The Sikorsky S-40 was an American amphibious flying boat built by Sikorsky in the early 1930s for Pan American Airways . During WW2 they were used by the United States Navy for training.
45-531: This was the first of flying clippers, large flying boats of the 1930s used for long distance air travel. More advanced designs soon followed, but the S-40 was big step forward as it could carry 38 passengers as opposed to the S-38's eight. Sikorsky designed the S-40 in response to a request from Juan Trippe , president of Pan American Airways , for a larger passenger-carrying airplane. The S-40 could carry 38 passengers,
90-643: A commercial pilot licence , and some require an airline transport pilot licence (ATPL). In the US, the pilot in command of a scheduled air carriers' aircraft must hold an ATPL. In the UK, pilots must hold an ATPL before they be pilot in command of an aircraft with 9 or more passenger seats. Not all activities involving pilot remuneration require a commercial pilot licence. For example, in European Union Aviation Safety Agency states and
135-459: A space weather event causes radiation exposure to exceed the safe level set by aviation authorities, the aircraft's flight path is diverted. While the most significant — but highly unlikely — health consequences of atmospheric radiation exposure include death from radiation-induced cancer due to long-term exposure, many lifestyle-degrading and career-impacting cancer forms can also occur. A cancer diagnosis can have significant career impact for
180-511: A commercial pilot. A cancer diagnosis can ground a pilot temporarily or permanently. International guidelines from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) have been developed to mitigate this statistical risk. The ICRP recommends effective dose limits of a 5-year average of 20 mSv per year with no more than 50 mSv in a single year for nonpregnant, occupationally exposed persons, and 1 mSv per year for
225-681: A hired Fairchild FC-2 floatplane being delivered to West Indian Aerial Express in the Dominican Republic . The return flight from Havana to Key West, in a Pan Am Fokker F.VII , took place October 29, being delayed from October 28 by rain. Later, Trippe bought the China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) to provide domestic air service in the Republic of China , and became a partner in Panagra . In
270-713: A pontoon striking a rail at the edge of ramp. Beaching is when the flying boat is on the water, but brings its wheels down to come on to land, usually by a seaplane ramp. Another was damaged at Dinner Key in April 1943, and then returned to Pan-American by the Navy, however it was not returned to service but was used for spare parts. Data from American airplane specifications General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Juan Trippe Juan Terry Trippe (June 27, 1899 – April 3, 1981)
315-407: A private flight. Conversely, a private pilot could legally fly a multi-engine complex aircraft carrying passengers for non-commercial purposes (no compensation paid to the pilot, and a pro rata or larger portion of the aircraft operating expenses paid by the pilot). The magnetosphere guides cosmic ray and solar energetic particles to polar latitudes, while high-energy charged particles enter
360-512: A reconciliation, but changed his mind and turned around shortly after departing from his office in the Chrysler Building . Pan Am continued to expand worldwide throughout World War II. Trippe is responsible for several innovations in the airline world. A firm believer in the idea of air travel for all, Trippe is credited as the father of the tourist class in the airline industry, and was the driving force behind Pan Am's formation of
405-517: A significant increase over the S-38 's eight passengers. Wind tunnel testing of the S-40 started in October 1928, and models of the hull were tested in April 1929. The aircraft featured a pantry with an electric refrigerator and stove as well as a smoking lounge with book-ended mahogany wood paneling. Six life rafts were carried. Despite a significant size increase over the preceding S-38, the S-40 design
450-849: Is the first industry inspired by hero-worship and built upon heros". He cited the promotion in South America by Herbert Dargue in early 1927. After his 1927 trans-Atlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh made a tour of the contiguous United States , paid for by the Daniel Guggenheim Foundation for the Promotion of Aeronautics . From that point, commercial aviation took off: Roads were choked on Sundays, for weeks afterward, by motorists trying to get to Lambert Field , Lindbergh's home port in Saint Louis, to buy their first air hop. Hundreds of thousands of you went aloft for
495-459: Is to produce profit and maximize the growth of an organization. Second, legal responsibility of an organization is to be compliant with all the laws and regulations. Third, ethical responsibility of an organization to create and follow standards of right decision-making considering how it affects all the stakeholders. Fourth, philanthropic responsibility of an organization to help the community and stakeholders by "giving back". The extent of fulfilling
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#1732779589030540-598: The Boeing 747 jumbo jets . Trippe's signing of the 747 contract coincided with the 50th anniversary of Boeing . He also founded InterContinental Hotels & Resorts . Trippe was born in Sea Bright, New Jersey , on June 27, 1899, the great-great-grandson of Lieutenant John Trippe , captain of the USS ; Vixen . Because he was named " Juan ", he is widely assumed to have been of Hispanic descent, but his family
585-639: The InterContinental hotel group. Trippe quickly recognized the opportunities presented by jet aircraft and ordered several Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 airplanes. Pan Am's first scheduled jet flight was operated on October 26, 1958, by 707 Clipper America from Idlewild International Airport (now JFK) to Le Bourget Airport , Paris . The new jets allowed Pan Am to cut the flight time nearly in half, introduce lower fares, and fly more passengers in total. In 1965, Trippe asked his friend Bill Allen at Boeing to produce an airplane much larger than
630-470: The Sikorsky S-40A . Upgrades included replacing the original 575 hp (429 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1860 Hornet B engines with smaller displacement but more powerful supercharged 660 hp (490 kW) R-1690 Hornet T2D1 engines, eliminating the landing gear, and increasing the maximum weight slightly. Another source states the landing gear was removed soon after the type certificate
675-750: The Tony Jannus Award for his distinguished contributions to commercial aviation. Trippe gave up the presidency of the airline in 1968. He continued to attend meetings of the board of directors and maintained an office in the company's Park Avenue office tower . Trippe was a member of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in Scotland and president of the Maidstone Club in East Hampton, New York, from 1940 to 1944. Trippe married Elizabeth "Betty" Stettinius Trippe (1904–1983),
720-443: The mesosphere , stratosphere , and troposphere . These energetic particles at the top of the atmosphere shatter atmospheric atoms and molecules, creating harmful lower-energy particles that penetrate deep into the atmosphere and create measurable radiation. All aircraft flying above 8 km (26,200 feet) altitude are exposed to these particles. The dose exposure is greater in polar regions than in mid-latitude and equatorial regions. When
765-651: The "airline capacity regulation, regulation of non-scheduled operations, tariff enforcement, high operating costs, passenger and cargo rates." Corporate social responsibility comprises an umbrella of responsibilities of an organization towards its community, stakeholders and shareholders. Organizations who are socially responsible fulfill their triple bottom line obligations and dedicate efforts to minimize negative impact on stakeholders and shareholders. According to "The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility" by Archie B. Carroll, there are four steps of social responsibility. First, economic responsibility of an organization
810-618: The 1930s. Pan Am became the first airline to cross the Pacific Ocean with the China Clipper . Trippe served as the chairman of the board of directors of the airline for all but about two years between the founding of the company and World War II . "Sonny" Whitney , a stockholder, managed to seize this position. He later regretted his action and allowed Trippe to retake it. For a long time Trippe refused to pardon Whitney. At one point, he even agreed to meet Whitney for lunch for
855-493: The 707. The result was the Boeing 747 , and Pan Am was the first customer. Originally, Trippe believed the 747 would ultimately be destined to haul cargo only and would be replaced by faster, supersonic aircraft which were then being developed. The supersonic airliners failed to materialize, with the exception of the Concorde and Tupolev Tu-144 , and the 747 became an iconic image of international travel. In 1965, Trippe received
900-507: The NASA Automated Radiation Measurements for Aerospace Safety (ARMAS) program. ARMAS has flown hundreds of flights since 2013, mostly on research aircraft, and sent the data to the ground through Iridium satellite links. The goal is to assimilate this data into physics-based global radiation models, e.g., NASA's Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation System ( NAIRAS ), so as to provide the weather of
945-735: The S-40 entered service, based partly on input from Lindbergh. All three S-40s were built by the Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft Division of the United Aircraft in Stratford, Connecticut . The first test flight occurred on August 6, 1931. The first aircraft was christened American Clipper by Lou Henry Hoover , wife of President Herbert Hoover , on October 12, 1931 at NAS Anacostia ; after its christening, American Clipper flew around Washington, D.C. In 1935, all three aircraft were upgraded and re-designated as
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#1732779589030990-422: The UK it is possible to become a paid flight instructor with only a private pilot licence . Nonetheless, in the UK, flight instruction is considered a commercial operation. It is the purpose of the flight, not the aircraft or pilot, that determines whether the flight is commercial or private. For example, if a commercially licensed pilot flies a plane to visit a friend or attend a business meeting, this would be
1035-476: The US Navy during World War II, who used them as trainers for four-engined flight instruction. Under Navy service, the aircraft were designated Sikorsky RS-4 . (see also Sikorsky RS ) Two of the S-40 were pressed into Navy service, and called RS-4. In July 1943, an RS-4 (752V) was coming in for beaching when it struck an unforeseen submerged rock, which damaged the wheel strut, which in turn caused list that lead
1080-680: The US in 1945 pushed the Latin American countries even further away from development of aviation industry because it was simply expensive to recreate the sophisticated technology of F-80. The Latin American Civil Aviation Commission (LACAC) was formed in December 1973 "intended to provide civil aviation authorities in the region with an adequate framework for cooperation and coordination of activities related to civil aviation". In 1976, about seven percent of
1125-530: The best interests of the aviation industry. Amidst these obstacles, Argentina and the Dominican Republic made efforts in creating jet aviation rather than creating and using propeller planes. In 1944, the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation attended by all Latin American countries except Argentina drafted the clauses of aviation law. The introduction of the jet fighter F-80 by
1170-654: The first time that summer. The Aeronautical Branch was charged with issuing commercial pilot licenses , airworthiness certificates , and with investigating air accidents . After World War II, commercial aviation grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and cargo. The experience used in designing heavy bombers such as the Boeing B-29 Superfortress and Avro Lancaster could be used for designing heavy commercial aircraft. The Douglas DC-3 also made for easier and longer commercial flights. The first commercial jet airliner to fly
1215-535: The four responsibilities defines the corporate citizenship of an organization. Delta and LATAM Airlines were the only two airlines listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index , LATAM being the only airline company in the world to achieve 100% scores for efficiency, reliability and climate strategy in their corporate sustainability assessment. LATAM promotes their corporate citizenship in their 2016 Sustainability report. LATAM
1260-433: The general public. Radiation dose limits are not engineering limits. In the U.S., they are treated as an upper limit of acceptability and not a regulatory limit. Measurement of radiation at altitudes above 8 km (26,000 ft) has historically been done by instruments that record the data on board where the data are then processed later on the ground. However, a system of real-time radiation measurement has been developed through
1305-627: The premier international airline in the world. He is also credited as playing an instrumental role in the development of an intercontinental version of the Boeing 707 and the Douglas DC-8 as Trippe's determination to get a jet that could cross the Atlantic was instrumental not only in Douglas developing a long-range DC-8, but also Boeing's famed 707 as they had to redesign it in order to stay competitive with Douglas. A character based on Trippe
1350-635: The radiation environment rather than the climatology . Harry Bruno and Juan Trippe were early promoters of commercial aviation. The Air Commerce Act of 1926 began to regularize commercial aviation by establishing standards, facilitation, and promotion. An Aeronautical Branch was established in the Department of Commerce with William P. MacCracken Jr. as director. To promote commercial aviation, he told town fathers that "Communities without airports would be communities without airmail." Writing for Collier's in 1929, he noted "Commercial aviation
1395-821: The rich and powerful called Long Island Airways. Once again tapping his wealthy friends from Yale, Trippe invested in an airline named Colonial Air Transport , which was awarded a new route and an airmail contract on October 7, 1925. Interested in operating to the Caribbean , Trippe created the Aviation Corporation of the Americas. Based in Florida , the company would evolve into the unofficial United States flag carrier, Pan American Airways , commonly known as Pan Am. Pan Am's first flight took off on October 19, 1927, from Key West, Florida , to Havana , Cuba, in
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1440-630: The sister of United States Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius Jr. , in 1928. They had four children. The couple remained married until Trippe's death in 1981. Trippe suffered a stroke in September 1980, which forced him to cut back on his workload; he died after suffering a second stroke at his New York City home on April 3, 1981, at the age of 81. He is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn . In 1970, Juan Trippe
1485-634: The skies. Inspired by the major players such as the United States , the Soviet Union , Russia , France and Britain in the aviation industry . In the 1910s, Brazil and Argentina were among the first Latin American countries to possess the instruments of aircraft that were not all locally made, yet the aircraft was locally congregated. At that time, many individuals were interested to be pilots in Latin American countries, yet there were not sufficient resources and funding to support and promote
1530-408: The succeeding S-42. The S-40 was Pan American's first large flying boat. American Clipper served as the flagship of Pan Am's clipper fleet and this aircraft model was the first to earn the popular designation of "Clipper" or "Pan Am Clipper". The three S-40s served without incident during their civilian lives, flying a total of over 10 million miles. They were retired around 1940 and turned over to
1575-630: The transportation of people, goods, or mail for payment or hiring is referred to as commercial air transport. Both scheduled and unscheduled air transport operations are included. An aircraft used for specialized services including agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, advertising, etc. is referred to as aerial work. General aviation includes commercial activities such as flight instruction , aerial work, and corporate and business aviation, as well as non-commercial activities such as recreational flying. Most commercial aviation activities require at minimum
1620-404: The world logged in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This contributed to the increase of average annual rate of air traffic. Subsequently, higher passenger load factor decided the profitability of these airlines. According to C. Bogolasky, airline pooling agreements between Latin American airlines contributed to better financial performance of the airlines. The economic problems related to
1665-420: Was a conservative iteration of the smaller aircraft; the numerous flying wires and strut braces that were used in the exterior support framework caused significant drag and prompted Charles Lindbergh , retained as a consultant for Pan American, to tell Sikorsky "it would be like flying a forest through the air." Only three were built as Sikorsky began designing the more advanced and streamlined S-42 shortly after
1710-784: Was actually Northern European in ancestry and settled in Maryland in 1664. He was named after Juanita Terry, the Venezuelan wife of his great uncle. Trippe attended the Bovea School and graduated from The Hill School in 1917. He enrolled at Yale University but left to apply for flight training with the United States Navy when the United States entered World War I . After completing training in June 1918, he
1755-493: Was an American commercial aviation pioneer, entrepreneur and the founder of Pan American World Airways , one of the iconic airlines of the 20th century. He was involved in the introduction of the Sikorsky S-42 , which opened trans-Pacific airline travel, the Boeing 307 Stratoliner which introduced cabin pressurization to airline operations, the Boeing 707 which started a new era in low cost jet transportation, and
1800-887: Was designated as a Naval Aviator and was commissioned as an Ensign in the United States Navy Reserve . However, the end of World War I precluded him from flying in combat. Demobilized from active duty, he returned to Yale, graduating in 1921. While there, he was a member of St. Anthony Hall and of the Skull and Bones society. Trippe was treasurer at the first meeting of the National Intercollegiate Flying Association in 1920. After graduating from Yale, Trippe began working on Wall Street , but soon became bored. In 1922 he raised money from his old Yale classmates, selling them stock in his new airline, an air-taxi service for
1845-590: Was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum . Trippe is widely regarded as the last of the greatest aviation pioneers along with industry titans such as American Airlines' C. R. Smith , United Airlines' William A. "Pat" Patterson , Eastern Airlines' Eddie Rickenbacker , TWA's Howard Hughes and Delta Air Lines' Collett E. Woolman . Under his control, Pan American World Airways became
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1890-824: Was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio. In 1985, Trippe was posthumously awarded the Medal of Freedom by United States President Ronald Reagan . Trippe was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1990. An endowed chair at the Yale University School of Management is the "Juan Trippe Professor in the Practice of International Trade, Finance, and Business". In 1982, Trippe
1935-499: Was issued. Passenger carrying service was initiated on November 19, 1931, with a S-40 piloted by Charles Lindbergh and Basil Rowe, flying from Miami, Florida to the Panama Canal Zone with stops at Cienfuegos , Cuba; Kingston, Jamaica , and Barranquilla , Colombia. Igor Sikorsky , the aircraft's designer, was on board as a passenger; during that trip, Sikorsky and Lindbergh began working on concepts that were used in
1980-702: Was played by Pat O'Brien in Ray Enright 's 1936 film The China Clipper . Trippe was played by Alec Baldwin in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 film The Aviator . Commercial aviation Commercial aviation is the part of civil aviation that involves operating aircraft for remuneration or hire, as opposed to private aviation . Commercial aviation is not a rigorously defined category. All commercial air transport and aerial work operations are regarded as commercial aviation, as well as some general aviation flights. An aircraft operation involving
2025-534: Was the British de Havilland DH.106 Comet . By 1952, the British state airline British Overseas Airways Corporation had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, including the crashing of BOAC Flight 781 and South African Airways Flight 201 . By the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to
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