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50-490: The system's parent company is organized into three business units: Sabre is headquartered in Southlake, Texas , and has many employees in various locations around the world. The name of the travel reservation system is an abbreviation for "Semi-automated Business Research Environment", and was originally styled in all-capital letters as SABRE. It was developed to automate the way American Airlines booked reservations. In

100-513: A boomburb throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 22.5 square miles (58 km ), of which 21.9 square miles (57 km ) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km ) (2.45%) is water. It is in proximity to Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport . As of 2019, there was 32,376 people, 9,192 households, and over 5,958 families residing in

150-505: A family name, they began talking. Just prior to this chance meeting, IBM had been working with the United States Air Force on their Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) project. SAGE used a series of large computers to coordinate the message flow from radar sites to interceptors , dramatically reducing the time needed to direct an attack on an incoming bomber. The system used teleprinter machines located around

200-413: A global travel technology company. In 1982, Advertising Age reported that " United Airlines operates a similar system, Apollo, while Eastern operates Mars and Delta operates Datas." Braniff International's Cowboy system was considered by Electronic Data Systems for building an airline-neutral system. A 1982 study by American Airlines found that travel agents selected the flight appearing on

250-532: A less expensive IBM 7044 to handle input/output (I/O) with the 7094 performing mostly computation. Aerospace developed the Direct Couple operating system, an extension to IBSYS, which was shared with other IBM customers. IBM later introduced the DCS as a product. The 7090 used more than 50,000 germanium alloy-junction transistors and (faster) germanium diffused junction drift transistors . The 7090 used

300-466: A month (equivalent to $ 501,000 in 2023). The 7090 uses a 36-bit word length , with an address space of 32,768 words (15-bit addresses). It operates with a basic memory cycle of 2.18 μs, using the IBM 7302 Core Storage core memory technology from the IBM 7030 (Stretch) project. With a processing speed of around 100 Kflop/s , the 7090 is six times faster than the 709, and could be rented for half

350-496: A new data center located in Briarcliff Manor, New York . The system was a success. Up to this point, it had cost $ 40 million to develop and install ($ 412 million in 2023). The SABRE system by IBM in the 1960s was specified to process a very large number of transactions, such as handling 83,000 daily phone calls. The system took over all booking functions in 1964, when the name had changed to SABRE. In 1972, SABRE

400-557: A proprietary dialect of PL/I , and now in C and C++. By the 1980s, SABRE offered airline reservations through the CompuServe Information Service , and General Electric's GEnie under the Eaasy SABRE brand. This service was extended to America Online (AOL) in the 1990s. American and Sabre separated on March 15, 2000. Sabre had been a publicly traded corporation, Sabre Holdings , stock symbol TSG on

450-703: A seat was available. On the downside, a staff member was needed at each end of the phone line, and handling the ticket took considerable effort and filing. Something much more highly automated was needed if American Airlines was going to enter the jet age , booking many times more seats. During the testing phase of the Reservisor a high-ranking IBM salesman, Blair Smith, was flying on an American Airlines flight from Los Angeles back to IBM in New York City in 1953. He found himself sitting next to American Airlines president C. R. Smith . Noting that they shared

500-409: A seat, and then writing up the ticket could take up to three hours in some cases, and 90 minutes on average. The system also had limited room to scale. It was limited to about eight operators because that was the maximum that could fit around the file. To handle more queries the only solution was to add more layers of hierarchy to filter down requests into batches. American Airlines had already attacked

550-644: A shopping center located on State Highway 114 and Southlake Boulevard. A plan was approved in March 2005 that allowed the Town Square's area to be doubled. The new additions to Town Square were completed in the summer of 2006, making it one of the most popular shopping centers in the Metroplex. The largest employers in the city are, as of January 2023: Incorporated in 1956, the City of Southlake's home rule charter

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600-658: A wide variety of software provided for them by IBM. In addition, there was a very active user community within the user organization, SHARE . IBSYS is a "heavy duty" production operating system with numerous subsystem and language support options, among them FORTRAN , COBOL , SORT/MERGE, the MAP assembler, and others. FMS, the Fortran Monitor System , was a more lightweight but still very effective system optimized for batch FORTRAN and assembler programming. The assembler provided, FAP, ( FORTRAN Assembly Program ),

650-425: Is a suburb of Dallas/Fort Worth . As of the 2020 census , it had a population of 31,265. The Southlake area was settled in the 1840s but was not incorporated as Southlake until 1956, four years after the construction of Grapevine Lake was completed. Before incorporation, the settlements of Whites Chapel, Dove, Union Church, and Jellico made up present-day Southlake. The nearby town of Hurst had intended to annex

700-594: Is also home to a private Christian university, The King's University . There is no bus or other public transport within city limits. The nearest train station is Grapevine-Main Street station at around 4 mi (6.4 km) distance from the town center. Southlake Sister Cities is a non-profit organization belonging to Sister Cities International and maintains a relationship with 2 sister cities: Tome, Japan and Wuzhong, China . These relationships consist of student exchange programs as well as adult delegations between

750-412: The 2020 United States census , there were 31,265 people, 9,323 households, and 8,398 families residing in the city. In 2020, its racial makeup was 68.81% non-Hispanic white, 2.4% African American, 0.18% Native American, 15.4% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.49% some other race, 5.06% multiracial, and 7.63% Hispanic or Latino of any race. According to a 2019 estimate, the median income for a household in

800-441: The IBM 1403 line printer. Later IBM introduced the 7094/7044 Direct Coupled System ; the 7044 handled spooling between its fast 1400-series peripherals and 1301 or 1302 disk files, and used data channel to data channel communication as the 7094's interface to spooled data, with the 7094 primarily performing computations. There is also a 7090/7040 DCS. The 7090 and 7094 machines were quite successful for their time, and had

850-555: The IBM 7040 and 7044. They have a 36-bit architecture based on the 7090, but with some instructions omitted or optional, and simplified input/output that allows the use of more modern, higher performance peripherals from the IBM 1400 series . The 7094/7044 Direct Coupled System (DCS) was initially developed by an IBM customer, the Aerospace Corporation , seeking greater cost efficiency and scheduling flexibility than IBM's IBSYS tape operating system provided. DCS used

900-675: The IBM 7074 , and PANAMAC for Pan American World Airways using an IBM 7080 . In 1968, they generalized their work into the PARS (Programmed Airline Reservation System), which ran on any member of the IBM System/360 family and thus could support any sized airline. The operating system component of PARS evolved into ACP ( Airlines Control Program ), and later to TPF ( Transaction Processing Facility ). Application programs were originally written in assembly language , later in SabreTalk ,

950-617: The New York Stock Exchange until taken private in March 2007. The corporation introduced the new logo and changed from the all-caps acronym "SABRE" to the mixed-case "Sabre Holdings", when the new corporation was formed. The Travelocity website, introduced in 1996, was owned by Sabre Holdings. Travelocity was acquired by Expedia in January 2015. Sabre Holdings' three remaining business units, Sabre Travel Network, Sabre Airline Solutions and Sabre Hospitality, today serves as

1000-475: The Standard Modular System (SMS) cards using current-mode logic some using diffused junction drift transistors. The basic instruction formats were the same as the IBM 709 : The documentation of opcodes used signed octal. The flag field indicated whether to use indirect addressing or not. The decrement field often contained an immediate operand to modify the results of the operation, or

1050-406: The 1920s. In this manual system, a team of eight operators would sort through a rotating file with cards for every flight. When a seat was booked, the operators would place a mark on the side of the card, and knew visually whether it was full. This part of the process was not all that slow, at least when there were not that many planes, but the entire end-to-end task of looking for a flight, reserving

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1100-405: The 1950s, American Airlines was facing a serious challenge in its ability to quickly handle airline reservations in an era that witnessed high growth in passenger volumes in the airline industry. Before the introduction of SABRE, the airline's system for booking flights was entirely manual, having developed from the techniques originally developed at its Little Rock, Arkansas , reservations center in

1150-604: The 7070 and other 7000 series equipment were sometimes called by names of digit - digit - decade (e.g., seven - oh - seventy). An upgraded version, the IBM 7094 , was first installed in September 1962. It has seven index registers , instead of three on the earlier machines. The 7151-2 Console Control Unit for the 7094 has a distinctive box on top that displays lights for the four new index registers. The 7094 introduced double-precision floating point and additional instructions , but largely maintained backward compatibility with

1200-480: The 7090. Although the 7094 has four more index registers than the 709 and 7090, at power-on time it is in multiple tag mode , compatible with the 709 and 7090, and requires a Leave Multiple Tag Mode instruction in order to enter seven index register mode and use all seven index registers. In multiple tag mode, when more than one bit is set in the tag field, the contents of the two or three selected index registers are logically ORed , not added , together, before

1250-568: The British Monopolies Commission, British Airways defended the use of Travicom as a truly non-discriminatory system in flight selection because an agent had access to some 50 carriers worldwide, including Sabre, for flight information. Southlake, Texas Southlake is a city located predominantly in Tarrant County with minor areas extending into Denton County in the U.S. state of Texas . Southlake

1300-572: The UK. It allowed agents and airlines to communicate via a common distribution language and network, handling 97% of UK airline business trade bookings by 1987. British Airways eventually bought out the stakes in Travicom held by Videcom and British Caledonian, to become the sole owner. Although Sabre's vice-president in London, David Schwarte, made representations to the U.S. Department of Transportation and

1350-451: The airline's preferential treatment of its own offerings in the system. "The preferential display of our flights, and the corresponding increase in our market share, is the competitive raison d'être for having created the system in the first place," he told them. The U.S. government disagreed, and in 1984 it outlawed the biasing practices for the search results. The fairness rules were eliminated or allowed to expire in 2010. By then, none of

1400-493: The area that is now Southlake in 1956, but residents voted on Sept. 25, 1956 to form the town of Southlake. Anthony Gail Eubanks was elected the first mayor, and his daughter chose the name Southlake due to its proximity to the newly completed Grapevine Lake. The area remained rural until the completion of the DFW International Airport in the 1970s. Due to the close proximity to the airport, Southlake became

1450-709: The arrival of Sabre on its doorstep British Airways immediately offered financial incentives to travel agents who continued to use Travicom and would tie any override commissions to it. Travicom was created by Videcom , British Airways and British Caledonian and launched in 1976 as the world's first multi-access reservations system based on Videcom technology which eventually became part of Galileo UK. It connected 49 subscribing international airlines (including British Airways, British Caledonian, TWA , Pan American World Airways , Qantas , Singapore Airlines , Air France , Lufthansa , SAS , Air Canada , KLM , Alitalia , Cathay Pacific and JAL ) to thousands of travel agents in

1500-543: The cities. IBM 7090 The IBM 7090 is a second-generation transistorized version of the earlier IBM 709 vacuum tube mainframe computer that was designed for "large-scale scientific and technological applications". The 7090 is the fourth member of the IBM 700/7000 series scientific computers. The first 7090 installation was in December 1959. In 1960, a typical system sold for $ 2.9 million (equivalent to $ 23 million in 2023) or could be rented for $ 63,500

1550-464: The city was in excess of $ 240,248, higher than any other city in the DFW Metroplex, and the median income for a family was $ 176,259. The mean household income for Southlake is $ 216,393. Males had a median income of $ 100,000 versus $ 46,042 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 47,597. As of 2010, 43% of homes had an income of more than $ 200,000. About 1.3% of families and 1.8% of

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1600-626: The city's various funds had $ 104.2 million in revenues, $ 79.6 million in expenditures, $ 678.6 million in total assets, $ 182.1 million in total liabilities, and $ 108.8 million in cash and investments. The vast majority of Southlake is in the Carroll Independent School District . This school district contains the following schools: Elementary: Intermediate: Middle: High schools: A number of private schools are also located in Southlake, among them: Southlake

1650-420: The city. The population density was 983.0 inhabitants per square mile (379.5/km ). There are 6,614 housing units at an average density of 302.1 units per square mile (116.6 units/km ). The ethnic composition of the population of Southlake is composed of 25,554 White residents (78.9%), 5,148 Asian residents (15.9%), 2,072 Hispanic residents (6.4%), 550 Black residents (1.7%), and 809 from two or more races. At

1700-584: The decrement takes place. In seven index register mode, if the three-bit tag field is not zero, it selects just one of seven index registers, however, the program can return to multiple tag mode with the instruction Enter Multiple Tag Mode , restoring 7090 compatibility. In April 1964, the first 7094 II was installed, which had almost twice as much general speed as the 7094 due to a faster clock cycle , dual memory banks and improved overlap of instruction execution, an early instance of pipelined design. In 1963, IBM introduced two new, lower cost machines called

1750-419: The first line more than half the time. Ninety-two percent of the time, the selected flight was on the first screen. This provided a huge incentive for American to manipulate its ranking formula, or even corrupt the search algorithm outright, to favor American flights over its competitors in the results of flight search results, and the airline did not resist the temptation. At first this was limited to juggling

1800-477: The major distribution systems was majority owned by the airlines. In 1987 Sabre's success of selling to European travel agents was inhibited by the refusal of big European carriers led by British Airways to grant the system ticketing authority for their flights even though Sabre had obtained IATA Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP) clearance for the UK in 1986. American brought High Court action which alleged that after

1850-426: The need for anyone on the other end of the phone. The number of available seats on the aircraft could be tracked automatically, and if a seat was available the ticket agent could be notified. Booking simply took one more command, updating the availability and, if desired, could be followed by printing a ticket. Thirty days later IBM sent a research proposal to American Airlines, suggesting that they join forces to study

1900-481: The population were below the poverty line , including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over. Sabre Holdings , an S&P 500 company, is headquartered in Southlake in the Solana business park. Industrial businesses include gasoline storage and distribution and concrete works on the east side of town off Highway 114 near DFW Airport. Southlake is well known for its Southlake Town Square project,

1950-456: The price. An upgraded version, the 7094, was up to twice as fast. Both the 7090 and the 7094 were withdrawn from sale on July 14, 1969, but systems remained in service for more than a decade after. In 1961, the IBM 7094 famously employed a speech synthesis program to sing " Daisy Bell ", becoming something of a cultural icon . Although the 709 was a superior machine to its predecessor, the 704, it

2000-434: The problem to some degree, and was in the process of introducing their new Magnetronic Reservisor , an electromechanical computer, in 1952 to replace the card files. This computer consisted of a single magnetic drum , each memory location holding the number of seats left on a particular flight. Using this system, a large number of operators could access information simultaneously, so the ticket agents could be told via phone if

2050-529: The problem. A team was set up consisting of IBM engineers led by John Siegfried and a large number of American Airlines' staff led by Malcolm Perry, taken from booking, reservations, and ticket sales, calling the effort the Semi-Automated Business Research Environment , or SABRE. A formal development arrangement was signed in 1957. The first experimental system went online in 1960, based on two IBM 7090 mainframes in

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2100-412: The relative importance of factors such as the length of the flight, how close the actual departure time was to the desired time, and whether the flight had a connection, but with each success American became bolder. In late 1981, New York Air added a flight from La Guardia to Detroit , challenging American in an important market. Before long, the new flights suddenly started appearing at the bottom of

2150-469: The screen. Its reservations dried up, and it was forced to cut back from eight Detroit flights a day to none. On one occasion, Sabre deliberately withheld Continental 's discount fares on 49 routes where American competed. A Sabre staffer had been directed to work on a program that would automatically suppress any discount fares loaded into the system. Congress investigated these practices, and in 1983 Bob Crandall , president of American, vocally defended

2200-401: The time. Printing and punched card I/O, however, employed the same modified unit record equipment introduced with the 704 and was slow. It became common to use a less expensive IBM 1401 computer to read cards onto magnetic tape for transfer to the 7090/94. Output would be written onto tape and transferred to the 1401 for printing or card punching using its much faster peripherals, notably

2250-541: The world to feed information into the system, which then sent orders back to teleprinters located at the fighter bases. It was one of the first online systems. Smith and Watson observed that the SAGE system's basic architecture was suitable for use in American Airlines' booking services. Teleprinters would be placed at American Airlines' ticketing offices to send in requests and receive responses directly, without

2300-751: Was an indirect effective address ; i.e., fetch the word at that location and treat the T and Y fields as described above. Data formats are Octal notation was used in documentation and programming; console displays lights and switches were grouped into three-bit fields for easy conversion to and from octal. The 7090 series features a data channel architecture for input and output, a forerunner of modern direct memory access I/O. Up to eight data channels can be attached, with up to ten IBM 729 tape drives attached to each channel. The data channels have their own very limited set of operations called commands. These are used with tape (and later, disk) storage as well as card units and printers, and offered high performance for

2350-433: Was approved by voters on April 4, 1987, operating under a Council-Manager form of government. Services provided by the City under general governmental functions include public events, public safety, planning and development, engineering, street maintenance, parks operation and maintenance, recreation, library services, and general administrative services. According to the city's 2013–2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,

2400-407: Was being built and sold at the time that transistor circuitry was supplanting vacuum tube circuits. Hence, IBM redeployed its 709 engineering group to the design of a transistorized successor. That project became called the 709-T (for transistorized ), which because of the sound when spoken, quickly shifted to the nomenclature 7090 (i.e., seven - oh - ninety). Similarly, the related machines such as

2450-468: Was migrated to IBM System/360 systems in a new underground location in Tulsa, Oklahoma . Max Hopper joined American Airlines in 1972 as director of SABRE, and pioneered its use. Originally used only by American Airlines, the system was expanded to access by travel agents in 1976. With SABRE up and running, IBM offered its expertise to other airlines, and soon developed Deltamatic for Delta Air Lines on

2500-411: Was used to further define the instruction type. The tag field might describe an index register to be operated on, or be used as described below. The Y field might contain an address, an immediate operand or an opcode modifier. For instructions where the tag field indicated indexing, the operation was If there was no F field or F is not all one bits, then the above was the effective address . Otherwise it

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