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53-628: Sitges ( Old Catalan for 'underground [grain] silos'; Catalan pronunciation: [ˈsidʒəs] , Spanish: [ˈsitʃes] ) is a town about 35 kilometres southwest of Barcelona , in Catalonia , Spain , renowned worldwide for its film festival , Carnival , and LGBT culture . Located between the Garraf Massif and the Mediterranean Sea , it is known for its beaches, nightspots, and historical sites. While

106-617: A Guillelm Arnal no li doné negú domenge ni establiment de cavaler ni de pedó per gitar ni per metre quan l·i comanné Mir Arnall. Lines 1–4. Passages in Catalan Romance in italics According to historian Jaume Villanueva (1756–1824), the first attested Catalan sentence is thought to be found in an 8th-century manuscript from Ripoll that has since been lost. It was a whimsical note in 10th- or early 11th-century calligraphy: Magister m[eu]s no vol que em miras novel ("my master does not want you to watch me, newbie"). During

159-568: A campus in Sitges, providing education for primary (3-11 years), located in the upscale neighbourhood of Vallpineda. The Institute of the Arts Barcelona is an international leader in performing arts training and education college based out of Terramar. Sitges is one of the world's top leaders in the protection and advocating for equal rights for the LGBT community . It is often described as

212-630: A clear separation between the languages in the mindset of their speakers historically. From the 8th century to the 13th century, there was no clear sociolinguistic distinction between Occitania and Catalonia. For instance, the Provençal troubadour , Albertet de Sestaró , says: "Monks, tell me which according to your knowledge are better: the French or the Catalans? And here I shall put Gascony, Provence, Limousin, Auvergne and Viennois while there shall be

265-476: A huge legacy in Sitges which can still be seen in its architecture and the history of most local families. After Spain lost its overseas territories as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the migration flow from Sitges to Cuba continued, but most of the trade ended. As most of Catalan economy, Sitges found its biggest market in the rest of Spain. Shoe making shaped Sitges' economy during

318-603: A meal that three days before had gathered together a selected group of Catalan artists and intellectuals, including Santiago Rusiñol , Miquel Utrillo and Gaietà Buigas . The name "xató" comes from an expression pronounced years before by Canudas , a member of the Rusiñol's group. Malvasia is a delicate liquor wine served in Sitges, primarily with dessert. The name "malvasia" comes from the Peloponnesian port Monemvasía . Sitges has 17 sand beaches. Four of them are in

371-591: A peak of maturity and cultural plenitude. Examples of this can be seen in the works of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry which culminated in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the center of social and cultural dynamism, and Catalan was present all over

424-718: A rupture that lasted ten years, although he kept in touch with his daughter. That same year he went to study in Paris, where he lived on and off for the next decade. In 1893 he set up his studio in Sitges , which today stands as the Cau Ferrat . Sitges became a modernist reference point for artists, writers and musicians, including Rusiñol, and modernist festivals, combining theatre, poetry, painting and music were organized there. He continued to write, chiefly narrative works and poems in prose. Some of his novels were adapted and performed in

477-440: A short lived purpose built circuit, the banked Autódromo de Sitges-Terramar , which is still visible at 41°14′18.35″N 1°46′50.20″E  /  41.2384306°N 1.7806111°E  / 41.2384306; 1.7806111 . Albert Divo won the only Spanish Grand Prix held at the banked Sitges Terramar driving a Sunbeam . Old Catalan language The modern separation of Catalan and Occitan should not be confused with

530-590: Is a gay-friendly destination with many establishments catering for the LGBT community and popular gay beaches. Almost 35% of the approximately 26,000 permanent inhabitants are from the Netherlands, the UK, France, and Scandinavia, whose children attend international schools in the area. There are 17 beaches. Sitges was also the site of the annual Bilderberg conference held in June 2010. Sitges has been referred to as

583-465: Is assumed that during the preliterary period, all Catalan dialects featured a weak realization of the pretonic vowels. Around the 13th century, pretonic /a/ and /e/ began to be confused in writing in the Eastern dialects, and the confusion later spread to all unstressed instances of /a/ and /e/ , a process that was almost complete by the 15th century. Final post-tonic /e, o/ were lost during

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636-679: Is located on the western side of Sitges and is more difficult to reach. There are six public Catalan primary schools in Sitges: Escola Agnès de Sitges, Escola Esteve Barrachina, Escola Maria Ossó, Escola Miquel Utrillo, Escola Pia Sitges, and the catholic Camp Joliu. Private schools include the French Lycée Bel Air , and the English Richmond International and The Olive Tree School . The British School of Barcelona (BSB) also operates

689-535: Is part of the long history of motor racing in Catalonia . From 1908 to 1920, events were staged over public roads from Sitges to Canyelles to Vilanova i la Geltrú , and from Mataró to Vilassar de Mar and Argentona . In 1922 and 1923, the Real Moto Club de Catalunya ran the Penya Rhin Grand Prix over a 9-mile circuit around the town of Vilafranca del Penedès until it was replaced by

742-579: The Complaints of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet ( c.  1080 –1095), or The Oath of peace and truce of count Pere Ramon (1098). Catalan shares many features with Gallo-Romance languages, which are mostly located in France and Northern Italy. Old Catalan diverged from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries. Catalan lived a golden age during the Late Middle Ages , reaching

795-492: The European Union . There are three main nudist beaches located in Sitges. One of which is Platja dels Balmins, the second nudist beach is Platja d'Aiguadolç, both of these beaches are populated by all members of the community. The third nudist beach is Playa del Muerto, which is more populated by the gay community. Platja dels Balmins and Platja d'Aiguadolç are located on the eastern side of Sitges while Playa del Muerto

848-703: The Land of Valencia and across to the Balearic Islands and Alghero in Sardinia. Hec est memoria de ipsas rancuras que abet dominus Guitardus Isarnus, senior Caputense, de rancuras filio Guillelm Arnall et que ag de suo pater, Guilelm Arnall; et non voluit facere directum in sua vita de ipso castro Caputense che li comannà. Et si Guilelm Arnal me facia tal cosa que dreçar no·m volgués ho no poqués, ho ssi·s partia de mi, che Mir Arnall me romasés aisí com lo·m avia al dia che ad él lo commanné. Et in ipsa onor

901-579: The Mediterranean world. The belief that political splendor was correlated with linguistic consolidation was voiced through the Royal Chancery, which promoted a highly standardized language. The outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490), by Joanot Martorell , shows the transition from medieval to Renaissance values, something than can also be seen in the works of Bernat Metge and Andreu Febrer . During this period, Catalan

954-684: The Paris Salon in 1908. He was also part of the famous social gatherings of the Els Quatre Gats brewery on Carrer de Montsió in Barcelona run by Pere Romeu , a place of social gathering and an alternative art room, and frequented by a young Pablo Picasso . He maintained close friendships with the painter Ramon Casas and the sculptor Enric Clarasó until his death. In the following two decades, his prestige grew in Barcelona despite disagreements with Noucentista artists and critics of

1007-590: The Saint-Tropez of Spain, with property prices approaching those of the most expensive European cities, the main reason for this being the setting by the sea and the surrounding Garraf Park  [ es ; ca ] . Proximity to Barcelona-El Prat Airport is also a major advantage. The name of the town is simply the Catalan word sitges , plural of sitja , meaning silos in English. Human presence in

1060-527: The eastern half of the island of Menorca and most towns of Ibiza including Ibiza City ), stressed /ə/ has been fronted to /ɛ/ , thus partially inverting the original Proto-Romance distribution still found in Italian and Portuguese. Balearic varieties (such as Majorcan, Minorcan in the western half of the island of Menorca and Ibizan in Sant Antoni de Portmany ) still keep stressed /ə/ . It

1113-564: The 11th century, several feudal documents (especially oaths and complaints) written in macaronic Latin began to exhibit elements of Catalan, with proper names or even sentences in Romance. Of special historical and linguistic importance is the Memorial of Complaints of Ponç I ( c.  1050 –1060), featuring whole sentences in Romance. By the end of the 11th century, documents written completely or mostly in Catalan begin to appear, like

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1166-461: The 14th century, a process called betacism . Now, the distinction is maintained only in Valencia , the Balearic Islands , and towns in southern Tarragona . Like other Western Romance languages , soft ⟨c⟩ (i.e. before either ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ) and ⟨ç⟩ was pronounced /ts/, and it would only later merge into /s/. Likewise ⟨z⟩

1219-509: The 19th century, when Catalans still could call their language Llengua llemosina , using the name of the Limousin dialect as a metonymy for Occitan. It is believed that Old Catalan featured a sequence /jl/ that contrasted with /ʎ/ in non-initial positions. The former came from the Latin groups C'L, G'L, LE, and LI and was written as ⟨yl⟩ and ⟨il⟩ , whereas

1272-618: The Rua de la Disbauxa, or the Debauchery Parade, on Sunday night and the Rua de l'Extermini, or Extermination Parade, on Tuesday night. Around forty floats with more than 2,000 participants fill Sitges. Many people come from all around to see it, describing it as a favourite time of year because of the celebration. Xató is Sitges' most typical dish. Its first recorded mention is in local newspaper Eco de Sitges report on Fat Thursday , published on 16 February 1896. The report refers to

1325-534: The Sala Parés, in Barcelona, in 1879, in a collective exhibition; he would work with this gallery throughout his life. He also painting landscapes, figures, and literary scenes as opposed to the historical themes which at the time were fashionable. His work often depicted depicting natural scenes of Catalan landscapes. He also painted scenes related to work and of the urban landscape, displaying characters in natural attitudes or engaged in their daily tasks. His work

1378-501: The abundance of the first group of words, the spelling ⟨x⟩ would be adopted for /ʃ/, including in intervocalic instances (like in Portuguese but unlike Modern Catalan which spells such instances with ⟨ix⟩ ). Later /ʃ/ would also appear at word-initial position from palatalized /s/. Non-geminated intervocalic /s/ was voiced and gave the original /z/ sound (later ⟨z⟩ would also merge with

1431-634: The area dates to at least the Neolithic era, and an Iberian settlement from the 4th century. In the 1st century BC, it included two separated villages, later absorbed by the Romans . During the Middle Ages , a castle was built in Sitges, owned by the bishopric of Barcelona , which later ceded it to count Mir Geribert (1041). In the 12th century, the town fell under the rule of the Sitges family. The latter held it until 1308, when Agnes of Sitges sold

1484-414: The civil registry with the names of Jaume Jacint Lluís, rather than Santiago. Despite being the inheritor of the family business, he developed in his adolescence an interest in art which would go on to be his life's work. On 19 June 1886, he married Lluïsa Denís i Reverter. The following year, his daughter, Maria Agustina ( ca ), was born. A few months later, however, his restless nature, lack of interest in

1537-571: The country of Colombia met in Sitges and signed a peace treaty, the " Declaration of Sitges ", instituting a consociationalist democracy in Colombia and creating the National Front . The municipality of Sitges is located in the Garraf comarca . It is bordered to the north by the municipalities of Olivella and Begues , to the west by Sant Pere de Ribes and Vilanova i la Geltrú , to

1590-571: The east by Gavà and Castelldefels , and to the south by the Mediterranean Sea . For over a century, Sitges has celebrated Carnestoltes, or Carnival , between the months of February and March, according to the liturgical calendar. The festivities begin on Dijous Gras, or Fat Thursday, with King Carnestoltes' arrival. They continue until the burial of the sardine — late afternoon on Ash Wednesday . Folk dances and xatonades (traditional local salad served with assorted omelets) are also characteristic carnival elements. The two most important moments are

1643-458: The east: the first one called Les Botigues at the beginning of the coast, next to the beaches of Castelldefels and the other three are following the coast of Garraf (Road C-31). One of them is Garraf village beach. There are eleven beaches in the town and two to its west, which are difficult to access. All the eastern and urban beaches have flags indicating the state of the sea and most of them have quality diplomas and blue flags awarded by

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1696-579: The eastern end of the Pyrenees mountains (counties of Rosselló , Empúries , Besalú , Cerdanya , Urgell , Pallars and Ribagorça ), as well as in the territories of the Roman province and later archdiocese of Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century on, the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards, conquering territories then occupied by Muslims, bringing their language with them. This phenomenon gained momentum with

1749-427: The family business, and desire to paint and travel led him to hand over the company's management to his brother Albert, a businessman and politician. Santiago thereafter began to travel through Catalonia, Spain, France, and Italy. Travel would go on to be a constant in his life. In 1888, he established himself as a writer, regularly contributing to the newspaper La Vanguardia . In 1889 he broke off ties with his family,

1802-515: The first third of the 20th century. Sitges economy was mostly based on the production of wine until the late 19th century, when the first mechanized shoe factory in Spanish history was established in the town in 1874, starting a powerful shoe making sector which employed ca. 80% of local workers by the mid-20th century. The tourist boom of the 1960s ended the era of shoe making and made local economy essentially depending on tourism and services. Due to

1855-488: The formation of Catalan. According to some historic studies, final nasals were velarised and assimilated before being lost in Modern Catalan: pan [ˈpãŋ] → [ˈpã] → [ˈpa] ( pa 'bread'). Current Catalan orthography is mostly based on mediaeval practice, but some of the pronunciations and conventions have changed. By the 9th century, the Catalan language had developed from Vulgar Latin on both sides of

1908-531: The gay capital of Europe, particularly in peak season of the summer months of May to September. With its spirit and vibrant urban atmosphere, Sitges has become one of the top gay holiday spots for LGBT tourists and is at the centre of gay European nightlife, including spas, shopping, and dining. A small but compact city, it contains a huge concentration of gay-friendly hotels, restaurants, shops, and over 20 gay bars. The key gay events are Carnival,Sitges Pride, Bears Week, Festa Major, and Circuit Barcelona. Sitges

1961-699: The impressive Palau Maricel (Maricel Palace). Intellectuals like G. K. Chesterton , who visited the town in 1926 and 1935, or the German boxer Max Schmelling , who trained for his match against Paulino Uzcudun in Terramar Hotel in 1934. For most of the Civil War (1936-1939) , Sitges was controlled by Republican forces, with the ensuing repression against members of the Catholic Church and conservatives in general, until Franco's troops seized

2014-592: The island. Some of them thrived and created big firms, like Facundo Bacardí , founder of Ron Bacardí , and Jaime Brugal, who later moved to the Dominican Republic and established Ron Brugal . Some others, after having amassed a certain fortune, settled back in Sitges, generally living on rent or investing in sectores like wine or shoe making. These were known as "Americanos", known for their habit of planting palm trees in their Caribbean-looking houses, smoking Cuban cigars and rum drinking. The americanos left

2067-404: The land of the two kings ( Monges, causetz, segons vostre siensa qual valon mais, catalan ho francés?/ E met de sai Guascuenha e Proensa/ E lemozí, alvernh’ e vianés/ E de lai met la terra dels dos reis. ). In Marseille , a typical Provençal song is called 'Catalan song'. Moreover, the dialects of Modern Catalan were still considered to be part of the same language as the dialects of Occitan in

2120-543: The latter sound). Geminated intervocalic instances of ⟨s⟩ , as in ⟨ss⟩ , would result in /s/, a spelling still retained to this day. The system features a modification of the original Proto-Romance /e/ and /ɛ/ . First, /e/ was centralized to /ə/ in Eastern Catalan (but remained /e/ in the Western variety ) and then, /ɛ/ was raised to /e/ . In Modern Central Catalan (and in

2173-549: The latter was written ⟨ll⟩ . The palatal lateral has remained unchanged in modern Catalan, but the /jl/ sequence has coalesced into /ʎ/ in most dialects (including all the Western bloc and most of Central Catalan ) removing the distinction. In a minority of dialects (such as Insular Catalan , where it remains unchallenged and some towns in the provinces of Girona and Barcelona such as Vic and its surrounds and towns in Selva , where it has more or less remained

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2226-1099: The rise of a second /dz/, which would keep the ⟨tz⟩ spelling. Also due to final-obstruent devoicing , word-final instances of /dʒ/ would devoice to /tʃ/ (such as final - ⟨ig⟩ : puig 'hill', mig 'half'). Other instances of /tʃ/ (mostly borrowed non-native), came to be spelled with the rather different ⟨tx⟩ spelling: fletxa 'arrow' (< Old French fleche , now flèche ), botxí 'executioner' ( < Old French bouchier 'butcher'), caputxa 'hood' (< Italian cappuccio ), butxaca 'pocket' ( < obscure) and remain with such spelling to this day. The affricate /dʒ/ originating from soft ⟨g⟩ and nonvocalic ⟨i⟩ would later deaffricate to /ʒ/. The phoneme /ʃ/, which would initially only appear in intervocalic and word-final positions, would almost unanimously originate from instances of /ks/ (Latin ⟨x⟩ ), */sts/ (Latin ⟨sc⟩ ), */ksts/ (Latin ⟨xc⟩ ), */ks/ from /ps/ (Latin ⟨ps⟩ ) and more rarely from palatalized /ss/. Due to

2279-500: The roots of Sitges' artistic reputation date back to the late 19th century, when painter Santiago Rusiñol took up residence there during the summer, the town became a centre for the 1960s counterculture in mainland Spain during the Francoist regime , and became known as " Ibiza in miniature". Today, the economy of Sitges is based on tourism and culture, offering more than 4,500 hotel beds, half of them in four-star hotels. Sitges

2332-636: The separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988 AD. By the 9th century, the Christian rulers occupied the northern parts of present-day Catalonia, usually termed "Old Catalonia", and during the 11th and 12th centuries they expanded their domains to the region north of the Ebro river , a land known as "New Catalonia". During the 13th century, the Catalans expanded to

2385-448: The theatre, such as L'auca del senyor Esteve , written in 1907 and released a few years later. In the first decade of the twentieth century, he consolidated his prestige as a prolific painter and writer, both in Barcelona and throughout Spain and Paris. In 1899, due to a severe illness, he was reunited with his wife. When he recovered, he returned to France with his family to detoxify from morphine addiction. He became an official member of

2438-758: The time (notably with the art critic Eugenio d'Ors , who wrote in the newspaper La Veu de Catalunya ). In 1917, he was awarded the Legion of Honor by the French government. He died in Aranjuez in 1931. Manuel Azaña , president of the Spanish Republic's provisional government, ordered an official funeral in Madrid. Rusiñol was later buried in Barcelona. He studied at the studio of the painter Tomàs Moragas , where he learned drawing and various techniques, such as oil and watercolor . He first showed his work at

2491-591: The town in January 1939 and repressed the elites that had ruled the town during the Second Republic and the war. The British war journalist Henry Buckley (author of The Life and Death of the Spanish Republic , 1940) lived for a few months in Sitges during the conflict, marrying a local woman. He would eventually retire in the mid-1960s in the town, where he purchased a house and died in 1972. In 1958, political leaders ( Liberals and Conservatives ) from

2544-685: The town to Bernat de Fonollar , after whose death it went to the Pia Almoina, a charitable institution, to which it belonged until 1814. Between the late-18th century and the early-20th, the history of Sitges was dominated by its close links with Spain's overseas territories, most importantly Cuba. Thousands of youngsters from Sitges settled in Santiago de Cuba , Guantánamo and other areas in Eastern Cuba. Most of them were employed in commerce, usually working for relatives already established in

2597-576: The traditional pronunciation), the /l/ was dropped, yielding a merger with /j/ instead. Around the 12th century, word-initial /l/ became /ʎ/ , but it continued to be spelled as ⟨l⟩ until the 15th century, when it was replaced by the modern ⟨ll⟩ spelling. Latin words with ⟨ll⟩ would also come to be pronounced /ʎ/ just like in Spanish , but and unlike Spanish /ʎ/ could also appear word-finally. /v/ began to merge into /b/ in some dialects around

2650-479: The wave of artists settling in the town in the wake of Santiago Rusiñol , who established his studio (nowadays Museu del Cau Ferrat ) wealthy families from Barcelona built summer residences in Sitges, especially in the garden city known as Terramar. Sitges acquired an international reputation and attracted celebrities. American businessman, art collector, and philanthropist Charles Deering held an important art collection in Sitges between 1910 and 1921, where he built

2703-520: Was a Catalan painter , poet , journalist , collector and playwright . He was one of the leaders of the Catalan modernisme movement. He created more than a thousand paintings and wrote numerous works in Catalan and Spanish. He was born in Barcelona into a textile industrialist family from Manlleu , where they owned the textile mill town known as Can Ramissa. Santiago Rusiñol appears in

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2756-481: Was pronounced /dz/, and it would only later merge into /z/ (due to final-obstruent devoicing final ⟨z⟩ was also pronounced /ts/, as ⟨ç⟩ ). Instances of intervocalic /dz/ would be kept although with the rather different ⟨tz⟩ spelling: compare Catalan/Occitan dotze 'twelve', tretze 'thirteen', setze 'sixteen' with Old French doze, treze, seze . Later instances of intervocalic /z/ from Greek and Arabic would also give

2809-820: Was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe". The flowering of the Renaissance was closely associated with the advent of the printing press , and the first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Valencia in 1474: Trobes en llaors de la Verge maria ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary"). Santiago Rusi%C3%B1ol Santiago Rusiñol i Prats ( Catalan: [səntiˈaɣu ruziˈɲɔl] , Spanish: [santiˈaɣo rusiˈɲol] ; Barcelona 25 February 1861 – Aranjuez 13 June 1931)

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