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74-494: The 2014 Myanmar Census reported that Sittwe Township had an estimated population of 150,735. The population density was 1,289.5 people per km. The census reported that the median age was 26.8 years, and 91 males per 100 females. There were 29,036 households; the mean household size was 4.8. The 2019 General Administration Department report shows a massive increase in population between 2018 and 2019. As of 2019, it counted 170,355 foreigners of Bangladeshi origin, making Bengalis

148-622: A state . The earliest recorded Burmese census was taken in 1359 in the Pinya Kingdom . The first nationwide census was taken in 1638, and it was followed by two other nationwide censuses in 1784 and 1803. The first modern census was taken in 1891 in the British colonial period. It was carried out in 10-year intervals until 1941. After independence, the government conducted a census in 1953/54. Two more censuses were taken in 1973 and 1983 by Gen. Ne Win 's military government . According to

222-460: A common ethnic ancestry, cultural, linguistic, and familial ties, many Burmese entrepreneurs and investors of Chinese ancestry are strong adherents of the Confucian paradigm of interpersonal relationships when doing business with each other. They believed that the underlying source for entrepreneurial and investment success relied on the cultivation of personal relationships. In the early 2000s,

296-440: A container shipping line, port buildings, and toll road authorities. Mandalay remains Burma's major financial and networking hub for Burmese businessmen and investors of Chinese ancestry with thousands of prospering Chinese businesses in the city. Chinese-owned shops make up 50% of downtown economic activity, with 70% of restaurants and almost all Chinese-made commodity sale centres in the whole city being Chinese-owned. Over

370-993: A lack of interest from Burmese Chinese youth. Most Burmese Chinese practice Theravada Buddhism , while incorporating some Mahayana Buddhist and Taoist beliefs including ancestral worship . There are also some prominent Theravadin Buddhist meditation teacher of Chinese descent like Sayadaw U Tejaniya . There are several notable Chinese temples situated in Yangon, including Fushan Temple (dedicated to Qingshui Zhushi ), Kheng Hock Keong Temple (dedicated to Mazu ) and Guanyin Gumiao Temple (dedicated to Guanyin ). The minority Panthay or Chinese Muslims (回教華人; ပန်းသေးလူမျိုး , lit. "little flowers") originated from Yunnan are mainly Muslim. The Burmese Chinese have Burmese names and many also have Chinese names . Given names in various Chinese dialects are often transliterated into

444-486: A larger proportion of these businesses. The Chinese share of banking, previously at 33.3 percent, was eliminated. However, their share increased in industries like milling, agents, merchanting and most substantially in shop-keeping- which went from 6.7 to 18.3 percent. Of the 47 rice mills in Burma, 13 percent of them were Chinese controlled and were utilized for rice exportation and processing by Chinese rice merchants. During

518-639: A part of the larger business network of overseas Chinese firms operating in the markets of Greater China and Southeast Asia that also share common ties. Local Chinese-owned businesses, like noodle stalls and bakeries, that emerged after World War II became focal points of economic life in small towns throughout Burma. Today, Burma's Chinese community is at the forefront of opening up the country's economy to conduct foreign business and direct investment, especially catering it towards foreign ethnic Chinese investors, serving as an international overseas Chinese economic outpost. Despite their status as alien minorities,

592-601: A recent influx of mainland Chinese migrant workers, black market traders and gamblers. In Kachin State , which borders China in three directions, Standard Chinese is the lingua franca . Upper Myanmar has seen a demographic shift resulting from the recent immigration of many mainland Chinese to Mandalay Region , Shan , and Kachin States . Ethnic Chinese now constitute an estimated 30 to 40 per cent of Mandalay 's population. Huge swaths of land in city centre left vacant by

666-462: A slight but significant leeway to expand and ultimately assert their economic clout. For example, Sein Gay Har , a major Burmese retailer that began in Yangon's Chinatown in 1985, is owned by a Burmese family of Hakka ancestry. Moreover, Burmese businessmen of Chinese ancestry control the nations four of the five largest commercial banks, Myanmar Universal Bank, Yoma Bank, Myanmar Mayflower Bank, and

740-509: A well established middle class ethnic group and are well represented in all upper levels of Burmese society. Burmese Chinese also play a leading role in Burma's business sector and dominate the Burmese economy. In addition, Burmese Chinese have a strong presence in Burma's political scene with several people such as San Yu , Khin Nyunt , and Ne Win having been major political figures. In

814-567: Is more than double the official estimate of 4 million." The United Nations has agreed to assist the Burmese government in conducting the census. In the two years leading up to the census, UNFPA assisted in surveyor training and drafting the census forms. The estimated total cost of the census is US$ 58.5 million, of which the Burmese government is paying US$ 15 million. The UNFPA is contributing US$ 5 million and Britain's Department for International Development (DFID) has donated over US$ 16 million. The United Nations and foreign governments including

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888-649: Is well preserved in Upper Myanmar. Although General Ne Win 's rule (1962–1988) enacted the ban on Chinese-language schools that caused a decline of Mandarin speakers, the number of Chinese schools is growing again. (Note: Standard Chinese refers to the national language of the PRC and Taiwan , distinct from the Southwestern Mandarin dialect of the Upper Myanmar , Kokang and Panthay ). At

962-617: The Burmese language , the Chinese are called Tayoke ( တရုတ် , tarut , pronounced [təjoʊʔ] ) and formerly spelt တရုပ် ( tarup ). The earliest evidence of this term dates to the Bagan Era , in the 13th century, during which it referred to the territory and a variety of peoples to the north and northeast of Myanmar. Various scholars have proposed that it comes from the Chinese term for "Turk" (突厥, Tūjué / tú jué ); from

1036-514: The Burmese language , using phonetic transcriptions or translated. For example, a Burmese Chinese person named 'Khin Aung' may have the Chinese name of 慶豐 ( Hokkien POJ : Khèng-hong), with '慶' ( Hokkien POJ : khèng) corresponding to 'Khin', and '豐' ( Hokkien POJ : hong) corresponding to 'Aung'. However, variations of transcription do exist (between dialects), and some Burmese Chinese do not choose to adopt similar-sounding Burmese and Chinese names. Because

1110-565: The Kokang people predominate there. The Panthay have long been considered distinct from the Han Chinese diaspora community. They are Chinese Muslims who are called Hui in China. Finally, there are the tayoke kabya ( တရုတ်ကပြား ) of mixed Chinese and indigenous Burmese parentage. The kabya ( ကပြား , meaning "hybrid") have a tendency to follow the customs of the Chinese more than of

1184-704: The Ne Win 's government happened in 1963, most Burmese Chinese were enrolled in schools where Mandarin Chinese was the medium of instruction with Burmese as a second language. Notable Chinese schools at that time include: Historically, Burmese Chinese have made their livelihoods as merchants, traders, and shopkeepers as well as manual labourers such as indentured labourers (pejoratively called "coolies"); dockers, municipal workers, rickshaw men, and pony cart drivers. They were also heavily represented in certain professions such as civil servants, university lecturers, pharmacists, opticians, lawyers, engineers, and doctors. In Yangon,

1258-598: The People's Republic of China as a nation. However, its own Chinese population was treated as aliens. The Burmese Chinese were issued foreign registration cards (FRC) in a tiered citizenship system adopted by the post-independence government. When the Chinese Communists expelled the Kuomintang , many fled to Myanmar and Thailand over the borders of Yunnan Province . The Burmese government fought and removed

1332-521: The Song and Ming dynasties. In the 18th century, Ming dynasty princes settled in Kokang (the northern part of present-day Myanmar). Chinese traders, however, travelled as far as the capital city as well as northern towns on the Irrawaddy such as Bhamo . Some of them stayed and started a Chinese community at Amarapura , and when King Mindon moved his capital to Mandalay in 1859, the Chinese were

1406-604: The United States , and Australia have pledged to help bridge the gap. Provisional results were released in August 2014. The data were from the Enumeration Area Summary sheets, completed by enumerators and verified by supervisors in the field. The provisional results provided the total population by sex and administrative unit, from national, state/region, district down to township level. It also showed

1480-610: The Wa language , spoken in the borderlands between Yunnan Province and Shan State , the word for Chinese is Hox/Hawx , pronounced /hɔʔ/ . The Hakkas , Hokkiens and Cantonese comprised 45 per cent of the ethnic Chinese population. The Yunnanese comprised 30 to 40 per cent of the ethnic Chinese population. The Hakkas are further subdivided into those with ancestry from Fujian Province and Guangdong Province, called eingyi shay haka ( အင်္ကျီရှည်ဟကာ ) and eingyi to haka ( အင်္ကျီတိုဟကာ ) respectively. In Upper Myanmar and Shan Hills,

1554-534: The 1970s, anti-Chinese riots as well as Anti-Indian sentiment continued to flare up and many believed they were covertly supported by the government. Similarly, Chinese shops were looted and set on fire. Public attention was successfully diverted by Ne Win from the uncontrollable inflation , scarcity of consumer items and rising prices of rice . The 1982 Citizenship Law further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese and severely limited them from attending professional tertiary schools. During this period,

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1628-452: The 1982 Citizenship Law further restricted Burmese citizenship for Burmese Chinese (as it stratified citizenship into three categories: full, associate, and naturalised) and severely limited Burmese Chinese, especially those without full citizenship and those holding FRCs, from attending professional tertiary schools, including medical, engineering, agricultural and economics institutions. Many wealthy Sino-Burmese families send their children to

1702-545: The 1983 census, the population of the country was 35,442,972, and the Bamar accounted for 69 per cent of the population. The Burmese government estimated the population to be 60.98 million in October 2012, based on approximate reproduction rates. The census was taken in 80,985 areas across the nation. Officials prepared 41 questions for households and 11 questions for organizations. The census faces several challenges. In

1776-465: The 1990s alone, about 250,000 to 300,000 Yunnanese were estimated to have migrated to Mandalay. The Mandalay's population from about 500,000 in 1980 to one million in 2008 and the percentage of local Burmese reduced to less than 50. Chinese festivals are now firmly embedded in the city's cultural calendar. Mainland Chinese immigrants into Mandalay of this time, came with capital to purchase prime real estate allowing them to take over central Mandalay during

1850-407: The 1990s, Chinese real estate investors began building and speculating as property values doubled and tripled, which resulted indigenous Burmese being pushed further away from the city center of Mandalay. The increased economic clout held in the hands of the Chinese in Burma has triggered distrust, envy, resentment and anti-Chinese hostility among the indigenous Burmese majority. According to Amy Chua,

1924-601: The 2014 census to count Burmese refugees living in Thailand , who are estimated to number 130,000 people and Burmese nationals living abroad. Rohingya, described as Bengalis in Myanmar, will be counted under the "Other" ethnicity category on the census, along with ethnic Chinese and Pakistani residents. On 29 March 2014, the government banned the word Rohingya and asked Muslims to register themselves as Bengalis despite UN assurances. In protest, most Rohingyas boycotted

1998-468: The Asia Wealth Bank. As the indigenous Bamars were known for their graceful hospitality towards non-Burmese ethnics, newly settled Han Chinese immigrants began to capitalize on business opportunities and carving out niches that the Chinese community were well known for specializing in following Burma's acceptance of free-market capitalism in 1988. Many artisan products historically produced by

2072-596: The Burmese Chinese Chamber of Commerce was founded. It acts as a guild, business networking centre and commercial lookout helping local Business businessmen and ethnic Chinese investors to secure and protect shared economic interests. The 8888 Uprising saw Burmese political literature that expressed anti-Chinese sentiment, with many reflecting on "public outrage" at the takeover of Mandalay by Chinese migrants who care not for cultural preservation or local morality. Underlying resentment and bitterness from

2146-418: The Burmese. Indeed, tayoke kabya who follow Burmese customs are absorbed into and largely indistinguishable from mainstream Burmese society. A large portion of Burmese Chinese is thought to have some kabya blood, possibly because immigrants could acquire Burmese citizenship through intermarriage with the indigenous Burmese peoples. The earliest records of Chinese migration into present-day Myanmar were in

2220-450: The Chinese disapora in the 1980s and Chinese companies tended to hire ethnic Chinese. Today, the majority of Burmese Chinese live in the major cities of Yangon , Mandalay , Taunggyi , Bago , and their surrounding areas. Although there are Chinatowns ( တရုတ်တန်း ; tayoke tan ) in the major cities, the Chinese are widely dispersed throughout the country. Yangon is home to nearly 100,000 Chinese. The northern region of Myanmar has seen

2294-616: The Chinese nationalist ( တရုတ်ဖြူ , lit. "White Chinese") or communist ( တရုတ်နီ , lit. "Red Chinese") movements. However, fewer than 10 per cent of Burmese Chinese of school age attended Chinese language schools. Similarly, about 80 clan associations operated in the 1950s. In 1962, Ne Win led the Socialist coup d'état , establishing the Revolutionary Council under the Burmese Way to Socialism . In February 1963,

Sittwe Township - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-569: The Enterprise Nationalization Law was passed, effectively nationalising all major industries and prohibiting the formation of new factories. This law adversely affected many industrialists and entrepreneurs, especially those without the full citizenship. The government's economic nationalisation program further prohibited foreigners, including the non-citizen Chinese, from owning land, sending remittances, getting business licences and practising medicine. Such policies led to

2442-717: The Hokkien community was the dominant business force amongst the Chinese with the Cantonese occupying a smaller niche of artisan and cottage industries.. Between 1895 and 1930, Chinese-owned Burmese businesses were initially concentrated within the brokerage, manufacturing, and contracting sectors. Under British colonial rule, the Chinese share of the businesses was reduced in all sectors, but most significantly from 28.5 to 10 percent in manufacturing, 26.6 to 1.8 percent in brokerage, and 31 to 4.3 percent in contracting while Burmese Indians improved their economic positions and controlled

2516-428: The area along Sinohdan, Latha, and Maung Khaing Streets (with Cantonese typically living above Maha Bandula Road and Hokkiens living below), constituted 9.5 per cent of Rangoon 's population. During this period, there was a sharp rise in the number of private Chinese language schools , primarily teaching Mandarin , in Burma, from 65 in 1935 to 259 in 1953 and 259 at its peak in 1962, with many such schools affiliated to

2590-449: The armed KMT and forced them to Taiwan ; those who managed to stay prospered. In the 1950s, discriminatory policies against overseas Chinese encompassed citizenship, government employment, approval for business regulations and licensing, loan extensions and permission to make remittances. Within every Burmese city and town, stood Chinese-owned general merchandise stores as 40 percent of Burmese Chinese acted as merchants and traders across

2664-596: The beginnings of a major exodus of Burmese Chinese to other countries—some 100,000 Chinese left Burma. Although a kabya himself, Ne Win banned Chinese-language education and created other measures to compel the Chinese to leave. Ne Win's government stoked up racial animosity and ethnic conflicts against the Indians and Chinese Burmese, who were terrorised by Burmese citizens, the most violent riots taking place in 1967. All schools were nationalised, including Chinese language schools. Beginning in 1967 and continuing throughout

2738-572: The census and an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State , Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted. More females (51.8%) were counted than males (48.2%). People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. The most populated areas were Yangon Region (14.3%), Ayeyawady Region (12.0%) and Mandalay Region (12.0%). The least populated areas were Naypyidaw Union Territory (2.3%), Chin State (0.9%) and Kayah State (0.6%). Overall, there were 93 males for every 100 females in

2812-574: The census. On 16 March 2014, Rakhine mobs protested across Rakhine State, egged on by monk Ashin Wirathu demanding that the census be stopped or changed to prevent the Rohingyas from being able to define their ethnicity. Furthermore, according to The Economist , "There are also fears of a backlash from Buddhist nationalists, should the census show, as many think it will, that the Muslim population

2886-598: The central city's Burmese Chinese areas are too expensive for them. Tensions have grown between local Burmese and new Chinese businesspeople due to cultural differences. Much of the influx of foreign investment capital into the Burmese economy from mainland and overseas Chinese investors have been channelled through the bamboo network to help launch new companies and executing potential business acquisitions. Burmese Chinese network not just with each other, but also with senior Burmese government officials through activities like golf . Moreover, Chinese-owned Burmese businesses form

2960-533: The city's English language schools for primary and secondary education and Chinese and Singaporean Universities for education. Presently, many wealthy Burmese Chinese send their children overseas—in particular to Thailand , Malaysia and Singapore , for advanced studies. Taiwan is also a major destination, as the Taiwanese government offers aid and scholarship incentives to 'returning' overseas Chinese to study and settle there. Until vast nationalisation by

3034-430: The city's development has also been amplified by additional investment from mainland and overseas Chinese investment through bamboo networks . The influence of mainland China is felt throughout the city, leading locals to call Mandalay a "Chinese city". Recent immigrants from China move to Mandalay for business, without intent to settle there. These "new Chinese" move into new Chinese neighbourhoods outside Mandalay, as

Sittwe Township - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-597: The close relationship between Myanmar's military rulers and the People's Republic of China helped push reform for the Chinese disapora in the 1980s. In additional, Chinese companies tended to hire ethnic Chinese. The rise of China in the 2010s and the influx of "new Chinese" have created unease among the Burmese Chinese who both welcome increased cultural understanding and fear animosity to China's policies being directed at all people of Chinese descent. Beyond sharing

3182-641: The colonial legislature, the House of Representatives. After World War II , displaced Burmese Chinese (whose pre-war homes were in Burma), were the most numerous group of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia to request repatriation to return to Burma, according to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration . During the 1950s, Burma was one of the first countries to recognise

3256-617: The country following the Second World War. Chinese-style bakeries and patisseries, noodle stalls, watch repair shops, cosmetic retailers, and grocery stores became focal points of economic life throughout small towns in Burma. With growing ambitions, Chinese immigrants sought more aggressive entrepreneurial and investment dealings by venturing into most profitable business opportunities, such as liquour stores and pawn brokerage houses. In 1952, Kheng Hock Keong Temple publications estimated that ethnic Chinese, who lived in enclaves in

3330-410: The country since the last census. Other challenges include a systemic lack of expertise—most of the civil servants who worked on the 1973 and 1983 censuses are now retired or deceased/unfindable, low levels of awareness among the population about the census, and the difficulty of reaching areas with active fighting such as Kachin State , Shan State and Kayin State . The Burmese government plans in

3404-505: The country's entire economy." According to a 2015 presentation by Professor Choi Ho Rim, the contemporary Burmese Chinese are estimated to effectively control approximately 76 percent of the nation's entire economy. Chinese enclaves have sprung up across major cities throughout the country. After the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) came to power in 1988 and liberalised the economy , Chinese-owned Burmese businesses gain

3478-408: The country's failing economy and widespread discrimination accelerated an emigration of Burmese Chinese out of Burma. In 1988, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) came to power, and gradually loosened the government's role in the economy, encouraging private sector growth and foreign investment. This liberalisation of state's role in the economy, if slight and uneven, nonetheless gave

3552-462: The country. It contains text, tables, graphs and maps on the size and geographical distribution of the population by sex and age, marital status, education, economic characteristics, fertility, mortality, migration and the characteristics of housing units and household amenities. The publication of main census results that require manual coding and further consultations is planned for early 2016. This publication will contain thematic analysis reports on

3626-646: The country. Only in Kachin State were there more males than females; in Kayah and Shan State the numbers of males and females were almost equal. The rest of the states and regions had more females than males. There were 14,864,119 persons living in Wards (urban areas) throughout the country. This represented 29.6% of the total population. Yangon Region was the most urbanised (70.1%), followed by Kachin State (36.0%). Magway Region (15.1%) and Ayeyawady Region (14.1%) were

3700-531: The country. The average household size was highest in Kachin State and Chin State at 5.1. The lowest household sizes were observed in Ayeyawady Region, Bago Region , Magway Region and Naypyidaw Union Territory, each at 4.1. The main results, released in May 2015, comprise two series of publications containing detailed national and regional information, and a report for each of the 15 states and regions in

3774-483: The economic crises of the early 1990s. The predominance of Chinese became a source of racial tensions between the two communities. The Burmese Chinese place a high importance on education and represent a disproportionately high share of those with advanced (medical, engineering or doctorate) degrees in Myanmar. The figure would be higher still had it not been for the longstanding ban on those without Burmese citizenship from pursuing advanced degrees when Ne Win instigated

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3848-517: The end of 2012, Mizzima News reported that an increasing number of young Burmese Chinese are expressing interest in Chinese language, taking language courses even when their parents don't understand Chinese. However, this trend is not necessarily indicative of an interest in joining Chinese community or cultural organisations, as many of their parents did. Groups like the Myanmar Overseas Young Chinese League report

3922-450: The ethnic Chinese-led businesses extra space to expand and reassert their economic power. Today, the majority of retail, wholesale and import trade businesses are run by the Burmese Chinese today. Despite their status as alien minorities, the close relationship between the military rulers of Burma and the People's Republic of China led to the issues of Burmese Chinese being treated with more sensitivity. Furthermore, Beijing pushed reform for

3996-429: The fires were later illegally purchased, mostly by the ethnic Chinese , many of whom were recent illegal immigrants from Yunnan . The Chinese influx accelerated after the current military government came to power in 1988. The government forcibly relocated local Burmese to satellite towns as part of a City Beautification and Development Program, allowing incoming Chinese immigrants access to land in central Mandalay. In

4070-1036: The free market liberalization under SLORC rule brought virtually no economic benefit to the Bamar majority but rather the domination and looting of their country by a small handful of outsiders. Many Bamar are additionally unhappy from the dominance of Chinese language, food and a perceived lack of adherence to traditional tenets of Burmese Buddhism by the Chinese community in Mandalay. Most Burmese Chinese speak Burmese in their daily life. Those with higher education also speak Standard Chinese and/or English . The use of Chinese dialects still prevails. Hokkien (a dialect of Min Nan from Quanzhou , Zhangzhou and Jinjiang ) and Taishanese (a Yue dialect akin to Cantonese) from Taishan and Xinhui are mostly used in Yangon as well as in Lower Myanmar, while Yunnanese Mandarin

4144-894: The helm of the Burmese economy as a prosperous business community. Following Burma's new market transformation, Chinese immigrants from Yunnan were able to illegally obtain identity cards on the black market to become naturalized Burmese citizens overnight. A substantial increase in foreign direct investment has poured in from mainland China, mostly ending up in Mandalay's real estate sector, through Burmese citizen intermediaries of Chinese ancestry. As Mandalay became more economically prosperous, existing Burmese Chinese have facilitated continued immigration from China. Prime real estate in central Mandalay have been bought by wealthy Chinese businessmen and investors. Large commercial real estate projects, such as hotels or shopping centres, are typically developed by Chinese businessmen and real estate investors. The Burmese Chinese business community's impact on

4218-478: The highly lucrative rice and gem industries. Many Chinese merchants and traders owning both wholesale and retail businesses. Unlike in British Malaya, where most Chinese were coolie labourers, the Chinese in Burma were largely from the artisan and merchant classes. They integrated well into Burmese society not least because they, like the Bamar, were of Sino-Tibetan stock and were Buddhists , implicit in

4292-427: The impoverished Burmese majority has been accumulating as indigenous Burmese lack substantial business equity in Burma and have not profited from economic liberalisation like the Burmese Chinese. Chinese economic clout in cities like Mandalay grew at the same time that State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) junta forcibly relocated Burmese as a means of social control. During the Burmese property boom in

4366-509: The indigenous Burmans have been entirely displaced by cheaper and higher-quality Chinese consumer imports. Chinese equipment imported, however, tend to be low-quality with such exports being produced in exchange for high-quality exports to China. Burmese entrepreneurs of Chinese ancestry have become dominant figures in key industries following the economic liberalisation of the State Peace and Development Council rule in 1989. These include

4440-521: The last 30 years, the entrepreneurial Chinese minority transformed Mandalay into a booming modern metropolis filled with foreign businesses and gem trading centers. The country's post-1988 economic liberalization and Burma's open-door immigration policy attracted many poor Chinese migrants from Yunnan in search of economic opportunity who brought talent, skills, goods and services, and capital, reshaping Mandalay's economic landscape. Arriving impoverished, Burmese businessmen of Chinese ancestry now sit at

4514-457: The last few decades of the 19th century, the Chinese diversified into rural money-lending and agenting for petroleum and natural gas. Some businessmen also ran illicit opium and gambling dens, teahouses and liquor stores. Like much of Southeast Asia, ethnic Chinese form a dominant minority in Burmese commerce at every level of society. According to Amy Chua 's 2003 book World on Fire , entrepreneurial savvy Chinese have "literally taken over

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4588-585: The late 1980s onwards as all businesses had to be built up from nothing. Burmese-Chinese also have small businesses like hawkers who sell bicycle tires or new Chinese immigrant farmers growing rice in northern Burma. Businessman Lo Hsing Han and industrialist Kyaw Win, are prominent examples of Burma's native-born tycoons of Chinese ancestry. Working with and bribing the SLORC government, these men have come to manage major banks, airlines such as Yangon Airways , teak logging companies, gemstone mining concessions. Lo

4662-580: The least urbanised. The results showed a nationwide population density of 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi). Yangon Region was the most densely populated Region, (723 per square kilometre (1,870/sq mi)), followed by Mandalay (206 per square kilometre (530/sq mi)). The least densely populated States were Kachin State (19 per square kilometre (49/sq mi)) and Chin State (13 per square kilometre (34/sq mi)). The provisional census results indicated that there were 10,889,348 households in Myanmar. On average, 4.4 people lived in each household in

4736-540: The major topics covered in the census. Migrants who had left to neighboring nations for work were naturally not included in population reports. A fair percentage had returned after the census due to undocumented labor crackdowns. Chinese Burmese Chinese Burmese , also Sino-Burmese or Tayoke ( Burmese : တရုတ် ), are Burmese citizens of Han Chinese ethnicity. They are a group of overseas Chinese born or raised in Myanmar (Burma). Burmese Chinese are

4810-536: The majority ethnic group in the township. Accordingly, Islam is the majority religion in the township making it one of few townships in Myanmar where Buddhism is not the majority religion. 20°09′00″N 92°54′00″E  /  20.1500°N 92.9000°E  / 20.1500; 92.9000 This Rakhine State location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 2014 Myanmar Census The Myanmar census 2014 ( Burmese : ၂၀၁၄ ခုနှစ် လူဦးရေနှင့် အိမ်အကြောင်းအရာ သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း )

4884-460: The name of Dali (大理國, Dàlǐguó ), the capital of the Kingdom of Nanzhao ; a Chinese corruption of the term Dàyuèzhī (大月支 or 大月氏), a Chinese term referring to Mongol-speaking Kushan Huns . The adoption of Tayoke as an exonym for the Han Chinese was not an established practice until the 19th century. In the 1940s and 1950s, the term paukphaw ( ပေါက်ဖော် , lit.   ' sibling ' )

4958-400: The nickname pauk hpaw ( ပေါက်ဖော် , lit. "sibling"). During British rule, marriage between the Chinese and Burmese, particularly Chinese men and Burmese women, was the most common form of intermarriage in Burma, as evidenced by a High Court ruling on the legal status of Sino-Burmese marriages under Burmese Buddhist law. From 1935 until the end of British rule, the Chinese were represented in

5032-614: The only community that decided to stay behind. Many of their descendants intermarried into the host society and remain important and respected citizens of Amarapura. Another wave of immigration occurred in the 19th century under the British colonial administration . Britain encouraged immigration of the Indians and Chinese to British Burma , and such incentives for work opportunities and enterprise and for accumulating wealth attracted many Chinese immigrants. They primarily came to Burma via British Malaya . The Chinese quickly became dominant in

5106-570: The past censuses of 1973 and 1983, the country's ongoing armed conflicts put many parts of the country out of reach. As a result, several thousands of people (many of whom were hill-tribe peoples) in border regions were never counted. Another challenge is to ensure that everyone, regardless of citizenship, is counted. These include the Rohingya in northern Rakhine State , who are officially classified as stateless, as well as hundreds of thousands of immigrants from China , who have illegally entered

5180-401: The population sizes of Yangon , Mandalay , Naypyidaw and state/region capitals. Other information included were indicators such as sex ratio and population density. The results showed that the total population is 51,419,420—a figure well below the last available official population estimate of 60.98 million in October 2012. This total population included 50,213,067 persons counted during

5254-596: The timber industry- primarily teak- and gemstones- primarily rubies. The Chinese have been the chief driving force behind Burma's gem mining industry and jade exports. Burma's booming gem industry is operated by Chinese hands at every level, from the financiers and concession operators to retail merchants of newly opened gem markets. One Chinese-owned jewelry company reportedly controls 100 gem mines and produces over 2,000 kilograms of raw rubies annually. The autarky of Ne Win 's rule gave Chinese-owned small businesses like restaurants, karoake bars and hotels an advantage in

5328-512: Was a nationwide census between 30 March and 10 April 2014 in Myanmar (Burma). 100,000 school teachers counted the population at midnight 29 March. The theme of the census campaign was A nationwide census – Let us all Participate . The government officially recognises 135 ethnic groups . Major groups include the majority Bamar ethnic group, and the Chin , Karen , Kayah , Kachin , Mon , Rakhine and Shan , each of which gives its name to

5402-405: Was also an opium warlord, gaining economic clout by cutting deals with the government to resolve conflict in his native Kokang . Like him, many Chinese Burmese dominate the black market of Myanmar like any other economic industry. Lo's son, Steven Law is also a prominent businessman well known for being at the helm of Burma's largest conglomerate company Asia World , whose investments include

5476-550: Was co-opted as an affectionate term for the Chinese, and is now typically used in the context of diplomatic ties between China and Myanmar. The term itself purportedly originates from a Burmese myth about the Chinese and Burmese peoples as being descendants of the same parents, a dragon princess and a sun god. In the Mon language , the Chinese are known as Krawk ( ကြုက် , /krɜk/ ); in Shan , they are called Khe ( ၶႄႇ , /kʰɛ˨/ ). In

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