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75-602: The IISS Asia Security Summit: The Shangri-La Dialogue ( SLD ) is a " Track One " inter-governmental security conference held annually in Singapore by the Bahraini-funded think tank, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). The dialogue is commonly attended by defence ministers, permanent heads of ministries and military chiefs of mostly Asia-Pacific states. The forum's name

150-506: A U.S. State Department employee, coined the phrases track one and track two diplomacy in "Foreign Policy According to Freud," which appeared in Foreign Policy . The efforts of these conflict resolution professionals, generally operating through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and universities , arose from the realization by diplomats and others that formal official government-to-government interactions were not necessarily

225-659: A chapter in Timing the De-Escalation of International Conflicts (Kriesberg & Thorson, 1991). Moreover, in the same year, "The Arrow and the Olive Branch," which was written as an article in The Psychodynamics of International Relations , Montville adds the third process in track two diplomacy. Aside from previous two processes of facilitating small workshops and influencing public opinion, he claims that

300-725: A clandestine weapons program. Under President Gerald Ford , the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published National Intelligence Estimate . According to James Mann, "The underlying issue was whether the C.I.A. and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union, either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support Kissinger 's policy of détente or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions." Attempting to counter these claims, Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush formed

375-469: A committee of anti- Communist experts, headed by Richard Pipes , to reassess the raw data. Based on the recommendation of Perle, Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee, which was later called Team B . The team's 1976 report, which was leaked to the press, stated that "all the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the 'worldwide triumph of socialism,' but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony", highlighting

450-474: A faculty mentor living in the house. In August 1963, he and his mother participated in the civil-rights march on Washington organized by A. Philip Randolph Wolfowitz was a member of the Quill and Dagger society. Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a B.A. in mathematics . Against his father's wishes, Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study political science . Wolfowitz would later say that "one of

525-586: A keynote address, historically given by a prominent Singaporean figure. Beginning in 2009, a head of state or head of government has delivered the keynote address. Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in 2009, the President of the Republic of Korea Lee Myung-Bak in 2010, and Malaysian Prime Minister Dato' Sri Najib Tun Razak in 2011 respectively delivered the opening speech. Five plenary sessions are held across

600-504: A leader who is a 'tyrant. ' " Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and to the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft to Saudi Arabia . "In both instances," according to Mann, "Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of Israel in

675-516: A number of key areas where they believed the government's intelligence analysts had failed. According to Jack Davis, Wolfowitz observed later: The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [intelligence] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets' observed behavior (and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through

750-471: A scandal involving allegations he used his position to help World Bank staffer Shaha Riza to whom he was romantically linked. A Reuters report described his tenure there as "a protracted battle over his stewardship, prompted by his involvement in a high-paying promotion for his companion". Wolfowitz is the only World Bank president to have resigned over a scandal. The second child of Jacob Wolfowitz (b. Warsaw; 1910–1981) and Lillian Dundes, Paul Wolfowitz

825-431: A situation where official and non-official actors cooperate in conflict resolution . Most important, Track Two Diplomacy is intended to provide a bridge or complement official Track One negotiations. Methods for conducting these activities are still evolving as is the thinking around which individuals—representing various roles and functions in society and government—should be included. Montville points out that "there

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900-652: A special briefing for representatives of non-governmental organizations, the U.S. Department of State's Deputy Director for Political Affairs in the Office of Iraq presented a plea for help from NGOs (Paul Sutphin, 2004). Acting under Secretary Colin Powell's initiative and authority, the State Department's Iraqi analysts explained their frustrations in conducting dialogue, developing grassroots relationships, and rebuilding infrastructure . Far from admitting that

975-603: A talkshop. In addition, the ARF was led by foreign ministers, leaving defence diplomacy and security cooperation in the region somewhat in want for a mechanism for defence ministers to interact. The SLD was conceived by the current IISS Director-General and Chief Executive Sir John Chipman in 2001 in response to the clear need for a forum where the Asia Pacific defence ministers could engage in dialogue aimed at building confidence and fostering practical security cooperation. During

1050-604: A transregional format". Invitations were essentially focused on the members of the ASEAN Regional Forum in order to serve as a true regional security institution. Singapore was chosen as the location for the initial conference and with the Shangri-La Hotel as the venue. Chipman approached Singapore President SR Nathan in February 2001 to propose the idea, and Nathan offered to provide IDSS support until

1125-537: A unilateralist policy, claiming that the US did not need China's assistance but that the Chinese needed the US to protect them against the far more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland. Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with Secretary of State Alexander Haig , who had been Kissinger's assistant at the time of the visits to China. On March 30, 1982, The New York Times predicted that "Paul D. Wolfowitz,

1200-552: Is an American political scientist and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the World Bank , U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense , U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia , and dean of Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute . Having proposed a plan to invade Iraq in 2001, Wolfowitz

1275-676: Is available during the summit for ministers to hold bilateral meetings. The break-out groups are strictly off-the-record so that officials could advance policy goals more freely. The break-out groups are usually chaired by a senior IISS staff member. By 2006, break-out group speaking slots are allocated only to ministers or senior officials from a delegation. While largely unpublicised, the Shangri-La Dialogues provide an annual venue for ministers, CHODs , and top defence officials to network and expand their defence diplomacy in private, bilaterally and multilaterally. Rooms are reserved for

1350-497: Is derived from the Shangri-La Hotel in Singapore , where it has been held since 2002. The summit serves to cultivate a sense of community among the most important policymakers in the defence and security community in the region. Government delegations have made the best out of the meeting by holding bilateral meetings with other delegations on the sidelines of the conference. While primarily an inter-governmental meeting,

1425-406: Is no evidence that conflict resolution workshops would work for the principal political leaders themselves—perhaps because they are too tough or even impervious to the humanizing process." John McDonald (Sep 2003–Aug 2004) seconds this assumption but feels that it is merely because the leaders are stuck in rigid roles and politically have less access to fluidity than individuals further removed from

1500-540: Is that reasonable and altruistic interaction with foreign countries cannot be an alternative to traditional track one diplomacy, with its official posturing and its underlying threat of the use of force. Both tracks are necessary for psychological reasons and both need each other. Montville (Davidson & Montville, 1981) maintains that there are two basic processes in track two diplomacy. The first consists of facilitated workshops that bring members of conflicting groups together to develop personal relationships , understand

1575-1006: The Halifax International Security Forum ). The 2010 Chinese Defence White paper explicitly mentioned senior Chinese participation in Shangri-La Dialogue since 2007 as one of their forums of participation in regional security cooperation. The IISS thinks that increased representation from China indicate an increased level of engagement on a multilateral level and that the PLA wished to improve its image after recent measures, which were seen as too aggressive, impacted relations with affected countries. Track I diplomacy These "non-governmental, informal and unofficial contacts" host activities to improve communication and understanding between citizens, such as through workshops and conversations. According to American peace activist Joseph V. Montville, who coined

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1650-531: The Republic of Indonesia . According to Peter J. Boyer, Wolfowitz's appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match. He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world, an advocate of democracy in Suharto's dictatorship. But Wolfowitz's tenure as Ambassador was a notable success, largely because, in essence, he went native. With tutoring help from his driver, he learned

1725-601: The World Bank Group . Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English: Arabic , French , German , Hebrew , and Indonesian . He was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in Saul Bellow 's 2000 book Ravelstein . Wolfowitz entered Cornell University in 1961. He lived in the Telluride House in 1962 and 1963, while philosophy professor Allan Bloom served as

1800-476: The 1980 election of President Ronald Reagan , the new National Security Advisor Richard V. Allen formed the administration's foreign policy advisory team. Allen initially rejected Wolfowitz's appointment but following discussions, instigated by former colleague John Lehman , Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of Director of Policy Planning at the Department of State . President Reagan's foreign policy

1875-531: The 2010 summit, President of the Republic of Korea, Lee Myung-Bak , was the first head of state to make the keynote speech at the summit. Other notable delegations include the Russian delegation, led by Deputy Prime Minister (and former defence minister) Sergei Ivanov , and the Chilean delegation, led by Minister of Defence Jaime Ravinet de la Fuente . Despite Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama 's resignation

1950-567: The 36th Munich Conference on Security Policy , Chipman 'noticed Asian officials receiving short shrift' and realised that 'Asia needed its own defence institution at which defence ministers met and spoke'. Initially the SLD was modelled after the Munich Conference on Security Policy, but with greater ambition - to create a Track One organization that "defence ministers needed if they were to have any chance at all of meeting multilaterally in

2025-566: The Department has a strong defensiveness regarding its right, ability, and authority to conduct conflict resolution. The book was finally published in 1987 and states that The official government apparatus for analyzing international security issues and designing foreign policy has to equip itself to support and benefit from track two diplomacy. As part of the process, government analysts must improve their capabilities to understand how history, society, culture, and psychology interact. At

2100-652: The IISS could run the conference independently. The idea was brought forward to the Cabinet of Singapore and was approved to be supported by the Ministry of Defence . In 2004, the IISS Asia office was opened to allow IISS to organize the summit independently. Initiated in 2002, it was an "unofficial defence summit'" which allowed defence officials to meet "privately and in confidence, bilaterally and multilaterally, without

2175-823: The Israeli–Palestinian relationship. The contacts began as a track two diplomacy, with an unofficial initiative by a Norwegian scholar , but had transitioned into track one diplomacy by the time it was finished, finalized with a handshake between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO head Yasser Arafat on the White House lawn. Another example can be the sustained Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group which begun in 1992. From 2003 to 2007 it partnered with Camp Tawonga to bring hundreds of adults and youth from 50 different towns in Palestine and Israel to successfully live and communicate together at

2250-581: The Palestinian-Jewish Family Peacemakers Camp—Oseh Shalom – Sanea al-Salam. Paul Wolfowitz Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (*December 22, 1943, in Brownsville, Brooklyn , New York City )

2325-666: The Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University . Shortly after, he joined the Republican Party . According to The Washington Post : "He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party, which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman, Kennedy and Jackson." Following

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2400-536: The Philippines had been hesitant, messy, crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations." Following massive street protests, Marcos fled the country on a US Air Force plane and the US recognized the government of Corazón Aquino . From 1986 to 1989, during the military-backed government of President Suharto , Wolfowitz was the US Ambassador to

2475-793: The President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the communists and the US military would lose its strongholds at Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station . Wolfowitz tried to change the administration's policy, stating in an April 15, 1985, article in The Wall Street Journal that "The best antidote to Communism is democracy." Wolfowitz and his assistant Lewis Libby made trips to Manila where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders. Mann points out that "the Reagan administration's decision to support democratic government in

2550-489: The Reagan administration." Mann stresses: "It was on China that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order." After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 1970s, US policy was to make concessions to China as an essential Cold War ally. The Chinese were now pushing for the US to end arms sales to Taiwan , and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissinger's foreign policy toward China. Instead, Wolfowitz advocated

2625-508: The SLD an aspect of a Track Two process, even though it is primarily a Track One event. Taylor notes that there are limited opportunities for interaction between non-government and government representatives. The inclusion of non-government delegates is the result of dynamic efforts being made so that the SLD does not become an "exclusive club". Shangri-La has contributed to the enhancement of defence diplomacy by participating countries, in part by inspiring similar forums in other regions (e.g.

2700-572: The Soviet system. Wolfowitz reportedly had a central role in Team B, mostly focused on analyzing the role that medium-range missiles played in Soviet military strategy. In 1978, Wolfowitz was investigated by the FBI for providing intelligence to an Israeli government official while he was still an employee at ACDA. He was accused of handing over a classified document, via an AIPAC intermediary, which detailed

2775-503: The State Department was limited in its right, ability, and authority to conduct conflict resolution, they admitted that they couldn't build relationships or spend money fast enough to rebuild Iraq in time to appease the Iraqis and needed help to do it. This may not be the ideal situation in terms of NGO and State Department cooperation. "Further Exploration of Track Two Diplomacy" was published in 1991 as an Occasional Paper (McDonald), and as

2850-425: The conflict from the perspective of others, and develop joint strategies for solving the conflict. The second process involves working to shift public opinion: "Here the task is a psychological one which consists of reducing the sense of victim hood of the parties and rehumanizing the image of the adversary." Montville emphasized that Track Two Diplomacy is not a substitute for Track One Diplomacy, but compensates for

2925-425: The constraints imposed on leaders by their people's psychological expectations. However, track two diplomacy is not a replacement for track one diplomacy. Rather, it is there to assist official actors to manage and resolve conflicts by exploring possible solutions derived from the public view, without the requirements of formal negotiation . In addition, the term track 1.5 diplomacy is used by some analysts to define

3000-519: The country's only flour mill, was indirectly benefiting." In "The Tragedy of Suharto", published in May 1998, in The Wall Street Journal , Wolfowitz states: Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asia's present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values, it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting, of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers. But the greed of Mr. Suharto's children ensured that their father would take

3075-469: The day before the SLD, his successor, Prime Minister Naoto Kan , ensured that Minister of Defense Toshimi Kitazawa could attend and speak in a plenary session at the SLD. US Defence Secretary Robert Gates made his fourth SLD appearance and China's Lieutenant-General Ma Xiaotian , Deputy Chief of the General Staff led a strong delegation from China's People's Liberation Army. In June 2011, there

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3150-470: The director of policy planning ... will be replaced", because "Mr. Haig found Mr. Wolfowitz too theoretical." Instead, on June 25, 1982, Haig was replaced by George Shultz as US Secretary of State, and Wolfowitz was promoted. In 1982, Secretary of State Shultz appointed Wolfowitz as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs . Jeane Kirkpatrick , on a visit to the Philippines ,

3225-584: The first summit, Asia lacked a regional security framework like Europe. Earlier in 1996, US Defence Secretary William Perry and Thai Defence Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh each proposed separate initiatives to gather their counterparts in Asia but came to nothing. The only Track One multilateral Asian security forum was the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which was found to be unwieldy since it focused on confidence-building and at worst, little more than

3300-973: The halls of academia rather than in the jungles of Vietnam or the corridors of Congress ... [Paul Wolfowitz] ... escaped Poland after World War I . The rest of his father's family perished in the Holocaust ." In the mid-1960s, while Paul was an undergraduate student at Cornell residing at the Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association , he met Clare Selgin , who later became an anthropologist . They married in 1968, had three children and lived in Chevy Chase, Maryland . They separated in 1999, and, according to some sources, became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002. In late 1999, Wolfowitz began dating Shaha Riza . Their relationship led to controversy later, during his presidency of

3375-660: The head of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and replaced him with Fred Ikle . Ikle brought in a new team that included Wolfowitz. While at ACDA, Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony, as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy. He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in Paris and other European cities. He also helped dissuade South Korea from reprocessing plutonium that could be diverted into

3450-453: The invasion of Afghanistan). The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [CIA headquarters in] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable." Team B's conclusions have faced criticism. They have been called " worst-case analysis ", ignoring the "political, demographic, and economic rot" already eating away at

3525-532: The language, and hurled himself into the culture. He attended academic seminars, climbed volcanoes, and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta. Sipress and Nakashima reported that "Wolfowitz's colleagues and friends, both Indonesian and American" pointed to the "U.S. envoy's quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia." Dewi Fortuna Anwar, a foreign policy adviser to B. J. Habibie , Suharto's successor as head of state (1998–99), stated "that Wolfowitz

3600-457: The meetings to take place during breaks. A government delegation might typically arrange 15-20 such encounters, lasting half an hour each, over the course of the summit. Singapore's defence minister usually also hosts multilateral private lunches. The summit has been consistently attended by a mix of 200-plus non-government delegates, which include politicians, academics, businessmen, think tank analysts, media and other NGO personnel. This has given

3675-568: The most effective methods for securing international cooperation or resolving differences. Track two diplomacy is unofficial, non-structured interaction. It is always open minded, often altruistic , and ... strategically optimistic, based on best case analysis. Its underlying assumption is that actual or potential conflict can be resolved or eased by appealing to common human capabilities to respond to good will and reasonableness. Scientific and cultural exchanges are examples of track two diplomacy. The problem most political liberals fail to recognize

3750-420: The necessary disciplines and habits. Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing Saddam Hussein of Iraq at a time when Donald Rumsfeld was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran. James Mann points out: "quite a few neo-conservatives, like Wolfowitz, believed strongly in democratic ideals; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose

3825-420: The number of break-out groups increased from three to six. In 2009, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd was the first head of government other than Singapore to address the summit's opening dinner. It is also known that Singapore and Australia signed a memorandum of agreement on the sidelines of the 2009 summit allowing Singapore's armed forces access to Australian training facilities for a further decade. In

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3900-625: The number of delegations had risen to 23 countries, with 17 being led by their respective defence ministers, and another 3 by deputy defence ministers or equivalent. The 2007 iteration of the SLD was a landmark meeting as it attracted top-level participation from China. The Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army (with the status of Vice-Minister) Lieutenant-General Zhang Qinsheng , led Beijing's delegation that year. Subsequently, in 2008, Vietnam and Myanmar elevated their representation to deputy minister level. Then in 2009, Vietnam

3975-616: The obligation to produce a formal statement or communique". About a dozen deputy ministers and ministerial representatives attended the inaugural summit (then known as the Asia Security Conference), including a US delegation led by US Deputy Defence Secretary Paul Wolfowitz . The first summit was organized in six plenary sessions lasting for one and a half days. In 2003, the second summit expanded its invitation list to include chiefs of defence staff, and permanent or under secretaries of defence ministries. The agenda this year

4050-463: The original second track has been expanded into nine tracks: peacemaking through diplomacy, conflict resolution, commerce , personal involvement, learning, advocacy, religion , funding, information. One of the successful track two dialogue processes can be the Oslo Accords of 1993 between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which achieved some remarkable breakthroughs in

4125-702: The preeminent power in the Pacific Rim and now has to accommodate an emerging China to help maintain stability and security in the region. In 2017, the 16th SLD was held from 2–4 June 2017. In 2018, the 17th SLD was held from 1–3 June 2018. The 18th SLD was held in June 2018 and has the most participants to date from nearly 50 countries and territories. The dialogue was opened by Singapore Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong. Six plenary sessions were held and other special sessions on maritime security, defence, industrial development and defence co-operation The 19th SLD, which

4200-539: The proposed sale of U.S. weapons to an Arab government. An inquiry was launched, but the probe was later dropped and Wolfowitz was never charged. In 1977, during the Carter administration, Wolfowitz moved to the Pentagon . He was US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the US Defense Department , under US Secretary of Defense Harold Brown . In 1980, Wolfowitz resigned from

4275-557: The region and willingness to work with neighbouring countries to resolve competing claims to disputed territorial claims in the South China Sea. The United States reiterated its commitment to the Asia Pacific region despite having budgetary constraints, wars and a waning domestic economy. Outgoing US defence secretary Robert Gates said he will bet anyone $ 100 that in the next five years US influence will be strong if not stronger than today. The United States has always been seen as

4350-493: The remaining two days of the summit where all participants are expected to be present. These on-record sessions are usually led by a minister only and the press are invited to report on them. By 2006, plenary speaking slots are allocated only to ministers from a delegation. Introduced by the second summit in 2003, break-out groups are held concurrently with each other and allow more open discussion between participants on specific issues. These sessions also ensure that sufficient time

4425-719: The summit is also attended by legislators, academic experts, distinguished journalists and business delegates. Over the years, the Shangri-La Dialogue has become one of the most important independent forums for the exchange of views by international security policy decision-makers. Besides the host nation, countries that have participated in the dialogue have included Australia , Brunei , Cambodia , Canada , Chile , China , France , Germany , India , Indonesia , Japan , South Korea , Laos , Malaysia , Mongolia , Myanmar , New Zealand , Pakistan , Philippines , Russia , Sri Lanka , Sweden , Thailand , Timor-Leste , Ukraine , United Kingdom , United States and Vietnam . Prior to

4500-402: The term, track I diplomacy entails official, governmental diplomacy between nations, such as negotiations conducted by professional diplomats . Track II diplomacy refers to conflict resolution efforts by practitioners and theorists. These efforts involve "improved communication " to further "a better understanding of [conflicting groups'] point of view". In 1981, Joseph V. Montville, then

4575-746: The things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war." In 1972, Wolfowitz received a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago , writing his doctoral dissertation on Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East: The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear Desalting . At the University of Chicago, Wolfowitz took two courses with Leo Strauss . He completed his dissertation under Albert Wohlstetter . Wohlstetter became Wolfowitz's "mentor". In

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4650-430: The third process is cooperative economic development. Although it may not seem essential to conflict resolution, it is meaningful in the sense that it provides incentives , institutional support, and continuity to the political and psychological processes. In 1996 Dr. Louise Diamond and John McDonald published Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace . Since then the model has been more robustly developed and

4725-409: The top echelon of government (McDonald, Sep 2003–Aug 2004). In 1986 John McDonald and Diane Bendahmane (1987) produced Conflict Resolution: Track Two Diplomacy , a book that compiled the thoughts of several Track One and Track Two professionals confirming the need for government to support, encourage, and work with Track Two. The Department of State refused to print the book for eighteen months because

4800-466: The words of Wolfowitz's future colleague Richard Perle : "Paul thinks the way Albert thinks." In the summer of 1969, Wohlstetter arranged for Wolfowitz, Perle and Peter Wilson to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by Cold War architects Paul Nitze and Dean Acheson . While finishing his dissertation, Wolfowitz taught in the department of political science at Yale University from 1970 to 1972; one of his students

4875-583: Was a competent and popular envoy." But "he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption." Officials involved in the USAID program during Wolfowitz's tenure told The Washington Post that he "took a keen personal interest in development, including health care, agriculture and private sector expansion" and that "Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suharto's family, which had an ownership interest in

4950-489: Was a marked shift in the debate towards non-traditional security issues as well as on the South China Sea. Malaysian Prime Minister Najib in his keynote address mentioned new multilaterism to deal with security challenges to the region includes people smuggling, drug trafficking, terrorism and nuclear proliferation. China was represented at the summit for the first time at full ministerial level. Chinese Defence Minister General Liang Guanglie indicated China's peaceful rise in

5025-519: Was an early advocate of the Iraq War and has widely been described as an architect of the war. In the aftermath of the insurgency and civil war that followed the invasion, Wolfowitz denied influencing policy on Iraq and disclaimed responsibility. He is a leading neoconservative . In 2005, he left the Pentagon to serve as president of the World Bank only to resign after two years over

5100-521: Was born in Brownsville, Brooklyn , New York, into a Polish Jewish immigrant family, and grew up mainly in Ithaca, New York , where his father was a professor of statistical theory at Cornell University . As a student at Cornell, Paul Wolfowitz was profoundly impacted by John Hersey's Hiroshima (1946), leading him to become "a soft-spoken former aspiring-mathematician-turned-policymaker ... [whose] world views ... were forged by family history and in

5175-530: Was future colleague Scooter Libby . In the 1970s, Wolfowitz and Perle served as aides to proto- neoconservative Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson . A Cold War liberal , Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union alongside more traditional Democratic causes, such as social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions. In 1972, US President Richard Nixon , under pressure from Senator Jackson, dismissed

5250-656: Was heavily influenced by the Kirkpatrick Doctrine , as outlined in a 1979 article in Commentary by Jeane Kirkpatrick entitled "Dictatorships and Double Standards". Although most governments in the world are, as they always have been, autocracies of one kind or another, no idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime, anywhere, under any circumstances ... (But) decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire

5325-418: Was organized around five plenary sessions supplemented by two simultaneous off-the-record 'break-out groups'. In 2004, the invitation list was again further expanded to include participating countries' most senior intelligence and the police and national security officials of some countries. The number of break-out groups was increased to three. In 2005, Pakistan was represented for the first time. In 2006,

5400-538: Was originally scheduled for 5–7 June 2020, was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore . It was further postponed to 2022 as the pandemic was still ongoing in Singapore. The 19th SLD was held on 10-12 June 2022 after a two-year hiatus. Japan's Prime Minister, Fumio Kishida , was a keynote speaker, while State Councillor and Minister of National Defense for China, General Wei Fenghe , addressed and

5475-455: Was questioned by an audience over China’s vision for regional order. Representatives from 42 countries which included 37 ministerial-level delegates and more than 30 senior defence officials attended the summit. Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy made a virtual address to the Summit on 11 June. The 21st SLD was held in Singapore from 31 May–2 June 2024. Each summit typically is opened by

5550-485: Was represented at full ministerial status with General Phung Quang Thanh leading its delegation. In 2008, Laos was represented for the first time. Notably despite the natural disasters in their respective countries, Myanmar and China were led by high-level officers, Deputy Minister of Defence, Major-General Aye Myint for Myanmar and Deputy Chief of the General Staff, Lieutenant-General Ma Xiaotian for China. The number of plenary sessions increased from five to six, while

5625-418: Was welcomed by the dictator Ferdinand Marcos who quoted heavily from her 1979 Commentary article Dictatorships and Double Standards ; although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak out in favor of democracy, the article continued to influence Reagan's policy toward Marcos. Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, many within the Reagan administration including

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