War I , World War II , and other global events. The collection

1200-442: A new Cold War". In October 2016 and March 2017, Stoltenberg said that NATO did not seek "a new Cold War" or "a new arms race" with Russia. In February 2016, a Higher School of Economics university academic and Harvard University visiting scholar Yuval Weber wrote on E-International Relations that "the world is not entering Cold War II", asserting that the current tensions and ideologies of both sides are not similar to those of

1320-484: A new cold war. According to a poll done by Morning Consult , only 15 percent of US respondents and 16 percent of Chinese respondents think the countries are in a cold war, with most rather categorizing it as a competition. In August 2022, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement condemning US House speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan . This statement demanded, among other things, that

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1440-465: A new cold war: The constant, interminable Chinese computer hacks of American warships’ maintenance records, Pentagon personnel records, and so forth constitute war by other means. This situation will last decades and will only get worse". In February 2019, Joshua Shifrinson, an associate professor from Boston University , said concerns over a new cold war was "overblown", saying US-China relations were different from that of US–Soviet Union relations during

1560-474: A period of global tension analogous to the Cold War is possible in the future, while others have used the term to describe the ongoing renewed tensions, hostilities, and political rivalries that intensified dramatically in 2014 between Russia, the United States and their respective allies. Stephen F. Cohen , Robert D. Crane , and Alex Vatanka have all referred to a "US–Russian Cold War". Sources opposed to

1680-545: A proclamation suspending diplomatic relations with Germany. In Panama, Dulles offered waiver of the tax imposed by the United States on the annual Canal fee, in exchange for a Panamanian declaration of war on Germany. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Dulles as legal counsel to the United States delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference , where he served under his uncle, Secretary of State Robert Lansing. Dulles made an early impression as

1800-533: A section of Firestone Library is dedicated to Dulles, named the John Foster Dulles Library of Diplomatic History, which houses, among many American diplomatic documents and books, the personal documents of John Foster Dulles. The library was built in 1962. This quote is sometimes misattributed to Dulles: "The United States of America does not have friends; it has interests." The words were spoken by President Charles de Gaulle of France, and

1920-571: A security angle altogether." Both the professors further advised Europe to address China's strong ties with and strong support for Russia's further aggressive plans toward Europe. The US senior defence official Jed Babbin , Yale University professor David Gelernter , Firstpost editor R. Jagannathan , Subhash Kapila of the South Asia Analysis Group , former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd , and some other sources have used

2040-534: A selloff. In 2020, Condoleezza Rice succeeded Thomas W. Gilligan as director. In November 2020, Scott Atlas , a Hoover fellow, was known for opposing public health measures as a major Trump advisor during the COVID-19 pandemic , and was condemned by a Stanford University faculty vote in November 2020. In January 2021, during Stanford University faculty senate discussions on closer collaboration between

2160-425: Is "quite small". Ferguson wrote: "[C]ompared with the 1950s, the roles have been reversed. China is now the giant, Russia the mean little sidekick. China under Xi remains strikingly faithful to the doctrine of Marx and Lenin. Russia under Putin has reverted to Tsarism ." Ferguson wrote that this Cold War is different from the original Cold War because the US "is so intertwined with China" at the point where "decoupling"

2280-452: Is an American public policy think tank which promotes personal and economic liberty , free enterprise , and limited government . While the institution is formally a unit of Stanford University , it maintains an independent board of overseers and relies on its own income and donations. It is widely described as conservative , although its directors have contested the idea that it is partisan . The institution began in 1919 as

2400-465: Is as others argued "a delusion" and because "America's traditional allies are much less eager to align themselves with Washington and against Beijing." He further wrote that the new Cold War "shifted away from trade to technology" when both the US and China signed their Phase One trade deal . In a February 2020 interview with The Japan Times , Ferguson suggested that, to "contain China", the US "work intelligently with its Asian and European allies", as

2520-680: The 1954 Geneva Conference . In 1959, suffering from cancer, Dulles resigned from office and died shortly after. Dulles was born in Washington, D.C. , eldest of five children of Presbyterian minister Allen Macy Dulles and his wife, Edith (née Foster). His paternal grandfather, John Welsh Dulles , had been a Presbyterian missionary in India. His maternal grandfather, John W. Foster , had been Secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison , and doted on Dulles and his brother Allen, who would later become

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2640-457: The American atomic attacks on Japan . In the immediate aftermath of the bombings, he drafted a public statement that called for international control of nuclear energy under United Nations auspices. He wrote: If we, as a professedly Christian nation, feel morally free to use atomic energy in that way, men elsewhere will accept that verdict. Atomic weapons will be looked upon as a normal part of

2760-480: The COVID-19 pandemic . In June 2020, Boston College political scientist Robert S. Ross wrote that the US and China "are destined to compete [but] not destined for violent conflict or a cold war." In July, Ross said that the Trump "administration would like to fully decouple from China. No trade, no cultural exchanges, no political exchanges, no cooperation on anything that resembles common interests." In August 2020,

2880-657: The Czech Republic as "the beginning of a new cold war", and predicted that "the Russians will gradually react quite adversely and it will affect their policies". In 2001, foreign policy and security experts James M. Lindsay and Ivo Daalder described counterterrorism as the "new Cold War". British journalist Edward Lucas wrote in February 2008 that a new cold war between Russia and the West had already begun. In

3000-532: The Democratic administration of Harry S. Truman , whose foreign policy Dulles criticized and instead advocated a policy of "liberation." Despite being a prominent Republican and having been a close advisor to Truman's opponent Dewey, Dulles became a trusted advisor of Harry Truman, especially on the issue of what to do with Japan, which was still under U.S. military occupation . In his role as an external "consultant" to Truman's State Department, Dulles became

3120-873: The Jesuit order, and became the first American theologian to be appointed a Cardinal . Dulles served as the chairman and cofounder of the Commission on a Just and Durable Peace of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America (later the National Council of Churches ), the chairman of the board for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , and a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1935 to 1952. Dulles

3240-690: The League of Free Nations Association , founded in 1918, and after 1923 known as the Foreign Policy Association, which supported American membership in the League of Nations . As a partner in Sullivan & Cromwell, Dulles expanded upon his late grandfather Foster's expertise, specializing in international finance. He played a major role in designing the Dawes Plan , which reduced German reparations payments and temporarily resolved

3360-565: The Milken Institute Global Conference that "Cold War II began some time ago". Later in the same month, David Panuelo , President of the Federated States of Micronesia , used the term to state his opposition to a proposed cooperation agreement between China and ten island nations, by claiming it could create a "new 'cold war' between China and the west." In June 2022, journalist Michael Hirsh used

3480-683: The Ministry of Defense of North Macedonia published an article asserting that the term "Cold War II" was as a misnomer. In February 2016, at the Munich Security Conference , NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that NATO and Russia were "not in a cold-war situation but also not in the partnership that we established at the end of the Cold War", while Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev , speaking of what he called NATO's "unfriendly and opaque" policy on Russia, said "One could go as far as to say that we have slid back to

3600-785: The National Humanities Medal to the Hoover Institution. In August 2017, the David and Joan Traitel Building was inaugurated. The ground floor is a conference facility with a 400-seat auditorium and the top floor houses the Hoover Institution's headquarters. At any given time, as of 2017, the Hoover Institution has as many as 200 resident scholars known as fellows. They are an interdisciplinary group studying political science, education, economics, foreign policy, energy, history, law, national security, health and politics. Some have joint appointments as lecturers on

3720-621: The Nixon administration 's policy of détente with the Soviet Union had failed and that "Cold War II" was then underway. Academic Gordon H. Chang used the term "Cold War II" to refer to the Cold War period after the 1972 meeting in China between US President Richard Nixon and Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong . In May 1998, George Kennan described the US Senate vote to expand NATO to include Poland , Hungary , and

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3840-749: The Non-Aligned Movement . Throughout the 1950s, Dulles was in frequent conflict with non-aligned statesmen who he deemed were too sympathetic to communism, including India's V. K. Krishna Menon . One of his first major policy shifts towards a more aggressive position against communism occurred in March 1953, when Dulles supported Eisenhower's decision to direct the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), then headed by his brother Allen Dulles, to draft plans to overthrow Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh of Iran. That led directly to

3960-658: The Republican Party , he was briefly a U.S. senator from New York in 1949. Dulles was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, who advocated an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. Born in Washington, D.C., Dulles joined the leading New York law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell after graduating from George Washington University Law School . His grandfather, John W. Foster , and his uncle, Robert Lansing , both served as U.S. secretary of state, while his brother, Allen Dulles , served as

4080-757: The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization , an anti-communist defensive alliance between the U.S. and several nations in and near Southeast Asia. He also helped instigate the 1953 Iranian coup d'état and the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état . Dulles advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina , but rejected the Geneva Accords between France and the communists, instead supporting South Vietnam after

4200-457: The U.S.–Japan Alliance , and the ANZUS security treaty between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In 1953, President Eisenhower chose Dulles as secretary of state. Throughout his tenure, Dulles favored a strategy of massive retaliation in response to Soviet aggression and concentrated on building and strengthening Cold War alliances , most prominently NATO . He was the architect of

4320-717: The United Fruit Company as a lawyer. Thomas Dudley Cabot, former CEO of United Fruit, held the position of Director of International Security Affairs in the State Department. John Moore Cabot, a brother of Thomas Dudley Cabot, was secretary of Inter-American Affairs during much of the coup planning in 1953 and 1954. In November 1956, Dulles strongly opposed the Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal zone in response to Egypt's nationalization of

4440-510: The War Industries Board . Dulles later returned to Sullivan & Cromwell and became a partner with an international practice. In 1917, Dulles’ uncle, Robert Lansing , the then-Secretary of State, recruited him to travel to Central America. Dulles advised Washington to support Costa Rica's dictator, Federico Tinoco , on the grounds that he was anti-German, and also encouraged Nicaragua's dictator, Emiliano Chamorro , to issue

4560-461: The director of central intelligence from 1953 to 1961. Dulles served on the War Industries Board during World War I and he was a U.S. legal counsel at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . He became a member of the League of Free Nations Association , which supported American membership in the League of Nations . Dulles also helped design the Dawes Plan , which sought to stabilize Europe by reducing German war reparations . During World War II, Dulles

4680-634: The "containment" policy of neutralizing the Taiwan Strait during the Korean War . Later, at Geneva, Dulles objected to any proposals by China and the Soviet Union for a diplomatic reunification of Korea , thus leaving the Korean conflict unresolved. In 1954, Dulles designed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), providing for collective action against aggression. The treaty

4800-444: The "new Cold War" would distract political parties from bigger issues such as globalization , global warming , global poverty, increasing inequality , and far-right populism . However, Lamy said that the new Cold War had not yet begun, while English said that it already had. English further said that China poses a far greater threat than Russia in cyberwarfare but not as much as far-right populism does from within liberal states like

4920-449: The 1953 death of Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson , President Eisenhower considered appointing Dulles in his place. In his later life Eisenhower is said to have considered only two men for the job: Dulles and eventual nominee Earl Warren . The Evening Star in fact initially viewed Dulles as the third most likely candidate after Warren and Thomas E. Dewey, while some Republican insiders at the time of Vinson's death actually thought Dulles

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5040-633: The CIA's East Asia mission center, told the Aspen Security Forum in Colorado that he believed China under paramount leader and general secretary Xi Jinping , while unwilling to go to war, was waging a "quiet kind of cold war" against the United States, seeking to replace the US as the leading global power. He further elaborated: "What they're waging against us is fundamentally a cold war — a cold war not like we saw during [the] Cold War (between

5160-569: The China–Russia relations have been stronger than before and that Xi's China will "fully back Putin’s effort to threaten and undermine [Western] liberal democratic states", threatening European security and dashing any hopes that the relations between the two countries would become further strained. Mayer and Kavalski further criticised Europe for lacking "historical templates" and its "tripartite approach to China—as [its] partner, competitor, and rival—"as "woefully outdated because it [the approach] lacks

5280-405: The Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. Despite student unrest during the 1960s, the institution continued to develop closer relations with Stanford University. In 1975, Ronald Reagan , who was Governor of California at that time, was designated as Hoover's first honorary fellow. He donated his gubernatorial papers to the Hoover library. During that time the Hoover Institution had

5400-464: The Hoover Institution and Library was renamed the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, its current name. In 1959, Stanford's Board of Trustees officially established the Hoover Institution as "an independent institution within the frame of Stanford University". In 1960, W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon resulted in corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. In particular,

5520-403: The Hoover board of trustees brought in senior Trump economic officials for off-the-record forecasts. According to The New York Times , "The president’s aides appeared to be giving wealthy party donors an early warning of a potentially impactful contagion at a time when Mr. Trump was publicly insisting that the threat was nonexistent." The board members spread the bad news and the stock market had

5640-513: The House of Representatives Newt Gingrich ; and former Secretary of Defense James N. Mattis . In 2020, former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice became the institution's director. It divides its fellows into separate research teams to work on various subjects, including Economic Policy , History , Education , and Law . It publishes research by its own university press , the Hoover Institution Press. In 2021, Hoover

5760-587: The Middle East." She further stated that the West will risk losing "a new cold war" unless it overcomes challenges that would give Russia and China a greater world advantage. She further gave suggestions to the Western powers, including the European Union. In September 2023, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un called for an accelerated increase in the production of domestic nuclear weapons in response to

5880-590: The Reagan administration in 1981. In 1989, Campbell retired as director of Hoover and replaced by John Raisian, a change that was considered the end of an era. Raisan served as director until 2015, and was succeeded by Thomas W. Gilligan . In 2001, Hoover Senior fellow Condoleezza Rice joined the George W. Bush administration , serving as National Security Advisor from 2001 to 2005 and as Secretary of State from 2005 to 2009. In 2006, President George W. Bush awarded

6000-777: The Republican plank calling for the establishment of a Jewish commonwealth in The British Mandate for Palestine. In 1945, Dulles participated in the San Francisco Conference as an adviser to Arthur H. Vandenberg and helped draft the preamble to the United Nations Charter . He attended the United Nations General Assembly as a United States delegate in 1946, 1947, and 1950. Dulles strongly opposed

6120-639: The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 as one of factors of the newer Cold War's rise. In July 2022, James Traub used the term while discussing how the ideas of the Non-Aligned Movement , a forum of neutral countries organized during the original Cold War, can be used to understand the reaction of democratic countries in the developing world to current tensions. In the same month France, the United States and Russia scheduled high-level, multi-country diplomatic visits in Africa. An article reporting on these trips used

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6240-662: The Second World War, Dulles engaged in Post-War Planning under the auspices of the Federal Council of Churches Commission on a Just and Durable Peace. Appointed in December 1940 at the behest of the theologian Henry P. Van Dusen, Dulles developed a vision of post-war order underpinned by a federal world government, taking inspiration from the ecumenical ideology of liberal Mainline Protestantism and

6360-504: The Soviet-Union era. Andrew Kuchins , an American political scientist and Kremlinologist speaking in December 2016, believed the term was "unsuited to the present conflict" as it may be more dangerous than the Cold War. John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles (February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) was an American politician, lawyer, and diplomat who served as United States secretary of state under president Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 until his resignation in 1959. A member of

6480-427: The Stanford Library system. The 285-foot tall tower was completed in 1941 on date of the university's golden jubilee . The tower has since been a well-recognized part of the Stanford campus. In 1956, former President Hoover, in conjunction with the Institution and Library, began a major fundraising campaign that transitioned the organization to its current form as a research institution as well as archive. In 1957,

6600-429: The Stanford faculty. The first Trump administration maintained relations with the institution during his presidency, and several Hoover employees became senior advisors or were hired for jobs in his administration, including Secretary of Defense James N. Mattis , who was the Davies Family Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Hoover from 2013 to 2016, where he studied leadership, national security, strategy, innovation, and

6720-417: The U.S. and the Soviet Union) but a cold war by definition". In October 2018, Hong Kong's Lingnan University professor Zhang Baohui told The New York Times that a speech by United States Vice-president Mike Pence at the Hudson Institute "will look like the declaration of a new Cold War". In January 2019, Robert D. Kaplan of the Center for a New American Security wrote that "it is nothing less than

6840-457: The US "not seek a 'new Cold War'". Following a November 2022 meeting between Biden and Xi Jinping at the G20 summit in Bali , Biden told reporters that "there need not be a new Cold War". In a December 2022 editorial published just before being elected US House speaker , Kevin McCarthy wrote that "China and the US are locked in a cold war." The op-ed also announced the creation of the House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between

6960-403: The US had done in the original Cold War, rather than on its own and perform something more effective than "tariffs, which are a very blunt instrument ." He also said that the US under Trump has been "rather poor" at making foreign relations . On 24 May 2020, China Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that relations with the US were on the "brink of a new Cold War" after it was fueled by tensions over

7080-401: The US is not seeking a new Cold War with China, but is looking for a system of peaceful coexistence. In November 2021, Hal Brands and Yale professor John Lewis Gaddis wrote in Foreign Affairs that while it was no longer debatable that the United States and China has been entering into their "own new cold war," it was not clear that the world has also been following suit and entering into

7200-510: The US. In his September 2021 speech to the United Nations General Assembly , US President Joe Biden said that the US is "not seeking a new Cold War or a world divided into rigid blocs." Biden further said that the US would cooperate "with any nation that steps up and pursues peaceful resolution to shared challenges," despite "intense disagreement in other areas, because we'll all suffer the consequences of our failure." In early May 2022, Hoover Institution senior fellow Niall Ferguson said at

7320-420: The United Kingdom, and the United States) and France (which has several territories in the Indo-Pacific) as a possible formal starting point of a new Cold War. On 7 November 2021, President Joe Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan stated that the US does not pursue system change in China anymore, marking a clear break from the China policy pursued by previous US administrations. Sullivan said that

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7440-441: The United States Senate to replace the Democratic incumbent Robert F. Wagner, who had resigned for ill health. Dulles served from July 7 to November 8, 1949. He lost the 1949 special election to finish the term to Democratic nominee Herbert H. Lehman . In 1950, Dulles published War or Peace , a critical analysis of the American policy of containment , which was favored by the foreign policy elite in Washington, particularly in

7560-418: The United States and the Chinese Communist Party . In early 2023, Jorge Heine , former Chilean ambassador to China and professor of international relations at Boston University , said the looming new Cold War between the US and China has become apparent to "a growing consensus", and described the new Cold War as "more alike than [it is] different" from the one fought between the US and Soviet Union, and saying

7680-519: The United States to attempt to co-operate with the French in the aid of strengthening Diem's army. Over time, Dulles concluded that he had to "ease France out of Vietnam." In 1954, at the height of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu , Dulles helped plan and promote Operation Vulture , a proposed B-29 aerial assault on the communist Viet Minh siege positions to relieve the beleaguered French Army. President Eisenhower made American participation reliant on British support, but Foreign Secretary Sir Anthony Eden

7800-425: The United States' experiences with federalism. In essence, Dulles sought to persuade allied war leaders to work toward reviving a more robust League of Nations. The core elements of this vision were spelled out in March 1943 with the publication of the book Six Pillars of Peace . Dulles was largely unsuccessful in persuading Franklin Delano Roosevelt to embrace such a radical platform, as the United States would issue

7920-399: The arsenal of war and the stage will be set for the sudden and final destruction of mankind. Dulles never lost his anxiety about the destructive power of nuclear weapons, but his views on international control and on employing the threat of atomic attack changed in the face of the Berlin blockade, the Soviet detonation of an atomic bomb, and the advent of the Korean War. They convinced him that

8040-448: The canal . During the most crucial days, Dulles was hospitalized after surgery and did not participate in the U.S. administration's decision making. By 1958, he had become an outspoken opponent of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and prevented Nasser's government from receiving arms from the United States. That policy allowed the Soviet Union to gain influence in Egypt. Both his grandfather, Foster, and his uncle, Robert Lansing ,

8160-480: The cancer's recurrence became evident. After recuperating in Florida, Dulles returned to Washington for work and radiation therapy. With further declining health and evidence of bone metastasis , he resigned from office on April 15, 1959. Dulles died at Walter Reed on May 24, 1959, at the age of 71. Funeral services were held in Washington National Cathedral on May 27, 1959, and he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery , in Arlington County, Virginia . Dulles

8280-485: The collection of documents of President Herbert Hoover , which he began to collect at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Thousands of Persian books, official documents, letters, multimedia pieces and other materials on Iran 's history, politics and culture can also be found at the Stanford University library and the Hoover Institution library. The Hoover Institution's in-house publisher, Hoover Institution Press, produces publications on public policy topics, including

8400-420: The collection of primary materials related to World War I , a project that became known as the Hoover War Collection. Assisted primarily by gifts from private donors, the Hoover War Collection flourished during its early years. In 1922, the collection became known as the Hoover War Library, now known as the Hoover Institution Library and Archives , and includes a variety of rare and unpublished material, including

8520-436: The communist bloc was pursuing expansionist policies. In the late 1940s, as a general conceptual framework for contending with world communism, Dulles developed the policy known as rollback to serve as the Republican Party's alternative to the Democrats' containment model. It proposed taking the offensive to push communism back, rather than to contain it within its areas of control and influence. Dewey appointed Dulles to

8640-547: The conference's plan to partition the country of Vietnam and hold elections for a unified government, insisting that the anti-communist State of Vietnam should remain the legitimate Vietnamese government. He subsequently left to avoid direct association with the negotiations; Dulles's exit contributed to the Geneva Conference's failure to resolve the conflict in Vietnam. As Secretary of State, Dulles carried out

8760-477: The continuing Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy in the international Christian Churches over the literal interpretation of Scripture against the newly developed "Historical-Critical" method including recent scientific and archeological discoveries. The case was settled when Fosdick, a liberal Baptist, resigned his pulpit in the Presbyterian Church congregation, which he had never joined. During

8880-520: The coup d'état via Operation Ajax in support of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , who regained his position as the Shah of Iran . During the First Indochina War , Dulles stated that he expected a French victory against the communist Viet Minh forces, stating, "I do not expect that there is going to be a communist victory in Indochina". Dulles worked to reduce French influence in Vietnam and asked

9000-591: The director of the Central Intelligence Agency . The brothers grew up in Watertown, New York and spent summers with their maternal grandfather in nearby Henderson Harbor . The brothers were also homeschooled , as their parents distrusted public education. Dulles attended Princeton University and graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1908. At Princeton, Dulles competed on the American Whig-Cliosophic Society debate team and

9120-473: The effective use of military force. In March 2019, Mattis returned to his post at Hoover. Distinguished Visiting Fellow Kevin Hassett became the first chairman of Trump's Council of Economic Advisors (CEA). The CEA chief principal economist, Josh Rauh, took leave from his Hoover Institution fellowship. After the third CEA chairman Tyler Goodspeed resigned in 2021, he went to Hoover. In February 2020,

9240-714: The files of the Okhrana and a plurality of government documents produced during the war. It was housed originally in the Stanford Library , separate from the general stacks. In his memoirs, Hoover wrote: I did a vast amount of reading, mostly on previous wars, revolutions, and peace-makings of Europe and especially the political and economic aftermaths. At one time I set up some research at London, Paris, and Berlin into previous famines in Europe to see if there had developed any ideas on handling relief and pestilence. ... I

9360-516: The great powers." In August 2019, Yuan Peng of the China Institute of International Studies said that the financial crisis of 2007–2008 "initiated a shift in the global order." Yuan predicted the possibility of the new cold war between both countries and their global power competition turning "from 'superpower vs. major power' to 'No. 1 vs. No. 2'." On the other hand, scholar Zhu Feng said that their "strategic competition" would not lead to

9480-456: The heart in public." Hoover Institution Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other The Hoover Institution (officially The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace and formerly The Hoover Institute and Library on War, Revolution, and Peace )

9600-488: The hegemony of the United States, [and] the end of globalisation". In August 2022, an analysis article in the Israeli newspaper Haaretz used the term to refer to the US's "open confrontation with Russia and China". The article continues on to discuss the impact of the current situation on Israel, concluding that "in the new Cold War, [Israel] cannot allow itself to be neutral." In the same month, Katrina vanden Heuvel used

9720-558: The husband of Eleanor Foster, had held the position of Secretary of State. His younger brother, Allen Welsh Dulles , served as Director of Central Intelligence under Dwight D. Eisenhower , and his younger sister Eleanor Lansing Dulles was noted for her work in the successful reconstruction of the economy of post-war Europe during her twenty years with the State Department . On June 26, 1912, Dulles married Janet Pomeroy Avery (1891–1969), granddaughter of Theodore M. Pomeroy ,

9840-547: The key architect of the 1952 San Francisco Peace Treaty which ended the U.S. occupation of Japan , as well as the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty , which ensured that Japan would remain firmly in the U.S. camp in the Cold War and allowed the continuing maintenance of U.S. military bases on Japanese soil. In 1951, Dulles also helped initiate the ANZUS Treaty for mutual protection with Australia and New Zealand. Following

9960-437: The lack of an ideological divide between the United States and Russia, saying that conflicts were no longer ideologically bipolar . In August 2016, Daniel Larison of The American Conservative magazine wrote that tensions between Russia and the United States would not "constitute a 'new Cold War'" especially between democracy and authoritarianism, which Larison found more limited than and not as significant in 2010s as that of

10080-559: The misquotation may be attributed to Dulles's visit to Mexico in 1958, where anti-American protesters carried signs bearing de Gaulle's quote. Dulles was named Time magazine 's Man of the Year for 1954. Entertainer Carol Burnett rose to prominence in 1957 singing a novelty song, "I Made a Fool of Myself Over John Foster Dulles". When asked about the song on Meet the Press , Dulles responded with good humor: "I never discuss matters of

10200-523: The more moderate Moscow Declaration , but his work helped to build widespread consensus about the need for a United Nations. Dulles was a prominent Republican and a close associate of Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, who became the Republican presidential nominee in the elections of 1944 and 1948 . During the 1944 and the 1948 campaigns, Dulles served as Dewey's chief foreign policy adviser. In 1944, Dulles took an active role in establishing

10320-424: The new Cold War. Zhu said that the US–China relations have progressed positively and remained "stable", despite disputes in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait and US President Trump's aggressive approaches toward China. In January 2020, columnist and historian Niall Ferguson opined that China is one of the major players of this Cold War, whose powers are "economic rather than military", and that Russia's role

10440-413: The original Cold War, and that ideology would play a less prominent role in their bilateral relationship. In June 2019, academic Stephen Wertheim called President Trump a "xenophobe" and criticised Trump's foreign policy toward China for heightening risks of a new Cold War, which Wertheim wrote "could plunge the United States back into gruesome proxy wars around the world and risk a still deadlier war among

10560-413: The original Cold War, that situations in Europe and the Middle East do not destabilise other areas geographically, and that Russia "is far more integrated with the outside world than the Soviet Union ever was". In September 2016, when asked if he thought the world had entered a new cold war, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov , argued that current tensions were not comparable to the Cold War. He noted

10680-912: The other half from its endowment. Funders of the organization include the Taube Family Foundation, the Koret Foundation , the Howard Charitable Foundation , the Sarah Scaife Foundation , the Walton Foundation , the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation , and the William E. Simon Foundation . Funding sources and expenditures, FY 2022 Funding Sources, FY 2022: $ 78,800,000 Expenditures, FY 2022: $ 77,600,000 In May 2018,

10800-627: The presence of "ideological-military overtones is now widely accepted." Some have used the term to describe the worsening relations between Russia on one side and the West or NATO or, more specifically, the United States on the other since Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea and intervention in Eastern Ukraine , which started the Russo-Ukrainian conflict . Others argue that the term is not appropriate. Sources disagree as to whether

10920-399: The presidency" may increase chances of the possibility. In March 2017, a self-declared socialist magazine Monthly Review said, "With the rise of the Trump administration, the new Cold War with Russia has been put on hold", and also said that the Trump administration has planned to shift from Russia to China as its main competitor. In July 2018, Michael Collins, deputy assistant director of

11040-591: The quarterly periodicals Hoover Digest , Education Next , China Leadership Monitor , and Defining Ideas . The Hoover Institution Press previously published the bimonthly periodical Policy Review , which it acquired from The Heritage Foundation in 2001. Policy Review ceased publication with its February–March 2013 issue. The Hoover Institution Press also publishes books and essays by Hoover Institution fellows and other Hoover-affiliated scholars. The Hoover Institution receives nearly half of its funding from private gifts, primarily from individual contributions, and

11160-697: The real scene. Therein lay the origins of the Library on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University. By 1926, the Hoover War Library was the largest library in the world devoted to World War I , including 1.4 million items and too large to house in the Stanford University Library, so the university allocated $ 600,000 for the construction of the Hoover Tower , which was designed to be its permanent home independent of

11280-570: The renegotiation of a revised version of the U.S.–Japan Security Treaty , which was eventually ratified in 1960, after his death. The same year, Dulles participated in the instigation of a military coup by the Guatemalan army through the CIA by claiming that the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz 's government and the Guatemalan Revolution were veering toward communism. Dulles had previously represented

11400-675: The reparations issue by having American firms lend money to German states and private companies. Under that compromise, the money was invested and the profits sent as reparations to Britain and France, which used the funds to repay their own war loans from the U.S. In the 1920s Dulles was involved in setting up a billion dollars' worth of these loans. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , Dulles's previous practice brokering and documenting international loans ended. After 1931 Germany stopped making some of its scheduled payments. In 1934 Germany unilaterally stopped payments on private debts of

11520-542: The sort that Dulles was handling. After the Nazi Party came to power, Dulles expressed sympathies for Adolf Hitler , requiring his legal staff in Berlin to sign "Heil Hitler" on all of Sullivan & Cromwell's outgoing mail; fearful of the optics, Sullivan & Cromwell's junior partners forced Dulles to cut all business ties with Germany in 1935. Nonetheless, Dulles and his wife continued to visit Germany until 1939. He

11640-610: The street (Dulles Avenue) where the school campuses are located), were named in his honor, as is John Foster Dulles Elementary School in Cincinnati , Ohio, and a school in Chicago, Illinois. New York named the Dulles State Office Building in Watertown, New York in his honor. In 1960 the U.S. Post Office Department issued a commemorative stamp honoring Dulles. At Princeton University, Dulles's alma mater,

11760-470: The tensions between the two nations to research China's role in the global economy and its "foreign policy toward international conflicts and civil wars" between liberal and authoritarian forces. In September 2021, former Portuguese defence and foreign minister Paulo Portas described the announcement of the AUKUS security pact and the ensuing unprecedented diplomatic crisis between the signatories (Australia,

11880-476: The term "[global] Cold War" to refer to tensions between leaders of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and China and its ally Russia, both countries striving to challenge the US's role as a superpower. Hirsh further cited growing tensions between the US and China as one of the causes of the newer Cold War alongside NATO's speech about China's "systemic challenges to the rules-based international order and to areas relevant to alliance security". He further cited

12000-586: The term "new Cold War" in relation to what "some say is the most intense competition for influence [in Africa] since the [original] Cold War". An article published in the July 2022 issue of the journal Intereconomics linked the possible "beginning of a new cold war between the West and the East" with "the rebirth of a new era of conflict, the end of the late 20th century unipolar international security architecture under

12120-603: The term (occasionally using the term " Pacific Cold War ") to refer to tensions between the United States and China in the 2000s and 2010s. Donald Trump , who was inaugurated as US president on 20 January 2017, had repeatedly said during his presidential campaign that he considered China a threat, a stance that heightened speculations of the possibility of a "new cold war with China". Claremont McKenna College professor Minxin Pei said that Trump's election win and "ascent to

12240-536: The term argue that while new tensions between Russia and the West have similarities with those during the Cold War, there are also major differences, and provide Russia with new avenues for exerting influence, such as in Belarus and Central Asia, which have not seen the type of direct military action in which Russia engaged in less cooperative former Soviet states like Ukraine and the Caucasus region. In June 2014,

12360-400: The term while cautioning against what she perceived as a "reflexive bipartisan embrace of a new Cold War" against Russia and China among US politicians. In September 2022, a Greek civil engineer and politician Anna Diamantopoulou further stated, despite unity of NATO members, "the West has lost much of its normative power," citing her "meetings with politicians from Africa, Latin America, and

12480-722: The university and the Institution in 2021, Rice "addressed campus criticism that the Hoover Institution is a partisan think tank that primarily supports conservative administrations and policy positions" by sharing "statistics that show Hoover fellows contribute financially to both political parties on an equal basis", according to the university's newsletter. According to DeSmog , the Hoover Institution accepts scientific consensus on climate change , but has long opposed climate action . Some Hoover fellows downplay climate change . The Institution has libraries which include materials from both World War I and World War II , including

12600-472: The verge without getting into the war is the necessary art." Dulles's hard line alienated many leaders of non-aligned countries when on June 9, 1955, he argued in a speech that "neutrality has increasingly become obsolete and, except under very exceptional circumstances, it is an immoral and shortsighted conception." In a June 1956 speech in Iowa, Dulles declared non-alignment to be "immoral", further castigating

12720-771: The world entering a "new Cold War" between the United States and a "coalition of nations" including China, Russia, and North Korea. In December 2023, Gita Gopinath , first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), warned that the deepening "fragmentation" between the two power blocs—one by the United States and European allies; another by China and Russia—would lead to "cold war two", impacting "gains from open trade " and risking potentially loss of up to US$ 7 trillion. In The Diplomat June 2024 article, University of Bonn (Germany) professor Maximilian Mayer and Jagiellonian University (Poland) professor Emilian Kavalski opined that

12840-483: The world. Xi Jinping replied by saying that "China has no intention to fight either a Cold War or a hot one with any country." In March 2021, Columbia University professor Thomas J. Christensen wrote that the cold war between the US and China "is unlikely" in comparison to the original Cold War, citing China's prominence in the " global production chain " and absence of the authoritarianism vs. liberal democracy dynamic. Christensen further advised those concerned about

12960-652: Was a member of University Cottage Club . He then attended the George Washington University Law School in Washington, D.C. Upon passing the bar examination, Dulles joined the New York City law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell , where he specialized in international law . After US entry into World War I, Dulles tried to join the Army, but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Instead, Dulles received an army commission as major on

13080-496: Was also a founding member of Foreign Policy Association and Council on Foreign Relations . Dulles developed colon cancer , for which he was first operated on in November 1956 when it had caused a bowel perforation . He experienced abdominal pain at the end of 1958 and was hospitalized with a diagnosis of diverticulitis . In January 1959, Dulles returned to work, but with more pain and declining health underwent abdominal surgery in February at Walter Reed Army Medical Center when

13200-563: Was appointed and confirmed as his Secretary of State. His tenure as Secretary was marked by conflict with communist governments worldwide, especially the Soviet Union ; Dulles strongly opposed communism, calling it "Godless terrorism." Dulles's preferred strategy was containment through military build-up and the formation of alliances (dubbed " pactomania "). Dulles was a pioneer of the strategies of massive retaliation and brinkmanship . In an article written for Life magazine, Dulles defined his policy of brinkmanship: "The ability to get to

13320-474: Was deeply involved in post-war planning with the Federal Council of Churches Commission on a Just and Durable Peace. Dulles served as the chief foreign policy adviser to Thomas E. Dewey , the Republican presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948 . He also helped draft the preamble to the United Nations Charter and served as a delegate to the UN General Assembly . In 1949, Dewey appointed Dulles

13440-609: Was more likely to be chosen for the post than Warren. Dulles was viewed by the press as too favourable to big business, and in Eisenhower's own memoirs as too old to potentially wield significant influence upon the Court. Besides the issue of age, Eisenhower did not want to deprive himself of Dulles's valuable contributions in the field of foreign policy. When Dwight Eisenhower succeeded Truman as president in January 1953, Dulles

13560-431: Was opposed to it and so Vulture was canceled over Dulles's objections. French Foreign Minister Georges Bidault later said that Dulles had offered him the use of atomic bombs to end the siege. At the 1954 Geneva Conference , which concerned the breakup of French Indochina , he forbade any contact with the Chinese delegation and refused to shake hands with Zhou Enlai , the lead Chinese negotiator. Dulles also opposed

13680-649: Was posthumously awarded the Medal of Freedom and the Sylvanus Thayer Award in 1959. A central West Berlin road was named John-Foster-Dulles-Allee in 1959 with a ceremony attended by Christian Herter , Dulles's successor as Secretary of State. The Washington Dulles International Airport in Dulles, Virginia and John Foster Dulles High , Middle, and Elementary Schools in Sugar Land, Texas (including

13800-465: Was prominent in the religious peace movement and an isolationist, but the junior partners were led by his brother Allen, so he reluctantly acceded to their wishes. Dulles, a deeply religious man, attended numerous international conferences of churchmen during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1924, he was the defense counsel in the church trial of Reverend Harry Emerson Fosdick , who had been charged with heresy by opponents in his denomination. The event sparked

13920-411: Was promoting a return of the Cold War. Other past sources, such as academics Fred Halliday , Alan M. Wald , David S. Painter , and Noam Chomsky , used the interchangeable terms to refer to the 1979–1985 and/or 1985–1991 phases of the Cold War. Some other sources used similar terms to refer to the Cold War of the mid-1970s. Columnist William Safire argued in a 1975 New York Times editorial that

14040-536: Was ranked as the 10th most influential think tank in the world by Academic Influence . It was ranked 22nd on the "Top Think Tanks in United States" and 1st on the "Top Think Tanks to Look Out For" lists of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program that same year. In June 1919, Herbert Hoover , then a wealthy engineer who was one of Stanford University 's first graduates, sent a telegram offering Stanford president Ray Lyman Wilbur $ 50,000 in order to assist

14160-865: Was renamed and transformed into a research institution ("think tank") during the mid-20th century. Its mission, as described by Herbert Hoover in 1959, is "to recall the voice of experience against the making of war, and by the study of these records and their publication, to recall man's endeavors to make and preserve peace, and to sustain for America the safeguards of the American way of life." It has staffed numerous jobs in Washington for Republican presidents from Richard Nixon to Donald Trump . It has provided work for people who previously had important government jobs. Notable Hoover fellows and alumni include Nobel Prize laureates Henry Kissinger , Milton Friedman , and Gary Becker ; economist Thomas Sowell ; scholars Niall Ferguson and Richard Epstein ; former Speaker of

14280-473: Was shortly convinced that gigantic famine would follow the present war. The steady degeneration of agriculture was obvious. ... I read in one of Andrew D. White's writings that most of the fugitive literature of comment during the French Revolution was lost to history because no one set any value on it at the time, and that without such material it became very difficult or impossible to reconstruct

14400-531: Was signed by representatives of Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States. In 1958, Dulles authorized the Secretary of the Air Force to state publicly that the United States was prepared to use nuclear weapons in a conflict with China over the islands of Quemoy and Matsu. After having resisted revision for many years, from 1957 to 1959, Dulles oversaw

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