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59-684: Series of slave revolts in the late Roman Republic The Servile Wars were a series of three slave revolts ("servile" is derived from servus , Latin for "slave") in the late Roman Republic : First Servile War (135−132 BC) — in Sicily , led by Eunus , a former slave claiming to be a prophet, and Cleon from Cilicia . Second Servile War (104−100 BC) — in Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon . Third Servile War (73−71 BC) — on mainland Italy, led by Spartacus . See also [ edit ] Battles of

118-606: A Parthian dynasty, and despite its nominal allegiance to Rome, it would come under increasing Parthian influence. In the judgment of later generations, "Romans had lost Armenia", and although the Peace of Rhandeia ushered in a period of relatively peaceful relations that would last for 50 years, Armenia would continue to be a constant bone of contention between the Romans, the Parthians, and their Sassanid successors. As for Corbulo, he

177-530: A campaign against Parthia, but his assassination averted the war. During the ensuing Liberators' civil war , the Parthians actively supported Brutus and Cassius, sending a contingent which fought with them at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. After that defeat, the Parthians under Pacorus invaded Roman territory in 40 BC in conjunction with Quintus Labienus , a Roman erstwhile supporter of Brutus and Cassius. They swiftly overran Syria, and defeated Roman forces in

236-539: A client ruler. However he was later repulsed from the region by rebellions. Hadrian , Trajan's successor, reversed his predecessor's policy, intending to re-establish the Euphrates as the limit of Roman control. However, in the 2nd century, war over Armenia broke out again in 161, when Vologases IV defeated the Romans there. A Roman counter-attack under Statius Priscus defeated the Parthians in Armenia and installed

295-497: A dispute arose over Euphrates boundary between Rome and Parthia. Pompey refused to recognize the title of "King of Kings" for Phraates, and offered arbitration between Tigranes and the Parthian king over Corduene . Finally, Phraates asserted his control over Mesopotamia , except for the western district of Osroene , which became a Roman dependency. In 53 BC, Crassus led an invasion of Mesopotamia, with catastrophic results; at

354-604: A favored candidate on the Armenian throne, and an invasion of Mesopotamia culminated in the sack of Ctesiphon in 165. In 195, another Roman invasion of Mesopotamia began under the Emperor Septimius Severus , who occupied Seleucia and Babylon , however he was unable to take Hatra . Parthia ultimately was taken by a Persian rebellion led by Ardashir I , who entered Ctesiphon in 226. Under Ardashir and his successors, Persian-Roman conflict continued between

413-539: A flag in front of the settlers and proclaimed Rei Amador as king of São Tomé and Príncipe , making himself as "Rei Amador, liberator of all the black people". Between 1595 and 1596, part of the island of São Tomé was ruled by the Angolars, under the command of Rei Amador. On 4 January 1596, he was captured, sent to prison and was later executed by the Portuguese. Still today, they remember him fondly and consider him

472-591: A general uprising among slaves. Brown carried hundreds of copies of the constitution for a new republic of former slaves in the Appalachians. But they were never distributed, and the slave uprisings that were to have helped Brown did not happen. Some believe that he knew the raid was doomed but went ahead anyway, because of the support for abolition it would (and did) generate. The U.S. military, led by Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee , easily overwhelmed Brown's forces. But directly following this, slave disobedience and

531-574: A gradual emancipation law to prevent future rebellions. In a close vote, however, the state decided to keep slaves. The abolitionist John Brown had already fought against pro-slavery forces in Bleeding Kansas for several years when he decided to lead a raid on a Federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia . This raid was a joint attack by freed blacks and white men who had corresponded with slaves on plantations in order to create

590-491: A huge army into Caucasian Albania (just east of Armenia), but his siege train and its escort were isolated and wiped out, while his Armenian allies deserted. Failing to make progress against Parthian positions, the Romans withdrew with heavy casualties. In 33 BC Antony was again in Armenia, contracting an alliance with the Median king against both Octavian , and the Parthians, but other preoccupations obliged him to withdraw, and

649-636: A national hero of the islands. In the first decades of the 17th century, there were frequent slave revolts in the Portuguese colony of São Tomé and Príncipe , off the African shore, which damaged the sugar crop cultivation there. The Zanj Rebellion against the slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate was the culmination of a series of small revolts. It took place near the city of Basra , in southern Iraq over fifteen years (869−883 AD). It grew to involve over 500,100 slaves, who were imported from across

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708-607: A series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire . It was the first series of conflicts in what would be 682 years of Roman–Persian Wars . Battles between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic began in 54 BC. This first incursion against Parthia was repulsed, notably at the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC). During the Roman Liberators' civil war of

767-553: A series of slave revolts within the Roman Republic . A number of slave revolts occurred in the Mediterranean area during the early modern period: Numerous slave rebellions and insurrections took place in North America during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. There is documentary evidence of more than 250 uprisings or attempted uprisings involving ten or more slaves. One of the first was at San Miguel de Gualdape ,

826-667: Is also mentioned by Plutarch that the Parthians found the Roman prisoner of war that resembled Crassus the most, dressed him as a woman and paraded him through Parthia for all to see. This, however, could easily be Roman propaganda. Orodes II, with the rest of the Parthian Army, defeated the Armenians and captured their country. However, Surena's victory invoked the jealousy of the Parthian king, and he ordered Surena's execution. Following Surena's death, Orodes II himself took command of

885-519: Is considered an example of pseudoscience , and part of the edifice of scientific racism . Slave resistance in the antebellum South did not gain the attention of academic historians until the 1940s, when historian Herbert Aptheker started publishing the first serious scholarly work on the subject. Aptheker stressed how rebellions were rooted in the exploitative conditions of the Southern slave system. He traversed libraries and archives throughout

944-572: Is considered to be a significant event in American history. The rebellion caused the slave-holding South to go into a panic. Fifty-five men, women, and children were killed, and enslaved blacks were freed on multiple plantations in Southampton County, Virginia , as Turner and his fellow rebels attacked the white institution of plantation slavery. Turner and the other rebels were eventually stopped by state militias. The rebellion resulted in

1003-742: The Roman Empire Germanic wars Marcomannic Wars Gothic War Roman conquest of Britain Boudican revolt Armenian War Civil war of 69 Jewish–Roman wars Domitian's Dacian War Trajan's Dacian Wars Roman–Persian Wars Civil wars of the Third Century Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire Military history of ancient Rome [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with

1062-424: The Battle of Carrhae , Crassus and his son Publius were defeated and killed by a Parthian army under General Surena . The bulk of his force was either killed or captured; of 42,000 men, about half died, a quarter made it back to Syria , and the remainder became prisoners of war. Rome was humiliated by this defeat, and this was made even worse by the fact that the Parthians had captured several Legionary Eagles. It

1121-725: The Sassanid Empire and Rome. After triumphing in the Seleucid–Parthian Wars and annexing large amounts of the Seleucid Empire, the Parthians began to look west for more territory to expand into. Parthian enterprise in the West began in the time of Mithridates I ; during his reign, the Arsacids succeeded in extending their rule into Armenia and Mesopotamia . This was the beginning of an "international role" for

1180-575: The Slave Trade Act of 1807, and slavery itself a generation later with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , it took until 1850 to be halted in the territories which were to become South Africa . On 9 July 1595, Rei Amador , and his people, the Angolars, allied with other enslaved Africans of its plantations, marched into the interior woods and battled against the Portuguese. It is said that day, Rei Amador and his followers raised

1239-709: The United States , the 1811 German Coast Uprising in the Territory of Orleans was the largest rebellion in the continental United States; Denmark Vesey and Madison Washington both launched slave rebellions in the U.S. as well. In 1808 and 1825, there were slave rebellions in the Cape Colony , newly acquired by the British. Although the slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire by

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1298-480: The 16th and 17th centuries, runaway serfs and kholops known as Cossacks , ("outlaws") formed autonomous communities in the southern steppes. There were numerous rebellions against slavery and serfdom , most often in conjunction with Cossack uprisings, such as the uprisings of Ivan Bolotnikov (1606–1607), Stenka Razin (1667–1671), Kondraty Bulavin (1707–1709), and Yemelyan Pugachev (1773–1775), often involving hundreds of thousands and sometimes millions. Between

1357-644: The 1st century BC, the Parthians actively supported Brutus and Cassius , invading Syria, and gaining territories in the Levant . However, the conclusion of the second Roman civil war brought a revival of Roman strength in Western Asia . In 113 AD, the Roman Emperor Trajan made eastern conquests and the defeat of Parthia a strategic priority, and successfully overran the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon , installing Parthamaspates of Parthia as

1416-401: The 2nd century, during which the Romans consistently held the upper hand over Parthia. In 113, the Roman Emperor Trajan decided that the moment was ripe to resolve the "eastern question" once and for all time by the decisive defeat of Parthia and the annexation of Armenia; his conquests marked a deliberate change of Roman policy towards Parthia, and a shift of emphasis in the "grand strategy" of

1475-1454: The British evacuated from Charleston and Savannah, they took 10,000 freed slaves with them. They also evacuated slaves from New York, taking more than 3,000 for resettlement to Nova Scotia, where they were recorded as Black Loyalists and given land grants. ( Santo Domingo ) ( Spanish Florida , victorious) ( Real Audiencia of Panama , New Spain , suppressed) ( Veracruz , New Spain , victorious) ( New Spain , suppressed) ( New Spain , suppressed) ( British Province of New York , suppressed) (British Jamaica , victorious) (British Chesapeake Colonies , suppressed) ( Louisiana , New France , suppressed) ( Danish Saint John , suppressed) (British Province of South Carolina , suppressed) (British Province of New York , suppressed) (British Jamaica , suppressed) (British Montserrat , suppressed) (British Bahamas , suppressed) ( Louisiana , New Spain , suppressed) ( Louisiana , New Spain , suppressed) (Dutch Curaçao , suppressed) ( Virginia , suppressed) ( St. Simons Island , Georgia , victorious) ( Virginia , suppressed) ( Territory of Orleans , suppressed) (Spanish Cuba , suppressed) (Virginia, suppressed) (British Barbados , suppressed) ( South Carolina , suppressed) ( Cuba , suppressed) (Virginia, suppressed) Roman%E2%80%93Parthian Wars Roman–Sasanian wars Byzantine–Sasanian Wars The Roman–Parthian Wars (54 BC – 217 AD) were

1534-936: The Iberian Peninsula Celtiberian Wars Lusitanian War Numantine War Sertorian War Cantabrian Wars Achaean War Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Servile Wars First Second Third Bellum Octavianum Sulla's civil war Mithridatic Wars First Second Third Gallic Wars Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain Roman–Parthian Wars Caesar's civil war War of Mutina Liberators' civil war Bellum Siculum Perusine War War of Actium Wars of

1593-653: The Khan returned to his capital after the Russian conquest, the Russian General Kaufmann presented him with a demand to abolish the Khivan slave trade and slavery, which he did. In the 3rd century BCE, Drimakos (or Drimachus) led a slave revolt on the slave entrepot of Chios , took to the hills and directed a band of runaways in operations against their ex-masters. The Servile Wars (135 to 71 BCE) were

1652-617: The Mamluks were responsible for turning back the Mongol conquest. In Russia , the slaves were usually classified as kholops . A kholop's master had unlimited power over his life. Slavery remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs . Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. During

1711-620: The Muslim empire. The Mamluk Sultanate reigned for centuries out of a slave rebellion in Egypt. It gave birth to both the Bahri dynasty and Burji dynasty and their countless artistic and scientific achievements. Among many accomplishments, the Mamluks were responsible for turning back the Mongol conquest. When the Russian general Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann and his army approached

1770-637: The Parthian army and led an unsuccessful military campaign into Syria. The Battle of Carrhae was one of the first major battles between the Romans and Parthians. The following year, the Parthians launched raids into Syria, and in 51 BC mounted a major invasion led by the crown prince Pacorus and the general Osaces ; they besieged Cassius in Antioch , and caused considerable alarm in the Roman provinces in Asia. Cicero , who had been chosen governor of adjacent Cilicia for that year, marched with two legions to lift

1829-701: The Parthian capital, Ctesiphon, before sailing downriver to the Persian Gulf . However, in that year revolts erupted in Eastern Mediterranean , North Africa and northern Mesopotamia, while a major Jewish revolt broke out in Roman territory, severely stretching Roman military resources. Trajan failed to take Hatra , the capital of the Kingdom of Hatra , which avoided total Parthian defeat. Parthian forces attacked key Roman positions and Roman garrisons at Seleucia , Nisibis and Edessa were evicted by

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1888-534: The Parthian empire, a phase that also entailed contacts with Rome. Mithridates II conducted unsuccessful negotiations with Sulla for a Roman–Parthian alliance (c. 105 BC). By the same time the Parthians started their rise, they established eponymous branches in the Caucasus , namely the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia , the Arsacid dynasty of Iberia , and the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania . After 90 BC,

1947-572: The Parthian power was diminished by dynastic feuds, while at the same time, Roman power in Anatolia collapsed. Roman–Parthian contact was restored when Lucullus invaded Southern Armenia and defeated Tigranes in 69 BC, however, again no definite agreement was made. When Pompey took charge of the war in the East, he re-opened negotiations with Phraates III ; they came to an agreement and Roman–Parthian troops invaded Armenia in 66/65 BC, but soon

2006-468: The Parthians was launched by the emperor Caracalla , who sacked Arbela in 216, but after his assassination, his successor Macrinus lost a battle against the Parthians at Nisibis and was forced to pay tribute to Parthia, that was the last engagement of the Parthian Wars. Parthia was finally destroyed by Ardashir I when he entered Ctesiphon in 226. The Sassanids were more centralized than

2065-856: The Roman Republic 1st century BC in the Roman Republic Servile Wars Roman Republican civil wars Wars involving the Roman Republic Set index articles Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Slave revolts Ancient Sparta had a special type of serf called helots who were often treated harshly, leading them to rebel. According to Herodotus (IX, 28–29), helots were seven times as numerous as Spartans. Every autumn, according to Plutarch ( Life of Lycurgus , 28, 3–7),

2124-811: The Servile Wars Slavery in ancient Rome Roman Republican civil wars Latrocinium v t e Ancient Roman wars Wars of the Roman Republic Roman conquest of Italy Roman–Etruscan Wars Roman-Aequian wars Roman–Latin wars Roman–Hernician wars Roman–Volscian wars Roman–Sabine wars Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Social War Roman–Gallic wars Punic Wars First Second Third Illyro-Roman Wars Macedonian Wars First Second Third Fourth Roman–Seleucid war Galatian War Roman conquest of

2183-525: The South, managing to uncover roughly 250 similar instances. The 1811 German Coast Uprising , which took place in rural southeast Louisiana , at that time the Territory of Orleans , early in 1811, involved up to 500 insurgent slaves . It was suppressed by local militias and a detachment of the United States Army . In retaliation for the deaths of two white men and the destruction of property,

2242-587: The Spartan ephors would pro forma declare war on the helot population so that any Spartan citizen could kill a helot without fear of blood or guilt in order to keep them in line ( crypteia ). In the Roman Empire , though the heterogeneous nature of the slave population worked against a strong sense of solidarity, slave revolts did occur and were severely punished. The most famous slave rebellion in Europe

2301-631: The authorities killed at least 40 black men in a violent confrontation (the numbers cited are inconsistent); at least 29 more were executed (combined figures from two jurisdictions, St. Charles Parish and Orleans Parish ). There was a third jurisdiction for a tribunal and what amounted to summary judgments against the accused, St. John the Baptist Parish . Fewer than 20 men are said to have escaped; some of those were later caught and killed, on their way to freedom. Although only involving about seventy slaves and free blacks, Turner's 1831 rebellion

2360-654: The city of Khiva during the Khivan campaign of 1873 , the Khan Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva fled to hide among the Yomuts, and the slaves in Khiva rebelled, informed about the imminent downfall of the city, resulting in the Khivan slave uprising . When Kaufmann's Russian army entered Khiva on 28 March, he was approached by Khivans who begged him to put down the ongoing slave uprising, during which slaves avenged themselves on their former enslavers. When

2419-429: The empire. In 114, Trajan invaded Armenia, annexed it as a Roman province, and killed Parthamasiris who was placed on the Armenian throne by his relative, the king of Parthia, Osroes I . In 115, the Roman emperor overran northern Mesopotamia and annexed it to Rome as well; its conquest was deemed necessary, since otherwise the Armenian salient could be cut off by the Parthians from the south. The Romans then captured

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2478-627: The end of the Pugachev rebellion and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia. One of the most successful slave rebellions in history was the Haitian Revolution , which saw self-emancipated slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue overthrow the colonial government and repulse invasion attempts by the French, Spanish and British to establish

2537-683: The first European settlement in what would become the United States . Three of the best known in the United States during the 19th century are the revolts by Gabriel Prosser in Virginia in 1800, Denmark Vesey in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, and Nat Turner's Rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia , in 1831. Drapetomania was a supposed mental illness invented by American physician Samuel A. Cartwright in 1851 that allegedly caused black slaves to run away. Today, drapetomania

2596-467: The hanging of about 56 slaves, including Nat Turner himself. Up to 200 other blacks were killed during the hysteria that followed, few of whom likely had anything to do with the uprising. White fear led to new legislation passed by Southern states prohibiting the movement, assembly, and education of slaves, and reducing the rights of free people of color . In 1831–32, the Virginia legislature considered

2655-963: The independent state of Haiti . Another famous slave rebellion, the Third Servile War , was led by the slave Spartacus . In the 9th century, the poet Ali bin Muhammad led imported East African slaves against the Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq during the Zanj Rebellion . Nanny of the Maroons was an 18th-century leader of the Jamaican Maroons who led them to victory in the First Maroon War . The Quilombo dos Palmares of Brazil flourished under Ganga Zumba . In

2714-548: The local populaces. Trajan subdued the rebels in Mesopotamia, installed the Parthian prince Parthamaspates as a client ruler, and withdrew to Syria. Trajan died in 117, before he could renew the war. Trajan's Parthian campaign is considered, in different ways, the climax of "two centuries of political posturing and bitter rivalry." Trajan was the first emperor to carry out a successful invasion of Mesopotamia. His grand scheme for Armenia and Mesopotamia were ultimately "cut short by circumstances created by an incorrect understanding of

2773-472: The next several decades. The decision of the Parthian king Artabanus II to place his son, Arsaces, on the vacant Armenian throne nearly led to a war with Rome in 36 AD. Artabanus III reached an understanding with the Roman general, Lucius Vitellius , renouncing Parthian claims to a sphere of influence in Armenia. A new crisis was triggered in 58, when the Romans invaded Armenia after the Parthian king Vologases I forcibly installed his brother Tiridates on

2832-443: The number of runaways increased markedly in Virginia. The historian Steven Hahn proposes that the self-organized involvement of slaves in the Union Army during the American Civil War composed a slave rebellion that dwarfed all others. Similarly, tens of thousands of slaves joined British forces or escaped to British lines during the American Revolution , sometimes using the disruption of war to gain freedom. For instance, when

2891-558: The province; all the cities of the coast, with the exception of Tyre admitted the Parthians. Pacorus then advanced into Hasmonean Judea , overthrowing the Roman client Hyrcanus II and installing his nephew Antigonus (40–37 BC) in his place. For a moment, the whole of the Roman East was captured by the Parthians. The conclusion of the second Roman civil war was soon to bring about a revival of Roman strength in Western Asia . Meanwhile, Mark Antony had already sent Ventidius to oppose Labienus who had invaded Anatolia. Soon Labienius

2950-454: The same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Servile_Wars&oldid=1161774053 " Categories : 130s BC conflicts 100s BC conflicts 70s BC conflicts 2nd century BC in

3009-445: The siege. Pacorus fell back, but was ambushed in his retreat by Cassius near Antigonea and Osaces was killed. During Caesar's civil war the Parthians made no move, but maintained relations with Pompey. After his defeat and death, a force under Pacorus came to the aid of the Pompeian general Caecilius Bassus , who was besieged at Apamea Valley by the Caesarian forces. With the civil war over, Julius Caesar elaborated plans for

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3068-498: The strategic realities of eastern conquest and an underestimation of what insurgency can do." Trajan's successor, Hadrian , promptly reversed his predecessor's policy. He decided that it was in Rome's interest to re-establish the Euphrates as the limit of its direct control, and willingly returned to the status quo ante , surrendering the territories of Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Adiabene back to their previous rulers and client-kings. Once again, at least for another half century, Rome

3127-426: The throne there. Roman forces under Corbulo overthrew Tiridates and replaced him with a Cappadocian prince. This prompted Parthian retaliation and an inconclusive series of campaigns in Armenia ensued. The war came to an end in 63, when the Romans agreed to allow Tiridates and his descendants to rule Armenia on condition that they received the kingship from the Roman emperor. Armenia would henceforth be ruled by

3186-452: The whole region passed under Parthian control. Under the threat of an impending war between the two powers, Gaius Caesar and Phraataces worked out a rough compromise between the two powers in 1 AD. According to the agreement, Parthia undertook to withdraw its forces from Armenia, and to recognize a de facto Roman protectorate over the country. Nonetheless, Roman-Parthian rivalry over control and influence in Armenia continued unabated for

3245-486: Was driven back to Syria by Roman forces, and, though his Parthian allies came to his support, he was defeated, taken prisoner and then put to death. After suffering a further defeat near the Syrian Gates , the Parthians withdrew from Syria. They returned in 38 BC, but were decisively defeated by Ventidius and Pacorus was killed. In Judea, Antigonus was ousted with Roman help by the Idumean Herod in 37 BC. With Roman control of Syria and Judaea restored, Mark Antony led

3304-456: Was honored by Nero as the man who had brought this "triumph" to be, but his popularity and influence with the army made him a potential rival. Together with the involvement of his son-in-law Lucius Annius Vinicianus in a foiled plot against Nero in 66, Corbulo became suspect in the eyes of the emperor. In 67, while journeying in Greece, Nero ordered him to be executed; upon hearing of this, Corbulo committed suicide. A new series of wars began in

3363-511: Was led by Spartacus in Roman Italy , the Third Servile War . This war resulted in the 6,000 surviving rebel slaves being crucified along the main roads leading into Rome. This was the third in a series of unrelated Servile Wars fought by slaves against the Romans . The Mamluk Sultanate reigned for centuries out of a slave rebellion in Egypt. It gave birth to both the Bahri dynasty and Burji dynasty and their countless artistic and scientific achievements. Among many accomplishments,

3422-402: Was sweeping Parthia at the time now spread to the Roman army, leading to their withdrawal. In 195, another Roman invasion of Mesopotamia began under the Emperor Septimius Severus , who occupied Seleucia and Babylon , and then sacked Ctesiphon yet again in 197. These wars led to the Roman acquisition of northern Mesopotamia, as far as the areas around Nisibis and Singara. A final war against

3481-517: Was to avoid active intervention east of the Euphrates. War over Armenia broke out again in 161, when Vologases IV defeated the Romans there, captured Edessa and ravaged Syria. In 163, a Roman counter-attack under Statius Priscus defeated the Parthians in Armenia and installed a favored candidate on the Armenian throne. The following year Avidius Cassius began an invasion of Mesopotamia, winning battles at Dura-Europos and Seleucia and sacking Ctesiphon in 165. An epidemic, possibly of smallpox, which

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