46-522: Shah Jo Risalo ( Sindhi : شاھ جو رسالو ) is a book of poems of the Sindhi Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai . Shah Abdul Latif's poetry was transmitted orally during his lifetime and compiled after his death and designated as Shah Jo Risalo or Poetry of Shah . Ernest Trumpp called it Diwan when he edited the Risalo and published it from Leipzig , Germany in 1866. Shah Abdul Latif
92-498: A Lugat feature for word-by-word translation, allowing the poetry's deeper meanings to be explored. A visually rich design, intuitive navigation, and contextual information on historical, cultural, and linguistic aspects are included to connect users with the essence of Sindhi culture and literature. Sindhi language Sindhi ( / ˈ s ɪ n d i / SIN -dee ; Sindhi: سِنڌِي ( Perso-Arabic ) or सिन्धी ( Devanagari ) , pronounced [sɪndʱiː] )
138-417: A case marker (usually the genitive جو jo ). The case markers are listed below. The postpositions with the suffix -o decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ chokiro j-o pīu "the boy's father" but ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ chokiro j-ī māu "the boy's mother". Elsa Kazi Elsa Kazi (1884–1967), commonly known as "Mother Elsa", particularly in
184-537: A language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Historically, Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati . Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn). Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following
230-459: A mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period. Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun , Sohni Mahiwal , Momal Rano , Noori Jam Tamachi , Lilan Chanesar , and others. The greatest poet of Sindhi
276-498: A noted Sindhi poet and Anju Makhija. This book was honoured with Sahitya Akademi Award for translation in the year 2011. Recently in 2023-24 a mobile application Latifi Laat - Shah Jo Risalo developed by Syed Ghulam Murtaza, which is designed to offer an immersive experience of Shah Jo Risalo, the renowned poetry collection by Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Native translations in English, Urdu, and Sindhi and more are provided, along with
322-521: A relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages. Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 10 vowels . The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8. All plosives , affricates , nasals , the retroflex flap , and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives . The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of
368-663: A scheduled language in India , making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of Rajasthan . There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV , Awaz Television Network , Mehran TV, and Dharti TV . Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki and Gujarati . Some of
414-456: A strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s. The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi. In Pakistan, Sindhi
460-552: Is a similar paradigm to Punjabi . Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, -o stems are masculine and -a stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender. The different paradigms are listed below with examples. The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in
506-557: Is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh , where it has official status. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language , without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both
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#1732772928178552-576: Is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu , the original name of the Indus River , along whose delta Sindhi is spoken. Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ( Sanskrit ) via Middle Indo-Aryan ( Pali , secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha ). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from
598-534: Is how the individual is to cultivate the divine attributes and negate his ego so as to evolve into a better human being. The traditional 30 Surs included in Shah Jo Risalo are: These Surs contain bayts which Shah Latif sang in a state of ecstasy. These Bayts in the Surs concerning the life-stories of his heroines, viz. Suhni, Sassui, Lila, Mumal, Marui, Nuri and Sorath, are not in chronological sequences, for
644-631: Is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system. At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day ' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah , passed a unanimous resolution to extend the use of language to primary level and increase the status of Sindhi as a national language of Pakistan . The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as
690-716: Is that of Amena Khamisani, a professor in English Literature at the Sindh University . Shaikh Ayaz , the famous Sindhi poet, translated Risalo into Urdu . Risalo is also translated in Punjabi by Kartar Singh Arsh and more recently a French translation was also undertaken by Cultural department of Sindh. Part of Risalo is also translated in Arabic. There is one more translation of Shah Abdul Latif by name "Seeking The Beloved" translated by Hari Daryani 'Dilgir',
736-634: Is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh , where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan , especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela , Hub , Kachhi , Sibi , Sohbatpur , Jafarabad , Jhal Magsi , Usta Muhammad and Nasirabad . In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in
782-458: The Sindh province of Pakistan , was a German writer of one-act plays , short stories, novels and history, and a poet. She was a composer and a musician of considerable achievement, involved in virtually every conspicuous branch of fine arts . Her paintings are often seen in many distinguished family homes. Although not well conversant with the Sindhi language, she managed to develop some of
828-544: The Umayyad conquest in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947. Europe North America Oceania The name "Sindhi"
874-466: The Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi ( c. 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had
920-438: The semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker کي khe . The postpositions are divided into case markers , which directly follow the noun, and complex postpositions , which combine with
966-653: The British policy towards the States, he resigned after a two-year stay, and the couple left for London. The couple continued to propagate Islam in London till April 1951, when Allama Kazi accepted the office of Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sindh . He resigned from this office after eight years, and thereafter the couple led a retired life at Hyderabad , Sindh at the residence of Ahmed Mohammad Kazi, an advocate of
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#17327729281781012-586: The Partition of India in 1947. Born Gertrude Loesch in Rudel Stadt, a small village in Germany, in the house of a musician who ultimately migrated to London, she assumed the name of Elsa after marriage. Her father the late Mr. Elderman was a prosperous German having property in London that was destroyed during World War II . After the war, compensation was paid to her for the same. In London, she met
1058-550: The Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used. Sindhi is first attested in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following
1104-586: The Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language. Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah , and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught. Sindhi
1150-603: The Sufi poet in his state of "Wajd", or ecstasy, was concerned with the moments in life-stories, which he used as allegories to express his mystical experiences. The heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai's poetry are known as the Seven Queens of Sindhi folklore who have been given the status of royalty in Shah Jo Risalo. The Seven Queens are celebrated throughout Sindh for their positive qualities: honesty , integrity , piety and loyalty . They are also valued for their bravery and their willingness to risk their lives in
1196-609: The Supreme Court of Pakistan and Principal of the Sindh Law College. In 1967, Elsa was suddenly taken seriously ill with a renal problem and died at the age of 83. She had no children of her own, but the university students and residents of Sindh call her Mother Elsa. Furthermore, several girls' hostels and other buildings in the university district of Jamshoro created at the instance of her husband, are named after her. She lies buried along with Allama I. I. Kazi in
1242-522: The Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa , corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely. Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text on dramaturgy thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as
1288-412: The best in English. Her works have been the subject of several doctoral theses. She is also famous for her stories for children. Furthermore, the University of Washington Libraries has rated one of her works "Temptation: a drama of Sind country life in three acts" published in 1942 and "Aeolian: notes of an overstrung lyre" published in 1920 amongst the best South Asian literature that emerged before
1334-399: The best translations of selected verses of Shah Abdul Latif into English with the support of her husband, Allama I. I. Kazi . She successfully couched the substance of those verses in a poetical setting which, in musical terms, reflects the original Sindhi metrical structure and expression in which Latif had cast them. Her translation of Shah Abdul Latif's poetry is considered by many to be
1380-444: The cultural identity of Pakistan. Shah Jo Risalo was first translated into German in 1866 by Ernest Trumpp , a German scholar and missionary who became fascinated by Sindhi language and culture and the jogis and singers who sang Shah Latif’s verses. With the help of Sindhi scholars he compiled a selection of the original verses and called it "Shah Jo Risalo" (the message of Shah). It was first translated in English by Elsa Kazi ,
1426-530: The development of modern Sindhi literature. The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi , one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh. The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan , commencing a push to establish
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1472-421: The documented dialects of Sindhi are: The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, Kutchi and Jadgali are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages. Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n) Tahee(n)/Taee(n) /Murs/Musālu /Kāko/Hamra Bacho/Kako Phar (animal) /Bārish Lapātu/Thapu Dhowan(u) Dhoon(u) Sindhi has
1518-458: The evolution of religion through the ages up to the advent of Islam . Both of them contributed essays, articles, and addresses in vital branches of modern knowledge, besides preaching Islam under the aegis of Jamiatul Muslimeen. In 1919, the couple returned to Sindh, and Allama Kazi first entered the judiciary as Chief Justice of Khairpur State. Owing to differences with His Highness Mir Ali Nawaz of Khairpur , in addition to his dissatisfaction with
1564-428: The following states: and Daman and Diu Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status. Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh. The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh. According to
1610-403: The history of Sindhi language. Another poet, Dr. Aurangzeb Siyal, has launched a book named "Louk Zangeer". The word " Sur ", from the Sanskrit word Svara , means a mode of singing. The Surs are sung as Ragas . In Indian classical music , its "Ragas" and "Raginis" are sung at different times of day and night. In Risalo the Surs are named according to their subject matter. The underlying theme
1656-873: The name of love . The Seven Queens mentioned in Shah Jo Risalo are Marui, Momal, Sassui, Noori, Sohni, Sorath, and Lila. In his poetry, Shah has alluded in an elaborate way to these characters of Sindhi folktales and used them as metaphors for high spiritual life. These romantic tales of Bhittai are commonly known as Momal Rano , Umar Marui , Sohni Mehar , Lilan Chanesar , Noori Jam Tamachi , Sassui Punnhun and Sorath Rai Diyach or Seven Queens ( ست سورميون ) of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai . Sassui Punnhun and Sohni Mehar aka Sohni Mahiwal in Punjabi are also celebrated in Punjab along with Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiban and thus form part of Punjabi traditions. These Ten tragic romances from South Asia (all from present-day Pakistan ) have become part of
1702-726: The nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو jo for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed below. The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to ڪو ko "someone" are ھَرڪو har-ko "everyone", سَڀڪو sabh-ko "all of them", جيڪو je-ko "whoever" (relative), and تيڪو te-ko "that one" (correlative). Most nominal relations (e.g.
1748-407: The philosopher from Sindh , British India Allama I. I. Kazi by chance. Mr. Kazi, having arrived at the railway station when the train had started moving, managed to board the last compartment which was nearly empty: a solitary young lady occupied a corner quarter. Reared in traditional family background, Mr. Kazi felt very shy and embarrassed and kept standing near the door with his back to her. Elsa
1794-732: The singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes -ā̃ / -aū̃ / -ū̃ ( ABL ) and -i ( LOC ). A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in -r- in the plural. These are the masculine nouns ڀاءُ bhāu "brother", پِيءُ pīu "father", and the feminine nouns ڌِيءَ dhīa "daughter", نُونھَن nū̃hã "daughter-in-law", ڀيڻَ bheṇa "sister", ماءُ māu "mother", and جوءِ joi "wife". Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives . These decline in
1840-745: The tip of the tongue, so they could be transcribed [t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ] in phonetic transcription. The affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or truly palatal. /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar [w] or labiodental [ʋ] in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop. The vowels are modal length /i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/ and short /ɪ ʊ ə/ . Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: /pət̪o/ [pət̪ˑoː] 'leaf' vs. /pɑt̪o/ [pɑːt̪oː] 'worn'. Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This
1886-775: The use of Sindhi in official documents. In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script . The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in
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1932-652: The wife of Allama I. I. Kazi , who translated selections of Shah Jo Risalo into English prose. Later in 1940, Dr H.T. Sorley, an English scholar learned Sindhi, and published selections from the Risalo by the Oxford University Press entitled "Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit: His Poetry, Life and Times: A Study of Literary, Social and Economic Conditions in Eighteenth Century Sind". The most recent work (1994) of translation of Risalo into English
1978-582: Was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh. The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print
2024-505: Was influenced by Maulana Rumi 's Mathnawi . The traditional compilations of Shah Jo Risalo include 30 Surs (chapters). The oldest publications of Shah Jo Risalo contained some 36 Surs, but later most linguists discarded 6 Surs, as their language and content did not match the Shah's style. Dr. Nabi Bakhsh Baloch, a linguist of the Sindhi language , has compiled and printed a new edition after 32 years of research into folk culture, language and
2070-506: Was amazed, astonished, and amused to meet a man who would not take a seat despite her repeated offers, and would only repeat apologies. She sought his address and developed a lifelong association. The couple was married in Germany in 1910. The couple lived in London from 1911 to 1919, and occasionally made short visits to Sindh . Altogether, the couple spent 30 years of life in England, during which they remained engaged in research, tracing
2116-504: Was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867. In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency . Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian . Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered
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