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44-591: The Shonan Monorail ( 湘南モノレール , Shōnan Monorēru ) is a suspended SAFEGE monorail in the cities of Kamakura and Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan. It is operated by the Shonan Monorail Co., Ltd. ( 湘南モノレール株式会社 , Shōnan Monorēru Kabushiki-gaisha ) which belongs to Michinori Holdings , and opened on March 7, 1970, the first monorail of its kind in Japan. Trains run on

88-529: A 6.6 km (4.1 mi) line called the Enoshima Line. It is used by commuters that work in Tokyo or Yokohama, tourists visiting Enoshima, and, in summer months, city dwellers who are visiting the parks or baths of Enoshima. The monorail was built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries , and the line opened March 7, 1970 between Ōfuna and Nishi-Kamakura. The rest of the line opened on July 1, 1971. Until 2018,

132-627: A bridge over the River Medway , and what to do at Woolwich meant that funding did not materialise, and the scheme folded before a full survey was completed. He was approached again in the 1830s, when there were plans to revive the scheme. Also in 1825, he was asked to survey the Norfolk and Suffolk Railway scheme, but when he submitted an invoice for £1,573 in August 1826, there were not enough subscribers to meet such expense. He received about half of

176-402: A fleet of six two-car 300 series trainsets built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Two sets were increased to three cars from February 1975 to provide additional capacity. The last of the 300 series sets were withdrawn by July 1992, following the introduction of new 500 series trains. The 500 series trains introduced in 1988 were the first air-conditioned trains on the line. The last 500 series train

220-459: A lot of surveys, but saw few of the schemes through to completion. Notable exceptions were improvements to Penzance harbour from 1836 to 1839, work on Ipswich Docks from 1837 to 1842, and two Welsh schemes in 1840, on Port Talbot Harbour and Swansea Bridge. He was again involved in a railway route to Dover, giving evidence to the Engineer in 1836, and organising surveys conducted by others, but he

264-525: A patent application for a horse-drawn suspended single-rail system in 1821, and constructed a demonstration at Woolwich Arsenal , in England soon afterwards. German industrial pioneer, thinker and politician Friedrich Harkort built a demonstration track of Palmer's system in 1826, in Elberfeld, Germany, at the time commercial centre of the early industrial area Wupper Valley . The steelmill owner had

308-518: A prototype of an electric monorail in Odessa , modern-day Ukraine. In 1897, he presented a functional model of his monorail at the meeting of Russian technological society. This idea was approved by the society, and an experimental electric monorail was built in 1899. In 1900, Empress Maria Fedorovna approved the building of an 0.2 kilometres (0.12 mi) long electric monorail in Gatchina. The monorail

352-808: A single trip is 14 minutes. The line includes two tunnels (between Shōnan-Fukasawa and Nishi-Kamakura stations, and between Mejiroyamashita and Shōnan-Enoshima stations). The line's maintenance workshop is located at the Shonan Monorail Headquarters in Kamakura City. All stations are in Kanagawa Prefecture. [REDACTED] Tokaido Main Line [REDACTED] Yokosuka Line [REDACTED] Shonan-Shinjuku Line [REDACTED] Negishi Line * Track switching possible at these stations As of July 2016,

396-803: A wholly subsidiary company of Michinori Holdings. The Shonan Monorail is twinned with Wuppertal Schwebebahn since 2018, a suspension railway located in Wuppertal , a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany. Both suspension railways hung down on the rail and are known tourist destinations for Monorail enthusiasts. Both suspension railways made a twinning campaign on its doorside in September 2018. The Shonan Monorail Enoshima Line ( 江の島線 , Enoshima-sen ) travels 6.6 km (4.1 mi) every seven to eight minutes between Ōfuna Station and Enoshima , making six stops. The average length of

440-643: The Isles of Scilly . He may have acted as the resident engineer for the Loose Hill and Valley Road improvement scheme, which he surveyed in 1820. In 1821 he obtained a patent for a monorail system, which was deemed at the time to be somewhat impractical, but his work on resistance to tractive effort was much more important. In 1825 he visited the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Hetton colliery railway . On

484-503: The Port of Qingdao , the first phase of which was put into operation in 2021. Henry Robinson Palmer Henry Robinson Palmer (1795–1844) was a British civil engineer who designed the world's second monorail and the first elevated railway. He is also credited as the inventor of corrugated metal roofing, still one of the world's major building materials. A son of Samuel Palmer and his wife Elizabeth Walker, Henry Robinson Palmer

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528-708: The 1920s the Port of Hamburg used a petrol powered, suspended monorail to transport luggage and freight from ocean-going vessels to a passenger depot. Very small and light weight systems have been used widely on farms to transport crops such as bananas. In the mining industry suspended monorails have been used because of their ability to descend and climb steep tunnels using rack and pinion drive. This significantly reduces cost and length of tunnels, by up to 60% in some cases, which otherwise must be at gentle gradients to suit road vehicles or conventional railways. A suspended monorail capable of carrying fully loaded 20' and 40' containers has been under construction since 2020 at

572-465: The ICE by his widow, but were subsequently lost. Palmer made a patent application in 1821 for an elevated single rail supported on a series of pillars in an ordinary distance of ten feet, inserted into conical apertures in the ground, with carriages suspended on both sides, hanging on two wheels the one placed before the other. A horse is connected to the carriage with a towing rope, proceeding on one side of

616-780: The Japanese have built two successful SAFEGE lines, the Siemens Company of Germany has developed a smaller scale system similar to the SAFEGE Monorail. Aerorail of Texas and Sky Train of Florida were promoting steel-wheel versions of SAFEGE as well but both appear to have ceased trading without having installed a system. Japan would later adopt the ALWEG and SAFEGE monorail systems including the Shonan Monorail and build more transit monorails than any other country in

660-960: The Wuppertal Schwebebahn or H-Bahn systems in Germany. A 1.6-kilometre (0.99 mi) test track in Margao, Goa started trials in 2004, but on September 25, one employee was killed and three injured in an accident. No progress was made after the accident. In 2013, the metro was dismantled. Four new SAFEGE style suspended railway prototypes, with test tracks and vehicles, have been developed since 2010. In China three have been created, by CRRC Qingdao Sifang in Qingdao, by China Railway Science and Industry Group in Wuhan and by Zhongtang Air Rail Technology in Chengdu. A SAFEGE based test line

704-539: The bill to authorise the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , for instance. By 1825, Palmer was keen to set up on his own. The Kentish Railway had employed Telford to be its engineer when the scheme was launched in 1824, but after he withdrew, Palmer took over, surveying a route that ran from Dover to Woolwich via Strood and Erith , with a section north of the River Thames beyond Woolwich. Reservations about

748-429: The dock, warehousing, an extrance lock and basins at Shadwell, and some swing bridges. The works were substantially finished by 1833, but by the time he left they company in 1835, there were issues with the entrance lock walls, which were resolved by George Rennie and John Smeaton . There were suggestions that he was too busy with other work to provide adequate supervision. During his career, he seems to have carried out

792-685: The end of the decade, in 1969, a prototype test track of track of the Vero Monocab personal rapid transit was built in Texas. This design was sold to and developed by Rohr, Inc. as the ROMAG system with a new test track built in California. Based on another new design using small capacity cars, the Jetrail system opened in 1970 at Dallas Love Field Airport taking passengers from a carpark to

836-515: The factory of Otto and Langen, now Deutz . The official name was Anlage einer elektrischen Hochbahn (Schwebebahn), System Eugen Langen Köln or Electrical Elevated Railroad ("Floating tram") Installation, System Eugen Langen Cologne . The installation and stations were built by three companies, among them the company of Friedrich Harkort. In 1901 the first track of the Wuppertal Schwebebahn opened, and still runs today. In 1903 it

880-616: The grounds of the Daft Electric Company in Greenville , New Jersey, in 1886. It was built out of lightweight steel construction and worked well, but was never expanded. The design of the rail-frame appears to have influenced Eugen Langen , as his Wuppertal Schwebebahn framing bears a remarkable likeness to the Enos construction. In March 1895, Russian engineer Ippolit Romanov (originally from Tbilisi , Georgia) built

924-610: The inaugural meeting of the ICE was held on 2 January 1818, and the aims and objectives which he laid out have stood the test of time, with only the upper age limit being relaxed. This allowed Telford to become president, with Palmer as vice-president, and the institution prospered under their joint leadership. In his capacity as vice-president, he represented the Institution at the laying of the first stone of Ipswich Docks. He died in 1844, just two years after retiring. All of his papers, including more than 400 drawings, were given to

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968-541: The inventor of the internal-combustion engine , and probably knew the Palmer Railway. In the nearby expanding industrial zone of Wupper Valley, entrepreneurs and governors were looking for a modern urban transportation system. A cooperation between politicians and businessmen from the Barmen-Elberfeld industrial area around 1890 led to the implementation of an electric powered elevated railway system from

1012-671: The latter he carried out a series of tests on behalf of Telford, to measure the amount of resistance that horses and locomotives had to overcome to move their loads. Further tests were carried out with boats on a number of canals, including the Ellesmere Canal , the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Grand Junction Canal . The results of these experiments were quoted in Parliament, when navigation interests opposed

1056-492: The least possible expense.[...] In order to retain a perfectly smooth and hard surface, unencumbered with extraneous obstacles to which the rails near the ground are exposed, it appeared desirable to elevate the surface from the reach of those obstacles and at the same time be released from the impediments occasioned by snows in the winter season. " The first horse-powered elevated monorail started operating at Cheshunt on 25 June 1825. Although designed to transport materials, it

1100-418: The line is operated using a fleet of seven three-car aluminium-bodied 5000 series trainsets. The 5000 series is equipped with a VVVF control device and regenerative brake which allows for smooth acceleration and deceleration. The VVVF inverter control reduces the need for inspection and maintenance because unlike a DC motor, there is no commutator brush or contact switch. Services were initially operated using

1144-525: The money and the scheme was abandoned. He had more success with the scheme to extend the Eastern Dock in London. This had been designed by William Chapman , and Palmer took over as resident engineer when the original incumbent, J W Hemingway, died in 1825. He had overall responsibility for the works after the works supervisor Daniel Asher Alexander retired in 1828. The project involved construction of

1188-512: The monorail began service in 1988. Two further H-Bahn suspension railways were built in Germany in 1975, at Dortmund University campus and Düsseldorf airport . The Memphis Suspension Railway was opened in the United States in 1982. The Skybus Metro was a prototype suspended railway in Goa , India. The system consisted of an elevated track with the cars suspended below the track, like

1232-608: The monorail company was part owned by Keihin Kyuko Electric Railway because the monorail line runs over " Keihin Kyuko Line " which was a toll road operated by Keikyu. Seibu Railway also had investment in the company because Kokudo which was a subsidiary of Seibu Group developed land around Kataseyama Station . In May 2015, most shares of this monorail line and company were transferred to Michinori Holdings from Mitsubishi Group. In 2018, this company became

1276-565: The rail on a towing path. There was an earlier monorail in Russia , of which Palmer was unaware. By 1823 George Smart had set up a trial version of Palmer's monorail. Palmer wrote in the study presenting his system: "the charge of carrying the raw material to the manufacturing district, and the manufactured article to the market, forming no small proportion of its price to the consumer.[...] The leading problem in our present subject is, to convey any given quantity of weight between two points at

1320-613: The terminal. It closed in 1974 when Braniff International Airways moved most of its operations to another airport. Based on the SAFEGE design, the Shonan Monorail opened in 1970 in Kamakura , Japan—part of the Greater Tokyo area. It continues in operation today. The Chiba Urban Monorail , also in Japan, is the world's largest suspension railway; it is owned and operated by Chiba Urban Monorail Co. Ltd, established in 1979, and

1364-560: The track was dismantled and rebuilt at the Texas State fairgrounds where it ran until 1964 The Ueno Zoo Monorail is a 0.3 km (0.19 mi) long suspended monorail operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei). It is similar to the Wuppertal Schwebebahn , but has rubber tires rather than steel wheels. The line began operating on December 17, 1958. After 60 years of operation service

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1408-437: The vision of a coal-carrier railway between Wupper Valley and the nearby coal-mining region of Ruhr , which would connect his own factories in Elberfeld and Deilbachtal. Due to protests from mill owners that were not integrated along the line and from the transporting branch, this idea could not be executed. The first suspended railway was opened at Cheshunt , England, United Kingdom on June 25, 1825, using Palmer's patent. It

1452-624: The work. Although Palmer was a prolific surveyor, he left few major schemes by which his work can be assessed. However, his main enduring legacy is the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), which he founded in 1818. He was keen on self-improvement, and set up a mechanics institute when he was working in Bermondsey, between 1813 and 1814. This led him to plan a grander scheme, where young engineers could discuss engineering issues, and learn from one another. With several other young engineers,

1496-488: The world. In 1956 Monorail, Incorporated built a short test track of their suspended system at Arrowhead Park in Houston, Texas. The single 55 seat car was called "Trailblazer". Its promoters claimed it could reach speeds of 160 km but no installations were ever built. The system was unusual because the driver's position was on top of the bogies, not in the same cabin as the passengers. After eight months of testing,

1540-583: Was also constructed in the Krasnogorsk District, Russia in 2016. As of 2021 no revenue service systems have been completed although one short system began construction in 2020 in Enshi City China and a number of other projects have been considered in both China and Russia. Aside from a multitude of indoor uses in factories, suspended railways are also used for number of outdoor applications other than passenger transportation. In

1584-571: Was born in Hackney , east London. He served a five-year apprenticeship with the mechanical engineer Bryan Donkin from 1811, where he also became a skilled draughtsman. He was then taken on by Thomas Telford , for whom he worked for some seven years, rising to become his chief assistant. He carried out numerous surveys for Telford, including the Knaresborough Canal and Railway, Burnham Marshes, Archway Road London, Portishead Harbour, and

1628-849: Was built by the Scottish engineer George Bennie near Glasgow . Two propellers delivered 240 horsepower (180 kW) in a short burst for acceleration to the cruise speed of 160 km/h. It was not a true monorail as it used an overhead running rail and a guide rail below. In 1947, Lucien Chadenson became interested in the Bennie Railplane experimental line, and the Paris Metro Route 11 , which uses rubber tyres. A test track operated in Chateauneuf , south of Paris from 1958, but attracted no further interest in France. However,

1672-469: Was built to carry bricks, but as an opening stunt it carried passengers. A work, Description of the suspension railway invented by Maxwell Dick: with engravings By Maxwell Dick , published in Irvine, Scotland , in 1830, refers to an aerial tramway /cable car system. The Enos Electric Railway, an electric-powered monorail with wagons suspended from an elevated frame of open steelwork, was demonstrated in

1716-496: Was extended to the final length of 13.3 kilometres (8.3 mi). This system is still in operation as a means of public transport, moving over 20 million passengers each year. Langen also designed the Dresden Suspension Railway , a short funicular railway using the same suspended monorail technology, which opened in 1901 and is still in operation. A unique demonstration electrically powered suspension line

1760-602: Was here used to carry passengers. In 1826 German railway pioneer Friedrich Harkort had a demonstration track of Palmer's system built by his steel factory in Elberfeld, one of the main towns in the early industrialised region of the Wupper Valley . Palmer's monorail can be regarded as the precursor of the Schwebebahn Wuppertal and of the Lartigue Monorail . In his study, Palmer has one of

1804-465: Was in poor health, and William Cubitt was appointed engineer when the Act of Parliament was obtained. The Port Talbot harbour scheme was hampered by inadequate capital, and Palmer diverted flood water to scour out the channel, as he could not employ sufficient labourers. The Ipswich Docks scheme was his design, which he supervised until 1842, when he retired, leaving his resident engineer G Horwood to complete

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1848-690: Was suspended on 31 October 2019, with the operator citing the high costs of replacing the aging trains. In the 1960s in the United States a large number of suspended monorails systems were opened but none were for transit. These included 1962 at the LA County Fair (closed late 1990s), 1964–1965 at the New York World's Fair , in 1964 at Houston International Airport (closed 1966) and in 1966 at two Busch Gardens parks at Van Nuys in California (closed 1979), Tampa in Florida (closed 1999). At

1892-465: Was tested on 25 June 1900. The monorail carriage could be loaded with up to 25 kilograms (55 lb) and moved at a speed of 15 kilometres per hour (9.3 mph). During the 1880s the German businessman and engineer Eugen Langen experimented in his Cologne sugar factory with a low one-track suspension railway system for the transportation of raw materials. He was a business partner of Nicolaus Otto ,

1936-417: Was withdrawn after its last day in service on 26 June 2016. 35°21′08″N 139°31′53″E  /  35.352339°N 139.531417°E  / 35.352339; 139.531417 (Ōfuna) 35°18′43″N 139°29′16″E  /  35.311887°N 139.487806°E  / 35.311887; 139.487806 (Shōnan-Enoshima) Suspension railway The British engineer Henry Robinson Palmer (1795–1844) filed

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