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116-574: As a songwriter , he wrote on a range of topics, including the joys of freedom and travel as well as the anguish of tortured love. This was often inspired by his personal experiences, such as his beginnings in a small town in rural Nova Scotia where he endured extreme poverty , abuse , and physically punishing labor during the Great Depression . His mother encouraged him to follow his dream of becoming an entertainer like his idol, country star Jimmie Rodgers . Snow won various music awards and

232-411: A brackish lake named Lake Wallace existed in the centre of the south beach. At its largest, it extended for many miles; indeed, during World War II, amphibious aircraft landed on it. Over the years, the lake shrank with an infilling of sand, until in late 2011, it filled in entirely and disappeared. Since the south beach is subject to flooding during fall storms, photos often show water in the area around

348-647: A naturalized American citizen in 1958. He continued to reference Canada in his works, such as with the 1968 album My Nova Scotia Home . Snow was recognized as a gifted songwriter and in 1978 was elected to the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame . In Canada, he was ten times voted that country's top country music performer. In 1979, he was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame , the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and

464-403: A recording studio that oversees the production and recording of the final product. However, record producers can be involved in co-writing songs as the composer wearing two hats as the producer and songwriter as they may write and compose the original music such as the beat and then oversee the production that takes control of the recording sessions with the artist and engineer all the way down to

580-589: A Canadian stamp and coin in 2005. In 1970 Stompin' Tom Connors published his song "Sable Island" in 1970's Stompin' Tom Meets Big Joe Mufferaw . Canadian folk singer Catherine McKinnon recorded a song arranged by Don Gillis also entitled "Sable Island" for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1975. The first line of the Buck 65 song "Blood of a Young Wolf" is "Ten thousand horses, Sable Island, endless summer." The island has been

696-535: A backpack version of the Street View car camera around an area on the centre of the island, part of Google's Trekker program which explores off-road scenic locations. The route follows a hiking route that Parks Canada staff uses to escort adventure tourists who visit the island. Sable Island is a narrow, crescent-shaped sandbar with a surface area estimated around 34 km (13 sq mi). Despite being approximately 43.15 km (26.81 mi) long, it

812-518: A composer and a lyricist ( Andrew Lloyd Webber with Tim Rice , or Elton John with Bernie Taupin ), a performer and a producer ( Madonna with Patrick Leonard or Mariah Carey with Walter Afanasieff ), or between bandmates ( Mick Jagger and Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones or Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA ). According to Billboard , the songwriting partnership between John Lennon and Paul McCartney remains

928-458: A few months, he adopted the name "The Cowboy Blue Yodeler" in homage to his idol Jimmie Rodgers, known as "America's Blue Yodeler." Since Snow's Saturday show had no sponsor, he was not paid for his performances, but he did manage to earn money playing halls and clubs in towns where people had heard him on the radio. He also played in Halifax theatres before the movies started and performed, for $ 10

1044-495: A local chocolate factory. She soon became pregnant and gave birth to their only child, Jimmie Rodgers Snow. At one point, Snow spotted a picture of a guitar for $ 12.95 in Eaton's catalogue. He figured he could sell his old guitar for five dollars, but since he still wasn't working, he wondered how he would raise the additional $ 7.95. The answer came when a storeowner in the village of Blue Rocks hired him to paint yellow pinstripes on

1160-429: A management contract with Presley, but before long, Snow was out and Parker had full control over the rock singer's career. Forty years after leaving Parker, Snow stated, "I have worked with several managers over the years and have had respect for them all except one. Tom Parker [Snow refused to recognize the honorary title "Colonel"] was the most egotistical, obnoxious human being I've ever had dealings with." Snow became

1276-402: A number of elements for a song, including an introduction, various verses and a chorus. At minimum, a songwriter must prepare a lead sheet for a song, which consists of one or more pieces of sheet music with the melody notes and chord progression indicated on it. The songwriter may expand upon the melody and chord progression by adding an instrumental melody (which may occur before or after

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1392-564: A permanently occupied station on Sable Island until August 20, 2019. In addition to weather studies, research on the island expanded to a range of ecological and wildlife studies due to its unique position in the Atlantic. Sable Island is specifically mentioned in the British North America Act 1867 , Part 4, Section 91 as being the special responsibility of the federal government ("the exclusive Legislative Authority of

1508-516: A publisher can be the first step for any professional songwriting career, with some writers with a desire for greater independence outgrowing this set-up once they achieve a degree of success. Songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company so that he could "keep as much [publishing income] as possible and say how it's going to be done." A beatmaker

1624-439: A recording contract and the release of his first record, with "The Prisoned Cowboy" coupled with "Lonesome Blue Yodel." Snow spent his entire career with RCA Victor, recording for the label until 1981. A weekly CBC radio show brought him national recognition and he began touring Canada until the late 1940s, when American country music stations began playing his records. Snow moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1949, and "Hank Snow,

1740-408: A rock producer that may rarely contribute as a co-writer of a song. A top-line writer or top-liner is a songwriter who writes a song over a pre-made beat. In top-lining, the writer is not creating a song from scratch, but rather creating lyrics and melodies over an existing music genre , tonality , harmony , rhythm , and form of a song. In modern commercial writing, it is a common practice for

1856-609: A self-obsessed country star partly based on Hank Snow. Snow is played by Australian actor David Wenham in Baz Luhrmann 's Elvis . Snow is referenced in the opening lines of Jimmy Buffett 's 1974 song "The Wino and I Know." The character of Heikki Lunta , a fictitious Finnish snow god in the local culture of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, is named from the Finnish translation of Hank Snow. Heikki Lunta's mythology and songs—to sing, dance, and bring large amounts of snow, or to do

1972-470: A single Scots pine . Although planted in the 1960s, it is only a few feet tall. It is decorated yearly as a Christmas tree in December as part of a tradition among the station staff. The island is home to over 550 free-roaming horses according to a 2016 report, protected by law from human interference. During a 2017–2018 study, the estimated population was 500 horses, up from the roughly 300 recorded in

2088-536: A song becomes a hit record ; legally, in the US, songs written after 1934 may be copied only by the authors. The legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law . Songwriters can be employed in a variety of different ways. They may exclusively write lyrics or compose music alongside another artist, present songs to A&R , publishers, agents and managers for consideration. Song pitching can be done on

2204-473: A song created under an employment contract cannot be "recaptured" by the writer after 35 years. In Nashville, young writers are often strongly encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the whole industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favoured in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract. Obtaining a staff writer contract with

2320-472: A songwriter's behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax , the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters . Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity. Staff writers do not necessarily get printed credit for their contributions to the song. Songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers . Being

2436-430: A staff writer effectively means that, during the term of the songwriter's contract with the publisher, all their songs are automatically published by that company and cannot be published elsewhere. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a strong staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal "9-to-5" hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary, says staff writer Gary Growden. This salary

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2552-482: A weather station. Several generations of island staff were born and raised families of their own on the island, although a decline in shipwrecks gradually reduced the size of the lifesaving community. Only two people have been born on Sable Island since 1920. Improvements in navigation led to a dramatic drop in shipwrecks by the mid 20th century. As such, the rescue station on Sable was reduced and eventually closed in 1958. The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) first automated in

2668-637: A week, on a CHNS musical show sponsored by a company that manufactured a popular laxative. At the urging of the station's chief engineer and announcer, he adopted the name Hank because it went well with cowboy songs and once again, influenced by Jimmie Rodgers, he became "Hank, The Yodeling Ranger." Snow also appeared occasionally on the CBC 's regional network. Snow's audition with the Canadian division of RCA Victor in Montreal, Quebec , on October 29, 1936, led to

2784-416: A year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, though October through January are the wettest months due to frequent and intense fall and winter storms. Being located in the path of major frontal storms and tropical cyclones year-round, most of the precipitation comes from these storms. Thunderstorms are occasional, and happen on an average of 11 days per year. There are frequent heavy fogs in

2900-612: Is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame , the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Music Hall of Fame . The Hank Snow Museum in Liverpool, Nova Scotia is dedicated to his life and work. Clarence Eugene "Hank" Snow was born on May 9, 1914 in the small community of Brooklyn in Queens County , Nova Scotia to George Snow (1886–1966) and Maude Marie Hatt (1889–1953). He

3016-478: Is a small Canadian island situated 300 km (190 mi) southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia , and about 175 km (109 mi) southeast of the closest point of mainland Nova Scotia in the North Atlantic Ocean. The island is staffed year round by three Parks Canada staff, rising during summer months when research projects and tourism increase. Notable for its role in early Canadian history and

3132-444: Is a songwriter who creates and composes music or beats for a song, often laying the groundwork or 'musical bed'. Then a composer who specializes in melody will create the top line for the track. Tools typically used are keyboards, drum machines, softsynths and digital audio workstations . Beat makers or composers are not necessarily record producers by definition or acting role since they generally do not work directly with an artist in

3248-422: Is because the process of "working out" a song or arrangement requires a songwriter to play an instrument, typically the guitar or the piano , to hear how the chord progression sounds and to hear how well a given set of chords supports a melody. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, some songwriter-musicians create songs to perform themselves. Songwriters need to create

3364-400: Is co-written, written jointly or written in collaboration with other authors. Co-writers may use the "stream of consciousness" approach, referring to having ideas flow rather than being discussed. The first step in co-writing is to establish the division of the contribution between co-writers. In copyright law, there is no distinction of importance between the lyrics of the song or the melody of

3480-769: Is featured at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, which includes two rescue boats from Sable and numerous name boards and figureheads from Sable Island wrecks. Another permanent exhibit about Sable Island, exploring its ecology and the on-island researchers' work, is found at the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History . The horses were featured in a 1994 exhibit at the Equine Museum of Japan in Yokohama. On September 11, 2014, Don Connolly of CBC Radio's Information Morning broadcast part of

3596-485: Is home to hundreds of species of flora and fauna including a breed of the unique Sable Island horse . The park is also a breeding ground for marine life. In July 2016, a hike across Sable Island was added to Google Street View . Google worked with Parks Canada to add the interactive views of Sable and five other Canadian National Parks. The imagery was collected in September 2015 by a Parks Canada employee who carried

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3712-432: Is in effect the writer's "draw", an advance on future earnings, which is paid monthly and enables them to live within a fixed budget. The publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters , songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up: "I was able to concentrate on writing

3828-688: Is no permanent runway for fixed wing aircraft, which land instead on south beach in an area designated as the Sable Island Aerodrome (CSB2). Prior permission is required to land, as the area is often unusable due to changing sand conditions. The unique landscape, history of shipwrecks, and wildlife, especially horses, have made Sable Island an iconic place in Atlantic Canada and attracted considerable international following. Shipwreck survivors published early survival narratives about their experiences at Sable Island, beginning with

3944-501: Is not suitable in a protected region where ecological integrity should be preserved according to the National Parks Act. Harbour and grey seals breed on the island's shores. Seal counts from the 1960s for the grey seal population estimated 200–300 pups born at that time on the island, but surveys from as recent as 2016 estimated the number of pups born in that season at 87,500. The seals are occasionally preyed upon by

4060-470: Is often referred to as the Graveyard of the Atlantic , as it sits astride the great circle route from North America's east coast to Europe. The nearest landfall is 160 kilometres (99 mi) to the northwest near Canso , Nova Scotia. Sable Island is believed to have formed from a terminal moraine deposited on the continental shelf near the end of the last Ice Age. It is slowly moving as waves erode

4176-445: Is only 1.21 km (0.75 mi) across at its widest point. The maximum elevation is about 30 m (98 ft). The long crescent-shaped island rises gently from the shallows of the continental shelf approximately 285 km (177 mi) east of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its location, in tandem with the area's frequent fog and sudden strong storms (such as hurricanes and nor'easters ), have resulted in over 350 recorded shipwrecks. It

4292-550: Is responsible in creating the entire music and lyrics of a song. According to Billboard , 44% of the songs that reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1970s were written by just one songwriter. The percentage declined to 42% in the 1980s, 24% in the 1990s, 6% in the 2000s, and 4% in the 2010s. Lionel Richie and Diane Warren are the only songwriters with at least 8 number-one singles written solely by themselves. Songs written by more than one person

4408-503: Is the only permanently staffed facility on the island. Climatological record-keeping on Sable Island began in 1871 with the establishment of the Meteorological Service of Canada , and ran continuously from 1891 until August 20, 2019. Sable Island has been the subject of extensive scientific research over the years. The Meteorological Service of Canada operated a wide range of manual and automated instruments, including

4524-728: The Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in April 1974. At 59 years and 11 months, Snow became the oldest country artist to have a top song on the chart. It was an accomplishment that Snow held for more than 26 years, until Kenny Rogers 's hit record in May 2000 (at 61 years and nine months), " Buy Me a Rose ". ( Dolly Parton and Willie Nelson subsequently reached the top of the chart at older ages as secondary duet partners on records fronted by other artists.) In Robert Altman 's 1975 film Nashville , Henry Gibson played

4640-455: The 1991 Perfect Storm , the commercial fishing vessel Andrea Gail ' s emergency position-indicating radio beacon ( EPIRB ) was discovered on the shore of Sable Island on November 6, 1991, nine days after the last transmission from the crew. Other items found were fuel drums, a fuel tank, an empty life raft, and some other flotsam . No crew members have been found and are presumed to have perished. No further wrecks occurred until 1999, when

4756-538: The Automated Weather Observing System , an aerology program measuring conditions in the upper atmosphere using a radiosonde carried aloft by a hydrogen-filled weather balloon to altitudes beyond 40 km (25 mi), and a program collecting data on background levels of carbon dioxide , which began there in 1974. Research was done to monitor the long-range transport of pollution aerosols. Fog chemistry has also been studied, examining

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4872-544: The Azores and had been reported missing 18 June 2024. A series of life-saving stations were established on Sable Island by the governor of Nova Scotia, John Wentworth , in 1801. The rescue station began the continuous human presence on the island which continues today. Wentworth appointed James Morris, a Nova Scotian veteran of the British Royal Navy as the first superintendent of the island. Morris settled on

4988-483: The K-pop music industry. Sampling is the reuse of a portion (or sample) of a sound recording in another recording. The original songwriter(s) of a song usually receive co-writing credit when their work is sampled on another song, although they did not literally involve in making the latter. For example, Sting is credited as a co-writer alongside Todd Gaither and Faith Evans for " I'll Be Missing You " (1997) due to

5104-601: The National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, Tennessee on November 27, 2018. A regular at the Grand Ole Opry, in 1954 Snow persuaded the directors to allow a young Elvis Presley on stage. Snow used Presley as his opening act and introduced him to Colonel Tom Parker . In August 1955, Snow and Parker formed the management team Hank Snow Attractions. This partnership signed

5220-623: The Sable Island horse , the island is protected and managed by Parks Canada , which must grant permission prior to any visit. Sable Island is part of District 7 of the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia. The island is also a protected National Park Reserve and an Important Bird Area . The expedition of Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes explored this region in 1520–1521 and his expedition

5336-460: The T. Eaton mail-order catalogue. In 1927 or 1928, Snow remembers hearing radio broadcasts while at sea. The one-hour broadcasts featured recordings by such country artists as Vernon Dalhart and Carson Robison . "I still remember Dalhart singing ' The Prisoner's Song ,' and 'The Wreck of the Old 97 ,'" Snow recalls. "These songs gave me a great lift." He adds that he tried to sing the songs exactly as

5452-483: The classical music genre and film scoring. A songwriter who mainly writes the lyrics for a song is referred to as a lyricist . The pressure from the music industry to produce popular hits means that song writing is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed among a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with the task of creating original melodies. Pop songs may be composed by group members from

5568-490: The federal electoral district of Halifax , and the provincial electoral district of Halifax Citadel , although the urban area of Halifax proper is some 300 km (190 mi) away on the Nova Scotian mainland. Sable Island has an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) using the −3 °C isotherm, with its climate being strongly influenced by the sea. As such, winter temperatures average near freezing while during

5684-593: The 1960s and eventually decommissioned the West light station in 2004 leaving only the East lighthouse active. However, during this period, the island's role in science grew, first in weather research. The Canadian government expanded the collection of weather data originally started by the rescue station into a full meteorological station operated by Environment Canada and Department of Fisheries and Oceans . The station conducted routine atmospheric and meteorological studies from

5800-471: The 1970s. Because of the harsh spring of 2017, the mortality rate was about 10% but the normal rate is about 1% annually, primarily due to starvation and hypothermia. This feral horse population is likely descended from horses confiscated from Acadians during the Great Expulsion and left on the island by Thomas Hancock , Boston merchant and uncle of John Hancock . In the early 1800s, many of

5916-555: The Canadian Government, under the Canada Shipping Act , gave the horse population full protection from human interference. This was partly motivated by a plan in the 1950s, eventually aborted due to public pressure, to remove the horses from the island, after some biologists reported that they were damaging the ecology of the land. Nonetheless, some continued to view the horses as an invasive species which

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6032-626: The Earth's magnetic field and increase the accuracy of the BGS Global Geomagnetic Model. Data from the geomagnetic observatory is used by the offshore energy industry for precise positioning activities such as directional drilling . Supplies are delivered to the Sable Island Station approximately twice a month by Sable Aviation using a Britten-Norman Islander . Although the island has a heliport (CST5), there

6148-498: The New World with convicts in 1598. When the convicts mutinied, they were left on the treeless and stoneless Sable Island. Most of the settlers died, but a few managed to survive in mud dwellings for five years before being returned to France in 1603. Sable Island is famous for its large number of shipwrecks. An estimated 350 vessels are believed to have fallen victim to the island's sand bars. Thick fogs, treacherous currents, and

6264-864: The Nova Scotia Music Hall of Fame. He was also inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 1985. His autobiography, The Hank Snow Story , was published in 1994, and later The Hank Snow Country Music Centre opened near his ancestral home in Liverpool, Nova Scotia . A victim of child abuse , he established the Hank Snow International Foundation For Prevention Of Child Abuse. In 1996, Snow began experiencing respiratory problems that forced him to retire from performing. He died three years later on December 20, 1999, aged 85, at his Rainbow Ranch in Madison, Tennessee , and

6380-575: The Pacific Coast, and can have the warmest temperatures in the country on some occasions due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. Summers are among the coolest in southern Canada though. It is also the most hurricane-prone part of Canada, also due to the Gulf Stream, and is the only place where Category 3 hurricane-force winds are likely in all of Canada. The highest temperature recorded was 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) on August 27, 1951, while

6496-501: The Parliament of Canada extends to ... 9. Beacons, Buoys, Lighthouses, and Sable Island"). For this reason it is considered a separate amateur radio "entity" (equivalent to a country for award credit), and with visiting operations using the special callsign prefix CY0. Because it is a separate radio entity, Sable Island is a popular Dxpedition destination. Out of concern for preserving the island's frail ecology, all visitors to

6612-612: The Singing Ranger," made his first records in the United States for RCA Victor in 1949. His first US release, " Marriage Vow ," climbed to number ten on the country charts in the fall of 1949; However, it was not until he was invited to play at the Grand Ole Opry in 1950 that he gained serious attention in the United States. His second release in early 1950, "I'm Moving On," was the first of seven number-one hits on

6728-518: The area due to the contrasting effects of the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream : on average there are 127 days out of the year that have at least 1 hour of fog. This makes Sable Island the foggiest place in the Maritimes . The foggiest season is during the summer months where July averages 22 fog days. During the winter, Sable Island has the warmest temperatures in Canada apart from

6844-445: The artists had, entertaining his fellow crew members by singing and dancing while accompanying himself on a mouth organ . Snow's fishing trips went well until August 1930, when the schooner he was sailing on got caught in ferocious winds that blew it uncontrollably toward Sable Island , known as the " Graveyard of the Atlantic " because the crews of ships wrecked there rarely survived. Snow writes that when they were about 14 miles from

6960-696: The band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers . Some songwriters serve as their own music publishers, while others have external publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees , college diplomas and "rock schools". Knowledge of modern music technology (sequencers, synthesizers, computer sound editing), songwriting elements and business skills are significant for modern songwriters. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules. Since songwriting and publishing royalties can be substantial sources of income, particularly if

7076-409: The country charts. "I'm Moving On" stayed at the top for 21 weeks, setting the all-time record for most weeks at number one. That same year " The Golden Rocket " and " The Rhumba Boogie " both hit number one, with the latter remaining there for eight weeks. Along with these hits, his other "signature song" was " I've Been Everywhere ," in which he portrayed himself as a hitchhiker bragging about all

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7192-402: The daily current affairs program from Sable Island. It was the first ever live public radio broadcast from the island. In amateur radio , Sable Island is considered a separate country with the unique call sign prefix CY0. Since enthusiasts collect contacts from different countries and there are few inhabitants on Sable Island, a contact from there would be considered a "rare DX". As a result,

7308-499: The eastern tip and Sable Island West End Light (pyramidal skeletal tower built 1979 replacing earlier towers from 1873, 1903 and 1935) on the western end. Until the advent of modern ship navigation, Sable Island was home to the families of the life-saving crews and the lighthouse keepers. In the early 20th century, the Marconi Company established a wireless station on the island and the Canadian government similarly established

7424-457: The establishment of a rescue station on the island. Canadian writer James MacDonald Oxley wrote a youth novel The Wreckers of Sable Island in 1897. Frank Parker Day 's 1928 novel Rockbound features a vivid depiction of the sinking of the schooner Sylvia Mosher during the 1926 August Gales at Sable Island. One of the island's most notable temporary residents was Nova Scotian author Thomas H. Raddall , whose early experiences working at

7540-499: The former location of Lake Wallace; however, this flooded area is relatively shallow (only a few feet at most) and is not a remnant of the lake. The original lake was of a significant enough depth that even during times when the area was flooded, the lake could be seen in aerial photographs as a darker (deeper) patch in the middle of the flooded area. The island is a part of the Halifax Regional Municipality,

7656-552: The geography and history of the island. Joshua Slocum describes Sable Island in Sailing Alone Around the World during his 1895 solo circumnavigation. The island has also inspired works of fiction beginning in 1802 when Nova Scotia author Thomas Chandler Haliburton published "The Sable Island Ghost", a story about a ghostly woman inspired by the loss of the brig Francis in 1798. His story helped raise support for

7772-457: The horses were used by men patrolling the island, searching for ships in distress, and the animals also moved lifeboats and equipment to sites of shipwrecks. In 1879, 500 horses and cattle were estimated to live on the island, and the island vegetation was described as covered with grass and wild peas. In the past, excess horses were rounded up, shipped off the island, and sold, many used in coal mines on Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia. In 1960,

7888-485: The island and studies the wild Sable Island horse . In the 1937 film Captains Courageous , the fishing boat passes Sable Island on the way to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . Spencer Tracy 's character Manuel later says his father died off Cape Sable. Sable Island is briefly featured in the 2000 feature film The Perfect Storm , which depicts the sinking of the fishing vessel Andrea Gail near Sable, although

8004-492: The island in October 1801 with his family. By the time Morris died on the island in 1809, he had built up the humanitarian settlement to include a central station, two rescue boat stations, several lookout posts and survivor shelters. The station's rescue equipment was upgraded in 1854 with the latest generation of self-bailing lifeboats and life cars through the fundraising efforts of social reformer Dorothea Dix who had visited

8120-473: The island in the previous year. The island became property of the federal government during Canadian Confederation in 1867, with the Island being specifically referenced in an appendix to the British North America Act . The federal government later added two lighthouses in 1872: Sable Island East End Light (cylindrical skeletal tower built 1980s, replacing earlier iterations from 1873, 1888, 1917 and 1951) on

8236-496: The island is erroneously portrayed with trees and a giant stone lighthouse. Sable Island is the setting for the 2002 film Touching Wild Horses starring Jane Seymour ; however, little attempt was made to mimic the natural landscape of Sable, with trees and rocks abounding in the background of most every scene. Instead, Sandbanks Provincial Park in Ontario stood in for the island in the film. A permanent exhibit about Sable Island

8352-517: The island on his way to America. Decades later, there were two major shipwrecks: In November 1760, Major Robert Elliot (1715 – after 1765) of the 43rd regiment was shipwrecked on Sable Island; he was rescued in January 1761. En route to Prince Edward Island under the command of Major Timothy Hierlihy , Lieutenant Anthony Kennedy and 25 men wrecked on the island in November 1778. The crew

8468-563: The island's location in the middle of a major transatlantic shipping route and rich fishing grounds account for the large number of wrecks. The first recorded wreck was the English ship Delight  (1583) in 1583, part of Humphrey Gilbert 's Newfoundland expedition. There were at least three incidents of ship-wrecks in the 1700s. In 1736, a well-known Presbyterian preacher, the Irish-born Rev. Robert Dunlap (1715–1776), wrecked on

8584-726: The island, "the Good Lord reached out his hand and changed the wind. Saved by the grace of God!" A day later, Snow learned that six other vessels had been lost in the gale and that 132 men had drowned. Once ashore in Canso , Snow vowed he would never return to the open sea again. "I was finished," he wrote. "No more fishing trips for me." Snow returned to live with his mother and stepfather, again without holding down steady work. Instead, he attempted to get by just peddling fish door-to-door or landing occasional jobs that included transporting passengers and their luggage by horse-drawn buggy to and from

8700-509: The island, including recreational boaters, require specific permission from Parks Canada. Sable Island's heliport contains emergency aviation fuel for search and rescue helicopters, which use the island to stage further offshore into the Atlantic. When the Sable Offshore Energy Project was active, the island was designated as an emergency evacuation point for crews aboard nearby drilling rigs. In 2017, Exxon Mobil began

8816-589: The island, including the 2007 film Île de sable made by Jean-François Ducrocq and Malek Sahraoui for France 3 , French public television. In 2007, Matt Trecartin of Halifax directed Chasing Wild Horses , a documentary about photographer Roberto Dutesco and his photography of the Sable Island horses. The most recent effort is a Canadian documentary film by Jacquelyn Mills , titled Geographies of Solitude , released in 2022. The 103-minute film features Zoe Lucas, an environmentalist and naturalist who lives on

8932-628: The island, its horses and shipwrecks in 1898 for National Geographic during a visit with Alexander Graham Bell . A further National Geographic visit in the summer of 1964 yielded an article entitled Sable Island; Graveyard of the Atlantic . In more recent times, Roberto Dutesco , a fashion photographer, began taking photos of Sable horses in 1994 and features this work in a permanent photo exhibition entitled "Wild Horses of Sable Island" at his gallery in New York. Nova Scotian photographer Paul Illsley's photographs of Sable Island horses inspired both

9048-466: The island. These factors point toward Sable Island disappearing by the end of the century. Sable Island derived its name from the French word for "sand". It lacks natural trees, being covered instead with marram grass and other low-growing vegetation. In 1901, the federal government planted over 80,000 trees in an attempt to stabilize the soil; all died. Subsequent plantings resulted in the survival of

9164-723: The level of protection the island receives by transferring control from the Canadian Coast Guard to Parks Canada , which manages the island under the Canada National Parks Act . The establishment of the park reserve means that the island, and the surrounding area within 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi), cannot be drilled for oil or natural gas. Sable Island became a National Park Reserve on June 20, 2013, with approval of Mi'kmaq stakeholders. Full national park status has yet to be achieved, pending settlement of Indigenous land claims. The park

9280-493: The local theatre and sometimes performed in minstrel shows . She also enjoyed playing her own pump organ , but refused several offers to join travelling shows because of her dedication to the family. Snow's parents legally separated when he was eight, and the local Overseer of the Poor decided the children should be taken from their mother because of her inability to support them financially. One sister moved in with an aunt, while

9396-491: The lowest temperature recorded was −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F) on January 31, 1920. According to PlantMaps, Sable Island lies in Hardiness Zone 8a (10–15 °F or −12 – −9 °C) for plant hardiness. Being a large low-lying sandbar , Sable Island is vulnerable to sea level rise . This is further exacerbated by an ongoing increase in storm frequency and intensity caused by climate change , further eroding

9512-418: The melodies or lyrics. There is a way to prevent such legal battles. A songwriter can commit their "intent to make a song", which prevents any of the parties ripping the song apart. Some artists send out a legal disclaimer making clear that if their melody is not used after doing a topline, it reverts to them, and the track back to the track writer. Songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In part, this

9628-435: The mix stage. They are referred to as Record Producer / Songwriters as they generally receive songwriting and production credits for both roles. This is especially true for R&B, hip-hop producers in urban hip hop production , when composing the original music as the co-writer is integrated into their traditional role as a Record Producer, such as Rodney Jerkins , Dr. Dre , Timbaland or Pharrell Williams , as opposed to

9744-600: The most successful one of all time, resulting over 180 songs and a record 20 number ones for the Beatles on the Billboard Hot 100. Songwriting camp is a gathering of multiple producers and topliners in a pre-selected location for the purpose of writing songs for a specific artist. As one of the most successful artists in releasing many hit songs , Rihanna has been known for holding various writing camps to make her albums. Writing camps are also very popular in

9860-417: The musical track to be produced first without any vocal melody or lyrics. This is partially due to the rise of portable music production equipment and digital audio workstations that are designed for the swift arrangement of electronic music, such as Cubase and Ableton Live . The top-liner usually is also a singer, and will sing over the track as the demo singer. If the song is for a particular artist,

9976-541: The navigator in Cape Breton Island , further north. It is also possible that Fagundes sighted the island while heading southwest, reaching the Bay of Fundy , as the 1558 map of Diogo Homem and later Samuel de Champlain suggested, but this is unclear. The island was inhabited sporadically by sealers, shipwreck survivors, and salvagers known as " wreckers ". Troilus de La Roche de Mesgouez attempted to colonize

10092-478: The other two were sent to separate foster homes. Snow himself went to live with his paternal grandmother, who ordered him never to mention his mother's name and subjected him to severe beatings, as well as psychological abuse. After divorcing his father, Hank's mother married Charles Tanner in 1930. Gradually, Snow began to sneak away to visit his mother in nearby Liverpool and eventually, after his grandmother failed in her attempt to get him sent to reform school , he

10208-576: The plugging and abandonment of the production wells in the Thebaud field (the Sable Offshore Energy Project wells closest to Sable Island); all facilities were removed by November 2020. On October 17, 2011, the Nova Scotia government entered into an agreement with the federal government to eventually protect the island as a national park . The news followed an announcement made by the federal government in May 2010, increasing

10324-493: The possibility that Greenland sharks were to blame for the corkscrew lacerations on dead seals found washed up on the island. A recent work about Sable Island is the 2015 Canadian-produced film, "S(t)able Island: The Beauty of the Free", created by Rae-Anne LaPlante. The film explores in-depth the wild horse population that has called Sable Island its home for over 250 years. A number of international documentaries have also explored

10440-497: The reverse and melt it—were invented and popularized by WMPL DJ David Riutta in Hancock, Michigan in 1970. †Honorary former member; was scheduled to be invited, but died before the invitation was extended Songwriter A songwriter is a person who creates musical compositions or writes lyrics for songs , or both. The writer of the music for a song can be called a composer , although this term tends to be used mainly in

10556-688: The role of producer is not generally understood by the public, the average listener does not know when an artist also takes on the role of producer. Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys is one of the earliest and most widely known examples of a songwriter turned music producer. Within two years of the band's commercial breakthrough, Wilson had taken over from his father Murry, and he was the sole producer of all their recordings between 1963 and 1967. Many singers also write songs for themselves, and as such, they are usually referred to as singer-songwriters. In solitary songwriting or sole writing, only one person

10672-558: The sample of " Every Breath You Take " (1983), a song he solely wrote for the Police . However, "I'll Be Missing You" did not have legal approval for the sample before its release, thus Sting sued and received 100% of the song royalties, with payments reportedly going until 2053. Beyoncé 's album Lemonade (2016) features as many as 72 co-writers due to use of samples in majority of its tracks. Sable Island Sable Island ( French : île de Sable , literally "island of sand")

10788-410: The show, he played a song called "I Went to See My Gal Last Night." "My debut was a big success," Snow wrote. "I even got a standing ovation." In March 1933, Snow wrote to Halifax radio station CHNS , asking for an audition, and was rejected. Later that year, he visited the station, was given an audition and hired to do a Saturday evening show that was advertised as Clarence Snow and his Guitar . After

10904-769: The sinking of the Delight in 1583. The first formal history of the island, Sable Island: its History and Phenomena , was written in 1894 by George Patterson. Many other histories of the island and its shipwrecks have been published since, such as Lyall Campbell's two books – Sable Island, Fatal and Fertile Crescent in 1974 and Sable Island Shipwrecks: Disaster and Survival at the North Atlantic Graveyard in 1994 – and more recently, A Dune Adrift: The Strange Origins and Curious History of Sable Island , written in 2004 by Marq de Villiers . In his 1997 book, The Perfect Storm , Sebastian Junger briefly describes

11020-526: The song, therefore each writer is given equal ownership over the song, unless another agreement is arranged. "Phantom" songwriters provide small contributions to songs. The songwriter suggests a line for a verse or a session musician who informally proposes a chord progression for a coda. "Phantom" songwriters are usually not given credit. Songwriting partnership or songwriting duo is a prolific collaboration which consists of two songwriters, usually sharing 50% royalty each. Songwriting partnership can be between

11136-574: The subject of many Canadian documentaries by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the National Film Board of Canada , beginning with the 1956 NFB film Sable Island by Allan Wargon, the 2003 NFB documentary Moving Sands by Phillipe Baylaucq, and more recently, an episode of Land and Sea . In 2002 a documentary was released called Catching a Killer: The Mystery of Sable Island which investigated

11252-524: The summer months, daily maximum temperatures average around 20 °C (68.0 °F). The average annual variation in temperature on Sable Island is only 18.6 °C (33.5 °F) owing to the influence from the sea compared to 24.3 °C (43.7 °F) at Halifax and 38.9 °C (70.0 °F) in Winnipeg. Generally, February is the coldest month while August is the warmest month. Sable Island averages 1,372 millimetres (54.0 in) of precipitation

11368-451: The three crew members of the yacht Merrimac survived after their sloop ran aground due to a navigational error. Few of the wrecks surrounding the island are visible, as they are usually crushed and buried by the sand. On 12 July 2024 the bodies of Sarah Packwood and her Canadian husband Brett Clibbery were found in a lifeboat that washed up on Sable Island; they had left Nova Scotia 11 June 2024 on their sail yacht Theros trying to sail to

11484-531: The top-liner may sing the demo in that artist's style. Top-liners often work in groups to co-write. Sometimes producers send out tracks to more than one top-line writer so that the producer or singer could choose the best option. Since the track is the same, melodies by different writers can sometimes be very similar. Occasionally, the producer might choose a few lines of melodic or lyrical ideas from one top-liner without properly crediting or paying them. These situations sometimes result in legal battles over ownership of

11600-704: The towns he had been through. This song was originally written and performed in Australia by Geoff Mack , and its re-write incorporated North American place names. Rattling off a well-rhymed series of city names at an auctioneer 's pace has long made the song a challenge for any singer. While performing in Renfro Valley , Snow worked with a young Hank Williams . In the February 7, 1953, edition, Billboard magazine reported that Snow's then-17-year-old son, Jimmie Rodgers Snow, had signed with RCA Victor, and that

11716-542: The train station in Lunenburg ; unloading salt and coal ships; raking scallops and hauling loads of dried cod into a warehouse for processing and shipping. One winter, after being reunited with his father, he cut pulpwood and firewood on his father's farm in the backwoods at Pleasantville . On September 2, 1935, he married Minnie Blanche Aalders, a young Halifax woman, born in Kentville, Nova Scotia , who worked in

11832-675: The transport and composition of atmospheric toxins it carries. Tropospheric ozone was measured and analyzed by researchers in Canada and the United States along with 20 other North American sites. The upper-air aerology program ended on August 20, 2019. The installation of the BGS Magnetic Observatory on Sable Island was funded as a joint venture between the British Geological Survey, Sperry-Sun Drilling Services, and Sable Offshore Energy. The data it collects aid scientific research into rates of change of

11948-652: The various shark species that inhabit the waters nearby. Unusual corkscrew bite wounds on dead seals suggest that the Greenland shark is probably responsible for most attacks here. Several large bird colonies are resident, including the Arctic tern and Ipswich sparrow, a subspecies of the Savannah sparrow which breeds only on the island. Many other species are resident, migratory, or transient, blown out to sea in storms and returned to land out of their natural range. It

12064-401: The vocal melody, or alongside the vocal melody) and creating a more complex song structure (e.g., verse, chorus, bridge, instrumental solo section, etc.). With recent technological improvements, a songwriter can now create commercially viable music almost entirely on their laptop. This technological advancement has made the producer/songwriter role a much more popular occurrence. Perhaps because

12180-402: The western shore and new sand is added on the eastern shore, and continually changing shape through the effects of strong winds and violent ocean storms. The island has several freshwater ponds on the south side between the station and west light; however, in recent years their protecting dune-line has been eroded to such an extent that they are changing from one year to the next. In prior years,

12296-489: The whole time and have always had enough money to live on." Unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of these work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. Because the recapture provision of the United States Copyright Act of 1976 does not apply to "works made for hire", the rights to

12412-767: The wireless post there served as the inspiration for his 1950 novel The Nymph and the Lamp . In his novel The Templar Throne, published in June 2010, author Paul Christopher mentions the island as the final location of the Ark of the Covenant , the True Ark of the Christian Old Testament. The dunes and horses of Sable Island have drawn many photographers. Among the first was Arthur Williams McCurdy who photographed

12528-576: The wooden spokes of his brand new car. He offered to pay Snow two dollars per wheel. After the new guitar arrived, Snow experimented by playing runs and chord progressions in the style of Jimmie Rodgers. He also sang and played in an old fishhouse where local men stored their gear. Soon, Snow was invited to perform in a minstrel show in Bridgewater to help raise money for charity. "Someone blackened my face with black polish and put white rings around my eyes and lips," Snow recalls. When his turn came in

12644-407: The younger Snow would "record duets with his father," as well as cover his own material. Snow bought a ranch home in Madison, Tennessee , shortly after he experienced success with "I've Been Everywhere" and "I'm Movin' On." He named the home ' Rainbow Ranch ' after his band, which was known as the "Rainbow Ranch Boys." In recent years the home has been restored by Snow's family. The home was added to

12760-407: Was allowed to rejoin his mother. After his mother's remarriage to local fisherman Charles Tanner, she ordered a Hawaiian steel guitar advertised in a magazine along with free lessons and several 78 rpm gramophone records . At first, she ordered her son not to touch the guitar because it was one of her prized possessions, but later, when she finally allowed him to play, she marveled at his play. He

12876-414: Was among the first Europeans to encounter the island. It is likely that he named the island "Fagunda" after himself. An island called Fagunda appears on later Portuguese maps placed to the southeast of Cape Breton, fairly near its present location; however, the identification of Sable Island with Fagunda is not certain. On the other hand, 16th-century Portuguese sources describe a fishing colony founded by

12992-480: Was formerly believed the freshwater sponge Heteromeyenia macouni was found only in ponds on the island. However, it is now considered to be the same species as Racekiela ryderi , found elsewhere. Rabbits , cattle , and goats were also released on the island, with little success, at one point. At one point, there was a walrus population on the island, until hunters drove it to extinction . The Sable Island Station, managed and staffed by Parks Canada ,

13108-517: Was interred in Nashville's Spring Hill Cemetery . His wife Minnie died on May 12, 2003, in Madison, Tennessee. Elvis Presley , The Rolling Stones , Ray Charles , Ashley MacIsaac , Johnny Cash and Emmylou Harris , among others, have covered his music. One of his last top hits, " Hello Love ", was sung by Garrison Keillor to open each broadcast of his Prairie Home Companion radio show. The song became Snow's seventh and final number 1 hit on

13224-431: Was soon invited to play for his neighbors and elsewhere. In 1926, Snow found work by joining a fishing schooner where he served as a "flunky" or cabin boy. The job did not pay any wages. Snow, however, was allowed to cut out cod tongues and sell them later along with any fish he caught from the deck. After one trip, he sold his tongues and fish for around $ 58. Feeling rich, he ordered a guitar and chord book for $ 5.95 from

13340-473: Was stranded on the island for the winter. Two died, and the remainder were rescued and transported to Halifax the following April. It is likely that the construction of lighthouses on each end of the island in 1873 contributed to the decrease in shipwrecks. The last major shipwreck was the steamship Manhasset in 1947. Her crew were all saved, the last significant rescue of the Sable lifesaving station. After

13456-704: Was the fifth of six children, of whom the two eldest died in infancy. His parents were married on November 10, 1909, in Liverpool, Nova Scotia. In his autobiography, Snow tells how his parents struggled to feed their four remaining children during hard financial times. George Snow worked for low pay as a foreman in sawmills , often far from home, while Marie helped support the family by washing clothes and scrubbing floors in better-off homes. Both parents showed musical talent. Although Snow says his father loved to sing "in an amateurish way", he describes his mother as "an accomplished singer" who played piano during silent films at

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