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71-572: He was born in 1778 to Fatali Khan and his Armenian wife Saharnaz, sister of a certain Harutyun of Zeykhur . Although some authors suggested that she might be a Georgian . His father died in 1789, leaving his 12 year old son at the care of his brother Ahmad Khan who tasked him with recapturing Salyan from Rudbar magnates next year. However, he had to return to Quba upon learning his elder brother's death in 1791, appointing his 7-year old brother Hasan Khan as governor of Salyan. Upon inheriting

142-586: A balance in the South Caucasus and strengthened Russia's position in the region. According to Isgandar bey Hajinsky, Fatali's goal for this agreement was to secure peace to his west and prepare for the conquest of Tabriz Khanate . During the negotiations, Prince Georgi Tsitsishvili and Gurgen bek Enikolopashvili were Georgian ambassadors to Quba, while Mirza Rahim, Fatali's envoy Haji, was sent to Tiflis. This arrangement made it possible for Heraclius not only to strengthen his rear but also to have an ally in

213-615: A battalion of the Kherson Grenadiers, a battalion of the 46th Jäger Regiment and Popov's 16th Don Cossack Regiment - a total of 877 bayonets, with two guns. Khotuntsov attacked the village from three sides and, after a 4-hour stubborn battle, drove out Shaykh Ali to Akhty , captured many prisoners, recaptured 30 banners and more than 350 horses. Khotuntsov arrived in the village of Kurakh to demand Shaykh Ali from Surkhay II. Surkhay in return demanded his nephew Aslan bek's return. Russians not wanting to give up their ally, stormed

284-929: A breach of agreement between Russia, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire; besides which, Fatali was an Iranian subject. In September 1775, Catherine II ordered the President of the College of War Grigory Potemkin to give the keys of Derbent back following the Turkish pressure. Soon the Russian army was withdrawn from Dagestan to Kizlyar. Meanwhile Karim Khan Zand , the contender for the Iranian throne, approached Fatali and unsuccessfully asked for his allegiance. In summer of 1781, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 's army conquered Gilan Khanate and its ruler Hedayat-Allah Khan

355-547: A continuing benevolence." Despite Fatali's repeated requests for official protection from the Russian government, the latter didn not want to complicate relations with Persia and the Ottoman Empire, nor to change the order of political forces in the South Caucasus. Count Panin , minister of foreign affairs, wrote to Fatali that the Empress "confers him to the goodwill of Russian Empire for his diligence", but could not accept him to citizenship, pointing out that doing so would be

426-559: A detachment of 3,000 horsemen in Akusha , Shaykh Ali took Khuchni and started to plan his next step. Allies defeated a Russian detachment next month near Acaxur . Coalition recaptured all the territory of former Quba Khanate in December 1811 except Zeykhur and Quba city . Shaykh Ali held these territories for 4 months and started to build a new fortress for himself in Kryz . At the end, he

497-501: A difficult situation, Fatali sent his envoy Mirza Bey Bayat from Salyan to Petersburg with a letter in which he appealed to Empress Catherine II for help, offering vassalage to Russian Empire in return. The Empress sent 2,350 soldiers under the command of General Johann von Medem in 1775. The arrival of Russian army alarmed Muhammad of Gazikumukh, who evacuated Quba; it was then retaken by Fatali. The Khan met von Medem near Darvag and led them to Derbent. In response, Amir Hamza raised

568-579: A meeting in Darvag . A peace consensus was reached in the April meeting, according to which the Kaitags and Tabasarans were required to leave Derbent and Quba and not to interfere in trade between Russia and Quba. The Russian envoy at the meeting, Major Fromgold, reported that "there will never be a desired calmness here. Despite Utsmi [of Kaitags] and Qadi [of Tabasaran] agreed not to harm the [Fatali] Khan, it

639-459: A regional rival. In 1767/8, in alliance with Muhammad Husayn Khan Mushtaq of Sheki , he invaded Shamakhi , which was ruled by Aghasi Khan and Muhammad Said Khan brothers. Several Dagestani rulers, including Akusha-Dargo Union and Principality of Tabasaran , also joined the march. After victory on the battlefield, the brothers wanted to negotiate. Muhammad Said khan himself went to Fatali Khan's court while Aghasi headed to Shaki. Aghasi khan

710-481: A request he ignored. He also refused a request to let the Ottoman army pass through his territory, and advised other rulers not to collaborate with them. In 1768, Talysh Khan Gara Khan 's lands were invaded by Gilaki Hedayat-Allah Khan . Gara Khan's brother Kalb Ali (or Karbalai) Sultan appealed to Fatali for help. Seeing this as an opportunity to extend his influence, Fatali demanded the release of Gara Khan under

781-466: A response from Mustafa Khan and Russian contingent he escaped to Tabasaran , where his brother-in-law Abdulla bek was ruling ghazi and gathered 5,000 soldiers among Dargins in Akusha-Dargo and recaptured some territory, however the city itself was held by Russians. Eventually, khan was caught up Russians near Shabran , defeated and was forced to escapte to Yersi . In September 1809, a congress

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852-1222: A result of disastrous battle near Alpan , 1600 Dagestanis died, including Surkhay's son Bayram, as well as councillor Molla Taghi. Zubov, on the other hand, suspected khan's sister Pari Jahan of helping him and recalled another half-sibling of Shaykh Ali, Hasan Khan from Elisu to govern Quba and Derbent. Hasan was declared new Khan of Quba and Derbent on 14 November [ O.S. 3 November] 1796. However, just 3 days later Catherine II died and situation of Russian troops in Caucasus left under question. In March 1797, Hasan moved his residence to Derbent , afraid of Shaykh Ali. Pari Jahan, meanwhile, agreed to marriage proposal from Mehdi, Shamkhal of Tarki and wed another half-sister Chimnaz to Abdulla beg, son of Ghāzī Rustam of Tabasaran. Hasan soon had to abandon Derbent and flee to Kaitag Utsmiate . After departure of Russian troops from Caucasus and assassination of Agha Muhammad Qajar on 17 June 1797, Shaykh Ali managed to reconsolidate his dominion over Quba and Derbent and sent his ambassador Manaf beg to Saint Petersburg to put forward claims to Baku Khanate again. New emperor Paul I recognized him as

923-681: A result, while Aghasi Khan re-established himself in Shirvan. Meanwhile, Amir Hamza attempted to capture Derbent, which was ruled by his sister Tuti Bike during the absence of her husband. Amir, accompanying body of perished Tishsiz Muhammad, approached the city and informed his sister that Fatali Khan had died and that he brought the body. Tuti, according to legend, ordered the city’s defenders to open fire, which forced Amir Hamza to retreat to Mushkur . Soon Amir Hamza gathering an army, raided Baku Khanate and besieged Derbent. Meanwhile, Fatali entered Derbent and started gathering adherents. While in

994-479: A subject of Russia and dominion over Baku, Mushkur , Salyan and Derbent, as well as sending some supplies to repair Derbent. He moved to reconquer Salyan (which was lost after Zubov's attack) in 1798 which 4,000 Dargin mercenaries and Russian fishermen. He arrived in February–March of 1799 using fact of the plague in Shirvan, started to extort people. But soon he came under attack from Mustafa Khan , who moved

1065-522: A truce, acknowledging each other as khans of their respective states. Shaykh Ali again became khan of Derbent upon his brother's death in 1803 of chickenpox . Death of Javad Khan in 1804 signalled the start of Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 . He had pro-Qajar tendencies according to Prince Alexander of Georgia . He aided Huseyngulu Khan of Baku together with Surkhay II's son Nuh beg during unsuccessful conquest attempt of Baku by General Irinarch Zavalishin. Having suffered defeat after several battles,

1136-556: A whole bag of them to turn over to Abbas Mirza in return of monetary support to gather more armies. Shaykh Ali fought against Aleksey Yermolov near Levashi , during his campaign against Akusha-Dargo Union in 1819. After conquest of Akusha , khan left for Arakani with his followers. Yermolov demanded that the inhabitants of Arakani extradite him, but to no avail. Later he moved to Balakhani . 8 Derbent beys were exiled to Astrakhan on suspicion of being allied to Shaykh Ali, one of them being Haji Qasim, father of Mirza Kazembek . There

1207-405: Is a matter of time for them to only turn on him again". To further weaken his foes, Fatali drew Shikhmardan Bek, second son of Muhammad of Gazikumukh Khan, to his side. Fatali granted him a part of a Kura district which had earlier belonged to Derbent Khanate, and the revenues of Guney district that belonged Quba. He also granted Amir Hamza's nephew Muhammad beg 100 families from Quba and founded

1278-476: Is no exact data on his death, however, according to some reports, he died either in 1821, or on 6 June [ O.S. 25 May] 1822. Shaykh Ali Khan had two wives: His grandson Fatali Khan through his son Sultan Ahmad married a Qajar princess and his descendants settled in Ardabil . Fatali Khan Fatali Khan or Fath Ali Khan of Quba ( Persian : فتحعلی‌خان قبه‌ای ) (1736 – March 29, 1789)

1349-665: The Khan concealed his death to secure his succession. Fatali Khan was a Shia Muslim . According to Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin , who visited him in his palace in Derbent , Fatali was well-regarded and did not hesitate to drink or use a hookah . Some of his followers even believed that he was practically an atheist . According to Isgander bey Hajinsky, he was also a bit promiscuous . He knew Russian, Persian and Azerbaijani languages , as well as various languages of Dagestan . Some samples of his poetic work have been preserved. Fatali

1420-531: The Ottoman Empire broke out in 1768, the Porte unsuccessfully attempted to draw Fatali to their side. A contemporary Russian report said that "Recently, Turks sent some officers to the Khan of Quba, who rules Derbent, and he will persuade lezgis to arm against Russia in favor of the Porte". Messengers of Crimea's khan Qırım Giray also came to Fatali Khan with a request to come over to Porte's side and oppose Russia,

1491-627: The Quba Khanate and appointed Haji beg of Budukh as a naib and provisional governor. Now deposed from his post, Shaykh Ali was granted a village to live in but emboldened by Tsitsianov 's murder, Shaykh Ali nevertheless visited Akusha-Dargo Union in 1809, calling for a united front against Russians. They kept harassing Russians with 10,000 soldiers until spring. Soon Shaykh Ali forged an alliance with Surkhay II and threatened neighboring districts. Allies invaded Shirvan Khanate on 24 April [ O.S. 12 April] 1809, but following

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1562-453: The Russian government only after Treaty of Georgievsk . Fatali later marched on Karabakh Khanate in 1783 in alliance with Haji Khan , and unsuccessfully besieged Ibrahim Khalil Khan in Shusha fortress . Ibrahim Khalil then armed Muhammad Hasan to depose Haji, who fled to Aghasi Khan. Aghasi returned Haji to Shaki , where he was killed. Deprived of an important ally, Fatali returned to

1633-585: The Russians now afraid of Shaykh Ali's reinforcements, boarded the ships and retreated to the island of Sari (near Lankaran ) on 29 September [ O.S. 17 September] 1805. He joined Abbas Mirza 's commander Pir Qoli Khan in Baku, 1806. Meanwhile Derbent citizens rebelled against Shaykh Ali Khan and invited lt-general Grigory Glazenap to capture the city, while elders of the city asked for Mehdi, Shamkhal of Tarki to take title Khan of Derbent. Keys of

1704-479: The age of 49, leaving the throne to his young son. Just seven days after his father's death, the brother of Aghasi Khan of Shirvan , Agharazi beg, invaded the Barmak Mahal of Quba and carried off 200 families. In response, Fatali Khan set out to Shirvan and captured about 400 families and settled them onto his possessions, killing Agharazi in a battle near Old Shamakhi . Fatali, to consolidate his rule in

1775-515: The auspices of Russia," according to contemporary historian Abbasqulu Bakikhanov . Heraclius decided to return the Shamshadil to the Ganja at the request of Fatali. Immediately after the meeting, Fatali Khan fell ill, left for Baku to stay with his sister, and died there on 2 April [ O.S. 22 March] 1789. On 30 May, General Tekeli reported to Potemkin that associates of

1846-467: The battle, while the khans of Shaki and Shamakhi escaped the scene. In 1774, Avar nuts again marched on Shamakhi and captured the city briefly. In response, Fatali set out to Shirvan with an army and detachment led by Malik Mahammad Khan , khan of Baku, in alliance with his traditional allies Akusha-Dargo Union and Principality of Tabasaran . Nutsal was defeated near Old Shamakhi. Fatali promised him safety and invited him to discuss terms, where Muhammad

1917-431: The blinded ex-ruler of Shamakhi, Aghasi Khan, escaped and urged Shaki to attack Fatali to retake Shirvan. This alliance was joined by Muhammad IV , Nutsal of Avars . He sent an armed detachment under his sons Bulach and Muhammad Mirza. The warring parties met at the outskirts of Shamakhi and decided to negotiate first. However, soon a fight broke out and turned into a full-blown battle. Both sons of Avar Khan died during

1988-595: The campaign khan had to raise additional taxes from population and had to force peasant to host at least one mercenary. Derbent people, which hosted 2,000 soldiers soon rebelled but was put down thanks to efforts of Mirza Muhammad II . This rebellion was followed by a famine in 1799 when the inhabitants had to fight off 400 carts en route from Tarki to Quba bringing food and supplies to capital, accusing khan of debauchery and only thinking for himself. Soon inhabitants started another rebellion under Sultan beg Bayat and forced Shaykh Ali's governor Muhammad Husayn beg Bayat out of

2059-505: The castle on 14 May. The town surrendered just after a week. Zubov arrested Shaykh Ali Khan, while appointing his pro-Russian half-sister Pari Jahan Khanum as head of the Derbent Khanate . Shaykh Ali however managed to escape to near Gilgilçay , reached Kumukh asked for troops from Surkhay II to retake Quba. Shaykh Ali and 10,000 strong Gazikumukh armies were defeated by Russian detachment sent under general Sergei Bulgakov. As

2130-578: The city was handed over by Alipanah beg Bayat, naib of khan on 3 July [ O.S. 21 June] 1806. Shaykh Ali later also lost Baku, thanks to disgruntled Mirza Muhammad II who joined army of Russian general Sergei Bulgakov in July 1806 and captured Baku on 6 October 1806. Left alone without any major allies, Shaykh Ali submitted to Russian forces and sent hostages. But at the same time, he drove population to villages and emptied Quba out of its people. Arriving at an empty city, Bulgakov formally annexed

2201-470: The city, nothing came out of it. Surkhay II heard rumours of Shaykh Ali later and decided to attack Quba and install his puppet Hasan as khan there. Arriving at Zizik , he was persuaded to lay down his arms by Zibunnisa, wife of Shaykh Ali. Using opportunity Shaykh Ali raided Derbent Khanate and forcibly moved population of 9 villages to Quba, depriving Hasan of his tax income. At last on 9 September [ O.S. 28 August] 1800, two brothers signed

Shaykh Ali Khan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-624: The city. As a middle ground, Shaykh Ali accepted his half-sister and Mirza Muhammad's wife Khanbika khanum as hakem of Derbent and Sultan as her deputy. Soon later in May 1800, she was deposed by the Gazikumukh khan Surkhay II , who together with Tabasaran ghazi and Kaitag Utsmi installed Hasan Khan as the new Derbent Khan. Hasan Khan later executed Sultan beg using a crime he committed as an excuse. Although Shaykh Ali, still ill, later besieged Derbent for 12 days and had few skirmishes to regain

2343-683: The end of 1786, Umma Khan began a campaign against Shamakhi . Shemakha was captured and razed, and the inhabitants killed. Fatali was besieged in Aghsu for nine months, supported by Agha Muhammad Khan's brother Morteza Qoli . However, Fatali was forced to enter into negotiations with Umma Khan, betrothed him his daughter as a future wife (this marriage never took place), and handed over the revenues of Salyan and 200,000 rubles of indemnity . Not achieving their target, Sarkar princes left for Akhalkalaki in Ottoman Empire . In 1788, Fatali ordered

2414-542: The entire city up north, in its current place. Defeated Shaykh Ali, was forced to retreat to Derbent, where he fell ill. The Gazikumukh khan Surkhay II , using the opportunity, sent an army under his son Nuh bek to Quba , who claimed to be Hasan Khan returning from exile. Meanwhile he camped near Qullar and kept the khanate under control for a month and half. Shaykh Ali khan managed to expel his armies only after support of 10,000 soldiers from Akusha-Dargo Union and Shamkhalate of Tarki and routed him till Chirag . During

2485-662: The eponymous village of Mamedkala for him. Fatali also aided the Tabasaran princes Muhammad Husayn, Sohrab, Shir Ali, and Mustafa, whose ruling cousin Novruz bek was killed by Ali Qoli in 1776. Fatali then detained Ali Qoli in Derbent and exiled him to Salyan, and installed Muhammad Husayn beg as new prince. Kizlyar 's Russian commandant wrote to the government that Fatali was more powerful now that he could attack Kaitag Utsmi with help from Tabasaran. When war between Russia and

2556-561: The ex-Shirvan Aghasi and his sons Ahmad and Muhammad in Qonaqkənd under house arrest. Muhammad Said, concerned by Fatali's possible alliance with Aghasi, fled to Shaki, while his son Muhammad Reza came to Fatali. Fatali ordered Muhammad Reza to escort his uncle and cousins to prison in Baku, and appointed Muhammad Reza as the new Khan of Shirvan . Fatali also demanded Muhammad Hasan Khan return Muhammad Said and his two other sons Mahmud and Iskandar, who were sent to Salyan to be imprisoned. At

2627-697: The execution of the Khans of Shamakhi with their sons, and his own son-in-law Mahammad Reza. This series of executions again alarmed the Dagestani rulers. In 1788, Ali Soltan, Khan of Mehtuli , soon marched on Quba in alliance with Muhammad Hasan Khan and Umma Khan, capturing Aghsu and the bulk of the territory. Later the Mehdi, Shamkhal of Tarki , came to Fatali's rescue and forced Umma Khan to retreat to Karabakh . In March 1787, Fatali Khan signed an agreement with Heraclius II of Kartli-Kakheti , which established

2698-590: The fight against the Karabakh Khan, who dominated Ganja Khanate . In December 1788, Heraclius, now allied with Fatali and his vassal Muhammad Hasan Khan , was able to capture the outskirts of Ganja. In early 1789, Georgian troops led by the son of Heraclius, Prince Vakhtang , defeated Javad Khan. Fatali Khan and Muhammad Hasan Khan met with King Heraclius in January 1789, inside the Ganja Khanate, on

2769-493: The help of Tarki Shamkhalate , Kaitag Utsmiate , and the Principality of Tabasaran . Subordinating Derbent, Fatali gave a portion of land revenues from Derbent Khanate to Shamkhal and Utsmi, while the ruler of Tabasaran was given monetary compensation. Derbent's ruler Muhammad Hussein Khan was blinded and sent with his five-year-old son Ali beg to Quba, and then to Baku, where he was kept until he died in 1768. Ali lived as

2840-593: The hostage of Khan in Baku until 1796. Fatali married Tuti Bike, his cousin and sister of Kaitag utsmi Amir Hamza III , in 1766. Despite this, he refused to marry his younger half-sister Khadija Bike to Amir Hamza. Instead, he married her to Malik Muhammad Khan , son of Baku's Khan Mirza Muhammad I , effectively subordinating the Baku Khanate to himself. Control over the ports of Baku, Derbent, and Salyan, as well as their Caspian commerce in salt and crude oil, provided Khan money and reputation. Disgruntled over

2911-601: The inhabitants sent messages inviting him to remove Tahir bey, then their ruler. He took territories of Derbent on the right bank of the Samur River – Mushkur , Niyazoba , Shabran , Rustov , Beshbarmag and also villages of Ulus district from Derbent's khan. In the same year, he campaigned against Gazikumukh Khanate , whose khan Muhammad recently killed Aghakishi beg , Khan of Shaki , and defeated him, installing Muhammad Husayn Khan Mushtaq in his place. Later in 1765, Fatali Khan annexed all of Derbent Khanate with

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2982-533: The intervention of utsmi Ali Bek and qadi of Tabasaran sides signed a truce in the village of Koysu. Agha Muhammad Qajar 's arrival in South Caucasus triggered with expedition of Valerian Zubov in 1796, who besieged Shaykh Ali's castle with more than 12,000 soldiers for 2 months. Shaykh Ali hoped for a Qajar or an Ottoman relief to come and thus prolonged the negotiations. He sent an envoy named Haji beg to Ottoman Empire in April, and an emissary named Qadir beg to Agha Muhammad Khan. However Zubov started bombarding

3053-488: The khanate, introduced several legal reforms. He abolished the system of naibate , who were in charge of taxation of districts of the khanate. Instead, he charged ketkhudas (stewards of villages) with this job, which would be overseen by yasauls , directly answering to khan himself. Soon after victory in Quba, Fatali started to expand his influence. According to Abbasgulu Bakikhanov , he besieged Derbent in 1759 when

3124-487: The left bank of the Shamkhor River . Javad Khan also took part in this meeting. The allies worked out a plan of coordinated actions against Karabakh Khanate and divided the spheres of influence: Heraclius took the entire South Caucasus , while Fatali was to control Iranian Azerbaijan . Heraclius II and Fatali agreed to actively fight against the newly rising threat of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar and "act ... under

3195-449: The marriage refusal, Amir Hamza captured Derbent and held it for 3 days with the excuse of visiting his sister. Fatali Khan later drove Amir Hamza and his Kaitag tax collectors from Derbent and took away the revenue villages which he presented to Amir Hamza. Fatali then appointed Eldar bek, nephew of Muhammad Khan of Gazimukh, as a steward of Derbent. These steps further alienated the Dagestani lords from Fatali, and they started to see him as

3266-660: The pretext that the Talysh beys recognized him as their overlord and pledged to pay tribute, and therefore Gara Khan should be released and returned to Lankaran . In July 1769 Russian consul to Baku informed the authorities that Fatali refused the request of the Sultan's government to act against Russia, and refused to accept gifts delivered to him. In September 1770 one of the diplomatic representatives of Russia wrote that "Fatali Khan didn’t show any inclination to their side; indeed, he doesn’t want to begin anything against Russia, except

3337-556: The rest of the South Caucasus. He invaded Karabakh Khanate in 1780 by crossing the Kura River , but the Georgian king Erekle II helped Ibrahim Khalil Khan by sending him a detachment under the command of princes George and David . In August of that year, the Khan undertook an unsuccessful campaign, but by the beginning of 1781, he had penetrated deep into Karabakh. Meanwhile, his brother-in-law and vassal Malik Muhammad Khan

3408-537: The rest of the khanate on 17 August 1768, arresting Manaf himself. The Shaki armies were crushed by the Quba and Gazikumukh alliance on 20 September 1768, Shirvan was fully annexed to the Quba Khanate. A peace agreement was signed in July 1769. According to Stepan Sharipin and Egor Zamyatin, Russian merchants from Astrakhan , "Huseyn khan wanted to possess all seized lands in Shamakhi and then to be its ruler, but no one can repudiate Fatali Khan from it." Meanwhile,

3479-524: The siege of Derbent and tried to battle Medem, but was defeated by the Russian army in Iran-Kharab . Fatali recaptured Derbent and sent keys to the city to Catherine II, also asking her to grant him citizenship of Russia. On 10 May 1775, Fatali marched on Kaitag Utsmiate and Principality of Tabasaran with a Russian detachment led by major Cridner. Amir Hamza attacked them near Bashlykent , "but he

3550-520: The south in spring of 1784 and attacked Karabakh ally Ardabil Khanate , pushing out Ibrahim Khalil's in-law Nazarali Khan Shahsevan , seizing Ardabil and Meshkin . He then appointed Hasan Khan Shahseven of Javad as a governor to Ardabil, and Khudaverdi bey to Meshkin. Not wanting a new escalation with Qajar Iran , Potemkin demanded that Fatali withdraw his troops. Soon Fatali withdrew to Quba, preparing another campaign in Shirvan. In 1785, Fatali forced Gara Khan of Talysh to be his vassal. Gara

3621-497: The terms thinking that the Iranian danger was over. Khan marched on Baku Khanate in 1794, to restore his cousin Mirza Muhammad II to throne. However upon hearing the news from Shaki Khanate that Salim Khan – new khan of Shaki – massacred all children of former khan, including Shaykhali's nephew, marched on Shaki, leaving Mirza Muhammad near Balakhani with a thousand men. He marched on Mustafa Khan of Shirvan who

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3692-517: The throne, Shaykh Ali sought to restore his father's power in South Caucasus . He sent his envoy Mirza Hasan to Russian general Ivan Gudovich in 1793, renewing his allegiance to Russian Empire. But when Gudovich sent an officer to Derbent and asked khan to sign the terms of his subjection, the khan refused. It turned out that he was only afraid of the approach of Suleyman Khan Qajar, the general of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar and refused to sign

3763-486: The two brothers and thus weakening Shirvan. Seeing Heraclius as an obstacle in his campaign for dominion in the Caucasus, Fatali supported Prince Alexander – an aspirant to the throne of Kartli-Kakheti – accompanied by Prince Alexander Amilakhvari in August 1782. Fatali's harboring of a potential rival to the Georgian throne was one of the factors that forced Heraclius II to seek Russian protection. Fatali gave them up to

3834-539: The village on December 15, 1811 and defeated allies. As a result, Aslan bek became the ruler of newly created Kura Khanate . Disheartened Shaykh Ali later moved to Sumbatl , then to Unchukatl to live with his family. He was offered to live in Quba with payments of 10 silver rubles a day by Russian. The offer was rejected because he still wanted to be the Khan. Shaykh Ali joined Dagestani rulers in their defence against general Yermolov 's subordinate Pestel near Bashlykent on 23 October 1818. The allied 20,000 strong army

3905-578: Was a khan of the Quba Khanate (1758–1789) who also managed to dominate the Derbent , Baku , Talysh and Shirvan Khanates , as well as the Salyan Sultanate during much of his reign. Fatali was born in 1736 in Quba to Husayn Ali Khan of Quba Khanate and Peri Jahan-Bike, daughter of Ahmad Khan, Utsmi of Kaitags . He was related to other Dagestani rulers, such as Umma Khan V , who

3976-963: Was a multiethnic feudal political entity in North Caucasus . The first mentions of it start appearing in chronicles from the 5th century, and it was eliminated in 1820 during Russian conquest of the Caucasus . The state's territories were spanning over Kaitag, Dakhaday and partially Segokala, Derbent, Kayakent districts of modern Dagestan . References [ edit ] А. О. Муртазаев, Кайтаг в VIII - первой половине XIX в. (Исследование политической истории и роли в системе политических структур Северо-Восточного Кавказа). С. К. Умаханов, Историческая география Дагестана XVII — нач. XIX в. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaitag_Utsmiate&oldid=1258939035 " Categories : History of Dagestan 1820 disestablishments in Asia States and territories established in

4047-473: Was again defeated by colonel Lisanevich near Çiçi and escaped to Akusha Dargo. Shaykh Ali later had to face new Russian contingent sent against him by Filippo Paulucci under major-general Nikolai Khotuntsov . Sides met near village of Rustov on 3 December [ O.S. 21 November] 1811. Shaykh Ali had 7,000 under his command, being aided by Surkhay II's son Nuh bek, Aslan Khan of Dzhengutay and Qadi Abubekr of Akusha-Dargo. The latter commanded

4118-410: Was ally of Salim Khan same year and besieged him in Aghsu . Although he was supported by Dagestani rulers, siege coupled with rainy weather, attrition, lack of supplies and the army became incapacitated. Mustafa khan in return staged a successful sortie forcing Shaykh Ali to retreat. Soon, the Gazikumukh khan Surkhay II attacked village of Zeykhur, maternal village of Shaykh Ali. However thanks to

4189-476: Was ambushed by Fatali's armies. Nevertheless, the coalition defeated Fatali's army of 8,000 in the battle of Gavdushan , near the city of Khudat , in July 1774, forcing him to flee to Salyan . Muhammad the Toothless of the Dagestani forces perished during the battle; Eldar-beg, Fatali's viceroy in Derbent, and Maysum Shaykh-Ali of Tabasaran were killed on the Quba side. Muhammad of Gazikumukh seized Quba as

4260-406: Was blinded by the khan of Shaki while his brother was imprisoned by Fatali. Fatali Khan and Muhammad Huseyn Khan divided the lands of Shirvan Khanate between themselves. The Kessan and Sadanrud districts were given to Shaki, while Fatali took the rest. Fatali ordered the destruction of New Shamakhi and a resettlement of the residents to the older Shamakhi. In one of the documents of period it

4331-1089: Was buried in Baku, in a cemetery of Bibi-Heybat Mosque . At present, his gravestone is kept in the Azerbaijan State Museum of History . According to Gmelin, Fatali Khan had six wives. However, it appears that only three of them were principal ones: Kaitag Utsmiate Kaitag Utsmiate 5th century — 1820 [REDACTED] Status Principality Capital Jalagi, Qala-Quraish, Urkarakh, Majalis, Bashly Official languages Arabic , Kaitag , Kumyk Common languages Muirin, Sanzhi-Itsari, Kubachi , Kaitag , Juhuri , Kumyk , Azerbaijani Religion Islam Judaism (minority) Christianity (till 15th c.) The Utsmi of Kaitag   Preceded by Succeeded by [REDACTED] Caucasian Albania Russian Empire [REDACTED] Today part of Dagestan The Kaitag Utsmiate

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4402-601: Was captured in Karabakh and was later released. Seeing this as a humiliation, Fatali appointed 11-year-old Mirza Muhammad Khan II as Baku khan and forced his father to go on pilgrimage in 1781. Thanks to his sister acting as regent for khan, Fatali became true ruler of Baku. He also released the brother of Aghasi Khan , Muhammad Said, and reinstated him in Shirvan Khanate . He then married his sister Fatima to Muhammad Said's son Muhammad Reza, causing rivalry between

4473-399: Was commanded by Sultan Ahmad Khan of Avars , his brother Hasan Khan of Mehtuli , Muhammad Qadi of Akusha-Dargo Union, Surkhay II with his sons, Shaikh Ali Khan and his brother-in-law Qadi Abdullah of Tabasaran. Shaykh Ali and Abdullah left the alliance for Quba on the 4th day of siege, reportedly after searching for the corpses of Russian soldiers and cutting off ears and hands, having collected

4544-410: Was forced to make peace by marrying Huri Khanum, sister of Fatali Khan, and married his own sister Tubu Khanum to Fatali. Fatali forged an alliance with Tarki Shamkhalate, marrying his son Ahmad Khan to Kichik Bike, daughter of Shamkhal Bammat II, in 1787. His old enemy Amir Hamza also died that year and was succeeded by his brother Ustar Khan, who was more friendly to Fatali. Meanwhile, Fatali kept

4615-538: Was forced to seek asylum with Fatali Khan. Fatali sent an army of 9,000 to Gilan in alliance with Tarki Shamkhalate and Kaitag Utsmiate ; the general command was carried out by the Nāẓir Mirza bey Bayat. This army ousted the forces of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar and reestablished Hidayat Khan's reign in Gilan, forcing Qajar to return to Gilan. Emboldened by his successes, Fatali Khan desired to extend his influence to

4686-606: Was held in the domains of Surkhay II, at which Shaykh Ali and Akushan elders were also present. As a result, they decided to attack Quba in 10 days. Attack was success as Russians reported in August 1810 that the inhabitants of Quba and the local beys had gone over to side of Khan. Nevertheless, the khan was defeated again and retreated to Yersi. Shaykh Ali again surfaced in Tabasaran in October 1811, supported by Avar Khanate , Mehtuli Khanate and Akusha-Dargo Union. Having gathered

4757-443: Was his maternal cousin, Amir Hamza , his cousin and brother-in-law, as well as Utsmi of Kaitags , among others. According to the 19th-century military historian Isgandar bey Hajinski (1809–1878), he had no special education and "spent his youth just as sons of other khans, i.e. in idleness." He was sent to subjugate Salyan Sultanate in 1755 or 1756 by his father, a mission he accomplished successfully. His father died in 1758 at

4828-476: Was murdered by Dargins of Akusha. The murder of Avar Khan alarmed the neighboring rulers in Dagestan. New Avar leader Umma Khan tried to forge an anti-Quba alliance with other Dagestani and Caucasian feudal lords by marrying his sister Bakhtika to Ibrahim Khalil Khan of Karabakh. Having gathered a 4,000-strong army, the coalition was led by Amir Hamza, who marched into Quba but retreated north where he

4899-408: Was overthrown by an action of the artillery with great losses and took to flight." According to Mirza Hasan Alkadari , Fatali also defeated Muhammad of Gazikumukh's armies and took neighboring Kura plain . The anti-Quba coalition asked for peace and offered hostages, but also demanded Fatali to vacate Derbent, a condition which Russian command rejected. In March and April 1776, the sides convened

4970-609: Was replaced by Mir Mustafa Khan in 1786, who was in Fatali's custody. Now in charge of entire Caucasian coast of Caspian Sea , Fatali decided to march on Shirvan Khanate. In 1785, Mehrali bey , who was Ibrahim Khalil Khan 's brother, was ambushed on his way from Baku to Shirvan by Ahmed Khan, son of Aghasi Khan of Shirvan. Fatali sent the body back to Shusha . Now deprived of an important ally, Aghasi Khan submitted to Fatali, who sent him to Quba with his sons. Fatali then moved on to Shaki to defeat Muhammad Hasan Khan . Muhammad Hasan

5041-634: Was written that: “…Fatali Khan gave New Shamakhi to Huseyn Khan, but took himself the older one" . Beginning from 1768, in official Russian documents and titular appeals, Fatali was named "high-degree and highly respected Khan of Derbent, Quba and Shamakhi". Manaf Zarnavai, a naib of the Muhammad Huseyn (and son of former Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan ) in New Shamakhi conspired to seize Fatali's lands by force, but Fatali's informants forewarned him, leading him to raise an army of 15,000 and invade

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