182-410: [REDACTED] Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850), was a British Conservative statesman who twice was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1834–1835, 1841–1846), and simultaneously was Chancellor of the Exchequer (1834–1835). He previously was Home Secretary twice (1822–1827, 1828–1830). He is regarded as the father of modern British policing , owing to his founding of
364-587: A rotten borough , Westbury , retaining his Cabinet position. He stood for Tamworth in the general election of 1830 , representing Tamworth until his death. Peel guided the Catholic Relief (Emancipation) bill through the House of Commons, Wellington through the House of Lords. With many Ultra-Tories vehemently opposed to emancipation, the bill could pass only with Whig support. Wellington threatened to resign if King George IV did not give Royal assent;
546-674: A Conservative Prime Minister again had a majority in the House of Commons. From this point on, and especially after the death of Peel in 1850, the Peelites and Conservatives drifted apart. Most of the Peelites joined with the Whigs and Radicals to form the Liberal Party in 1859, under the leadership of Lord Palmerston . The Conservatives survived as an independent party, even though they would not form another majority government until
728-726: A by-election. The severe stroke suffered by Joseph Chamberlain in July 1906 ended his career; the cause of Tariff reform would now be promoted by his son Austen Chamberlain . In 1909 the Conservative Party was renamed the "Conservative and Unionist Party", and in May 1912 it formally merged with the Liberal Unionists. The Unionists strongly opposed many of the proposed reforms of the new Liberal government of Campbell-Bannerman and that of Asquith which followed. In 1910,
910-456: A chance to head a majority government following the election of July 1841. Peel came to office during an economic recession which had seen a slump in world trade and a budget deficit of £7.5 million run up by the Whigs . Confidence in banks and businesses was low, and a trade deficit existed. To raise revenue Peel's 1842 budget saw the re-introduction of the income tax , removed previously at
1092-641: A collection of vintage vehicles and interactive displays. It is housed in the restored and Grade II-listed 1848 Castlecroft Goods Shed. The 2008 Mercury Music Prize -winning group Elbow , fronted by Guy Garvey , hails from Bury. In 2009, the group was awarded the Freedom of the Borough after their 2008 album The Seldom Seen Kid won several accolades including a Brit Award and the Mercury Prize. Bury hosts several music festivals yearly, including
1274-548: A comeback. In the late 1940s, the Conservative Party incited growing public anger against food rationing , scarcity, controls, austerity, and omnipresent government bureaucracy. It used the dissatisfaction with the socialistic and egalitarian policies of the Labour Party to rally middle-class supporters and to build a political comeback that won the 1951 general election. Their appeal was especially effective to housewives, who faced even more difficult shopping conditions after
1456-599: A contender for party leadership in 1911, Chamberlain was to prove ineffective in controlling his party—even passing up the offer of becoming Prime Minister when Lloyd George indicated he was willing to step down. The party eventually broke with Lloyd George in October 1922 as the result of the Carlton Club meeting . They voted against remaining in the coalition and Chamberlain resigned. He was replaced by Bonar Law, who had been persuaded by friends and allies to return to lead
1638-610: A directly elected mayor. The proposal was rejected by the voters. Bury is located on the edge of the western Pennines in North West England , in the northern part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area . Its position on the River Irwell has proved important in its history and development. Flowing from north to south, the river divides the town into two parts on the east and west sides of
1820-633: A disastrous miscalculation by Callaghan, which the Tories took advantage of, as the Winter of Discontent followed and the Tories were ascendant in the opinion polls. A vote of no confidence was delivered against Callaghan's government in March 1979, and the Tories won the 1979 general election with a majority of 44 seats, with Thatcher becoming Britain's first female prime minister. Thatcher soon introduced controversial and difficult economic reforms in response to
2002-551: A fine collection of Victorian and 20th-century art, including works by Turner , Constable and Landseer . The Fusilier Museum , home to the collection of the Lancashire Fusiliers , commemorates over three hundred years of the regiment's history. The museum occupies the former School of Arts and Crafts on Broad Street. The Bury Transport Museum , part of the East Lancashire Railway , holds
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#17327823838852184-525: A lack of confidence in Peel's government. This defeat underscored the government's inability to secure enough support to govern effectively. This loss led to Peel's resignation the following day, on 8 April 1835. The passing of the vote of no confidence highlighted the conditions in British politics at the time in a parliamentary system . After Peel's resignation, King William IV invited Lord Melbourne to form
2366-522: A landslide defeat for the Unionists and their numbers were reduced to just 157 members of the House of Commons. The Unionists had been suffering as a result of the unpopular Boer War , as well as the unpopular tariff reforms proposed by Chamberlain, which faced the popularity of free trade among the urban population. Chamberlain himself was told to keep his "hands off the people's food!" Balfour lost his own seat, although he soon returned to Parliament in
2548-402: A major decline in the cotton industry and, as with many neighbouring towns, Bury's skyline was soon very different, with countless factory chimneys being pulled down and the associated mills closing their doors permanently. The old shopping area around Princess Street and Union Square was demolished in the late 1960s, and a concrete precinct was built to replace it. This development was replaced by
2730-549: A majority until 1874, after the passage of the Reform Act of 1867 , which broadened the franchise. Disraeli's mixed message of patriotism and promises of social reforms managed to win him enough working-class support to win a majority in 1874 , but the Conservative hold remained tenuous, and Disraeli was defeated in the election of 1880 . It was not until the split in the Liberal Party over Irish home rule in 1886 that
2912-615: A minority. This made Peel's position in the Commons precarious from the start. The immediate cause of Peel's downfall was a debate over the Church of Ireland . On 7 April 1835, Whig MP Ralph Bernal brought forward a report critical of Peel's administration of the Church of Ireland's revenues and proposed reforms. The report was passed in the House of Commons by a vote of 285 to 258, signifying
3094-465: A new government, allowing the Whigs to return to power. Peel's party was bolstered by the adherence of a number of dissident Whigs associated with the Derby Dilly . These self-described 'moderate Whigs' were led by former cabinet ministers Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby , and Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet . In May 1839, Peel was offered another chance to form a government, this time by
3276-524: A nine-point summary of the 1829 "Instructions". The middle and working classes in England at that time, however, were clamouring for reform, and Catholic Emancipation was only one of the ideas in the air. The Tory ministry refused to bend on other issues and were swept out of office in 1830 in favour of the Whigs . The following few years were extremely turbulent, but eventually enough reforms were passed that King William IV felt confident enough to invite
3458-486: A number of troubles on the domestic front as the economy began to overheat. In international affairs the spectacular fiasco of the Suez Crisis of 1956 ended Eden's career, but it had little negative impact on the party. The succession was contentious, with Rab Butler as the favourite to succeed. However, it was Harold Macmillan who became the next prime minister and leader of the party. Macmillan sought to rebuild
3640-465: A population of 69. The average age of death in Bury was 13.8 years. Towns like Bury were likened to 'camps' where newcomers sought work in mill, mine or forge. Many, often from Ireland, found shelter in lodging houses. Thirty-eight in Bury were surveyed. Seventy-three per cent had men and women sharing beds indiscriminately, 81% were filthy and the average was 5.5 persons to a bed. Although Bury had few of
3822-626: A regiment containing six independent companies in the Exeter area. This regiment absorbed the previously enscripted men housed at the Wellington Barracks, who would have been any men over the age of 21. These men became the Lancashire Fusiliers once they joined William's of Orange Men. Following successful recruitment, a regimental depot was established at Wellington Barracks in 1881. This barracks were originally built as
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#17327823838854004-456: A regular commuter service. The station is the original railway station of Bury and was a mainline station until 1980, although after December 1966 passenger services were reduced to a commuter service to Manchester only (formerly there were services to Ramsbottom, Rawtenstall and Bacup to the north of Bury also from Bolton Street station). Bury was served by two major railway stations between 1848 and 1970, when Bury Knowsley Street railway station
4186-541: A renewed mandate, and quieten the Maastricht rebels (e.g. Iain Duncan Smith , Bill Cash , Bernard Jenkin ). John Redwood , then Secretary of State for Wales, stood against Major and gained around a fifth of the leadership vote. He was one of the people whom Major inadvertently referred to as 'bastards' during a television interview. Major was pleased that Michael Heseltine had not stood against him and gave him
4368-530: A response to the Chartist movement, who were a mass movement of working-class men who protested via petition signatures. The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic: Chartists saw themselves fighting against political corruption and for democracy in an industrial society, but attracted support beyond the radical political groups for economic reasons, such as opposing wage cuts and unemployment. The post-war period saw
4550-408: A scant 24 electors on the rolls, he was elected unopposed. His sponsor for the election (besides his father) was the chief secretary for Ireland , Sir Arthur Wellesley , the future Duke of Wellington, with whom Peel's political career would be entwined for the next 25 years. Peel made his maiden speech at the start of the 1810 session, when he was chosen by prime minister Spencer Perceval to second
4732-603: A second term. The 2017 general election saw the Conservatives lose their majority and form a confidence and supply agreement with the Democratic Unionist Party . Under the leadership of Boris Johnson , the Conservatives were able to regain their majority during the 2019 general election , their largest ever since the Thatcher years. The modern Conservative Party arose in the 1830s, emerging from
4914-576: A traditional Tory position in opposition to a measure, then reversed his stance and became the leader in supporting liberal legislation. This happened with the Test Act, Catholic emancipation, the Reform Act, income tax and, most notably, the repeal of the Corn Laws. Historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote: "Peel was in the first rank of 19th-century statesmen. He carried Catholic Emancipation; he repealed
5096-407: A widely popular hero for Conservatives, and was much celebrated in the popular culture in support of imperialism for decades after his death. British music hall patrons in the 1880s and 1890s applauded the xenophobia and pride in empire that were exemplified by the halls' most popular political heroes: all were Conservatives and Disraeli stood out above all, while Gladstone was used as a villain. By
5278-580: Is a market town on the River Irwell in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury , Greater Manchester , England. which had a population of 81,101 in 2021 while the wider borough had a population of 193,846. The town was originally part of the county of Lancashire but has been in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester since 1974. Bury emerged in the Industrial Revolution as a mill town manufacturing textiles . The town
5460-457: Is also the site of another mill developed by the Peel family, first founded in 1790. The remains are displayed for the public. There were seven cotton mills in Bury by 1818 and the population grew from 9,152 in 1801, to 20,710 in 1841, and then to 58,029 in 1901. Following this, railways were opened, linking the town from Bury Bolton Street railway station to Manchester (via Prestwich and Radcliffe ), to Rawtenstall and to Accrington . From
5642-518: Is connected to other settlements via bus services , Metrolink and the heritage railway . Between 1903 and 1949, the Bury Corporation Tramways network served the town. Bury Bolton Street railway station , first opened in 1846 and substantially rebuilt in the 1880s and again in the 1950s, is now home to the East Lancashire Railway , a heritage railway which serves Heywood , Ramsbottom and Rawtenstall but does not provide
Robert Peel - Misplaced Pages Continue
5824-947: Is known for the open-air Bury Market and black pudding , the traditional local dish. Sir Robert Peel was born in the town. Peel was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who founded the Metropolitan Police and the Conservative Party . A memorial and monument for Peel, the former stands outside Bury Parish church and the latter overlooks the borough on Holcombe Hill . The town is 5 miles (8 km) east of Bolton , 6 miles (9.7 km) south-west of Rochdale and 8 miles (12.9 km) north-west of Manchester . The name Bury (also earlier known as Buri and Byri ) comes from an Old English word, meaning castle , stronghold or fort , an early form of modern English borough ( German burg ). Bury
6006-403: Is limited). The Tories had been a coalition that often formed the government from 1760 until the Reform Act 1832 . Modernising reformers said the traditionalistic party of "Throne, Altar and Cottage" was obsolete, but in the face of an expanding electorate from the 1830s to 1860s, it held its strength among royalists, devout Anglicans and landlords and their tenants. Widening of the franchise in
6188-639: Is planned that all buses from Bury running within Greater Manchester will be incorporated into the Bee Network by March 2024. The bus station is connected to the Bury Interchange Metrolink tram stop, to provide a vast complex of inter-modal transport. There is also a free car park at the rear of the complex and a cycle hub for parking bikes during the day. The station is located in the centre of Bury, close to Bury Market ,
6370-508: Is such a tendency to exaggeration and inaccuracy in Irish reports that delay in acting on them is always desirable". His own party failed to support the bill, but it passed with Whig and Radical support. On the third reading of Peel's Bill of Repeal (Importation Act 1846) on 15 May, MPs voted 327 votes to 229 (a majority of 98) to repeal the Corn Laws. On 25 June the Duke of Wellington persuaded
6552-694: The 1841 general election . His second government ruled for five years. He cut tariffs to stimulate trade, replacing the lost revenue with a 3% income tax . He played a central role in making free trade a reality and set up a modern banking system. His government's major legislation included the Mines and Collieries Act 1842 , the Income Tax Act 1842 , the Factories Act 1844 and the Railway Regulation Act 1844 . Peel's government
6734-606: The 1924 election . His second government brought in Austen Chamberlain as foreign secretary, Winston Churchill at the Exchequer, and Neville Chamberlain at the health ministry. Baldwin adroitly handled the General Strike in 1926 and passed the 1927 Trades Disputes Act to curb the powers of trade unions. Baldwin lost the 1929 General Election and his continued leadership was subject to sharp criticism by
6916-470: The 1945 general election , the party lost power in a landslide by the Labour Party. The Conservatives largely accepted the reality of the Labour government's nationalisation programme, the creation of the welfare state and the taxes required for it. However, when they returned to power in 1951 the party oversaw an economic boom and ever-increasing national prosperity throughout the 1950s. The party stumbled in
7098-480: The 1992 election with a majority of 21. Major's government was beset by scandals, crisis, and missteps. Many of the scandals were about the personal lives of politicians which the media construed as hypocrisy, but the Cash for Questions affair and the divisions over EU were substantive. In 1995, Major resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party in order to trigger a leadership election which he hoped would give him
7280-459: The Earl of Home as prime minister. Home was appointed and renounced his peerage, becoming Sir Alec Douglas-Home, but was unable to restore the party's fortunes and narrowly lost the 1964 general election to Harold Wilson's Labour, who ended 13 years of Conservative rule. Following the 1964 defeat, the party formally installed a system for electing the leader. Douglas-Home stepped down in 1965 and
7462-443: The Greater Manchester Urban Area . At the 2001 census the town of Bury had a total population of 77,211, whereas the wider Metropolitan Borough had a population of 183,200. Attractions in Bury include: Bury is home to several fine sculptures and pieces of public art . Edward Hodges Baily 's 1851 statue of Sir Robert Peel stands in the centre of town, while Lutyens ' Lancashire Fusiliers War Memorial can be found outside
Robert Peel - Misplaced Pages Continue
7644-487: The House of Lords to pass it. On that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated in the Commons by 292 to 219 by "a combination of Whigs, Radicals , and Tory protectionists". Following this, on 29 June 1846, Peel resigned as prime minister. Though he knew repealing the laws would mean the end of his ministry, Peel decided to do so. It is possible that Peel merely used the Irish Famine as an excuse to repeal
7826-529: The House of York . When Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, Thomas Pilkington was captured and later executed. The outcome of the battle was the Lancastrian Duke of Richmond being crowned Henry VII by Sir William Stanley . As a reward for the support of his family, Thomas Stanley was created Earl of Derby and, amongst other lands, the confiscated Pilkington estate in Bury
8008-468: The Knowsley Street railway station there were connections to the neighbouring mill towns of Bolton, Heywood and Rochdale. As well as the many cotton mills, other industries which thrived included paper-making, calico printing and some light engineering. The town expanded to incorporate the former townships of Elton, Walmersley and Heap, and rows of terraced houses encircled the town centre by
8190-539: The Liberal Unionist cabinet minister Joseph Chamberlain , who was Colonial Secretary . Like the earlier schism over the Corn Laws in 1846, the result led to polarisation within the coalition between those who supported Chamberlain and Imperial Preference , and those who opposed him in defence of the status quo and Free Trade . The split went across both Unionist parties. With the beleaguered Balfour in
8372-683: The Lloyd George Liberals . Eventually, grassroots pressure forced the breakup of the coalition and the party regained power on its own, but after the separation of the Irish Free State in 1922 it increasingly used the name "Conservative" more than "Unionist". It again dominated the political scene in the inter-war period from 1931 in a National Government as its main rivals, the Liberals and Labour , virtually collapsed. The party pursued protective tariffs and low taxes during
8554-408: The Metropolitan Police while he was Home Secretary. Peel was one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party . The son of a wealthy textile manufacturer and politician, Peel was the first prime minister from an industrial business background. He earned a double first in classics and mathematics from Christ Church, Oxford . He entered the House of Commons in 1809 and became a rising star in
8736-532: The Navigation Acts . Peel was a member of the committee which controlled the House of Commons Library , and on 16 April 1850 was responsible for passing the motion that controlled its scope and collection policy for the rest of the century. Peel was thrown from his horse while riding on Constitution Hill in London on 29 June 1850. The horse stumbled on top of him, and he died three days later on 2 July at
8918-640: The Parliament of Northern Ireland and introducing direct rule as a precursor to establishing a power-sharing executive under the Sunningdale Agreement . This resulted in the Conservative Party losing the support of the Ulster Unionist Party at Westminster, which was to have consequences in later years when the party found itself reliant on tiny Commons majorities. Heath himself considered his greatest success in office to be
9100-538: The Second World War . The Conservatives under Baldwin were also the last political party in Britain to gain over half of the vote, which they did in the general election of 1931 . Yet as the war ended in victory the public demanded fresh leadership. The Conservatives were soundly defeated in the 1945 General Election by a resurgent Labour Party. The party responded to its defeat of 1945 by accepting many of
9282-568: The Tamworth Manifesto (December 1834), laying down the principles upon which the modern British Conservative Party is based. His first ministry was a minority government, dependent on Whig support and with Peel serving as his own chancellor of the Exchequer. After only four months, his government collapsed and he was Leader of the Opposition during Melbourne's second government (1835–1841). Peel became prime minister again after
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#17327823838859464-513: The Tamworth Manifesto . This document was the basis on which the modern Conservative Party was founded. In it, Peel pledged that the Conservatives would endorse modest reform such as reforms concerning economic and financial affairs, free trade and factory workers' rights. The Whigs formed a compact with Daniel O'Connell 's Irish Radical members to repeatedly defeat the government on various bills. Eventually, after only about 100 days in government, Peel's ministry resigned out of frustration and
9646-573: The Tory Party . Peel entered the Cabinet as home secretary (1822–1827), where he reformed and liberalised the criminal law and created the modern police force, leading to a new type of officer known in tribute to him as " bobbies " and " peelers ". After a brief period out of office he returned as home secretary under his political mentor the Duke of Wellington (1828–1830), also serving as Leader of
9828-513: The Tory party that had formed about 1812, a key moment of the transition coming with the Tamworth Manifesto of 1834. Political alignments in those centuries were much looser than now, with many individual groupings. From the 1780s until the 1820s the dominant grouping was those Whigs following William Pitt the Younger . From about 1812 on the name "Tory" was commonly used for a new party called by
10010-564: The Winter of Discontent during late 1978 and early 1979, and even in the very early Thatcher era they were able to criticise the Labour government for rising inflation and unemployment, not to mention the humiliating bailout of the UK economy by the IMF in 1976. However, when the Labour government lost its parliamentary majority in March 1977, it survived a vote of confidence in parliament when challenged by
10192-565: The early 1980s recession and mass unemployment. Thatcher's monetarist policies had a positive effect in the battle against inflation, which dropped from 27% in 1979 to less than 10% by 1982 and down to 4% by 1983. Thatcher won a third successive election in 1987 , this time with a 102-seat majority. Unemployment had now fallen below 3 million for the first time since 1981, and the economy was continuing to improve. The second and third terms were dominated by privatisations of Britain's many state-owned industries, including British Telecom in 1984,
10374-472: The election to succeed him was won by Edward Heath over both Reginald Maudling and Enoch Powell . The party proceeded to lose the 1966 general election . Heath's leadership proved controversial, with frequent calls from many prominent party members and supporters for him to step down, but he persevered. To the shock of almost everyone bar Heath, the party won the 1970 general election . As with all British governments in this period, Heath's time in office
10556-478: The general election of May 1997 was a win for the Labour Party, but the magnitude of the victory surprised almost everyone. There was a swing of 20% in some places, and Labour achieved a majority of 179 with 43% of the vote to the Conservatives' 31%. Tactical voting against the Conservatives is believed to have caused around 40 seats to change hands. They lost all their seats outside England, with prominent members such as Michael Portillo and Malcolm Rifkind among
10738-478: The leadership in November 1990 . She won the first round, but not enough to win outright, and having initially announced her intention to "fight on and fight to win" she resigned after it was clear the cabinet wouldn't back her she announced her intention to stand down. This signalled the end of her time in office on 22 November 1990 after 11 years as prime minister—a longer spell in power than any prime minister of
10920-420: The national debt . A Board of Supervision was established, and two measures passed, under which county asylums were erected and prompt medical treatment was ensured. In addition, it was provided "that a certificate of insanity, signed by two disinterested doctors, had to be presented before any person was confined to an asylum." According to one study, "the whole treatment of lunacy was humanised and lifted out of
11102-425: The "cash for questions" scandal, the contemporaneous misconduct as a minister by Neil Hamilton (who lost a consequent libel action against The Guardian ), and the convictions of former Cabinet member Jonathan Aitken and former party deputy chairman Jeffrey Archer for perjury in two separate cases leading to custodial sentences damaged the Conservatives' public reputation. Persistent unsubstantiated rumours about
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#173278238388511284-467: The 1870s. The modern Conservative Party descends from the Protectionists who broke with Peel in 1846, although they did not reintroduce Protection when they were returned to power. Under the leadership of Derby and Disraeli they consolidated their position and slowly rebuilt the strength of the party. Although Derby led several minority governments in the 1850s and 1860s, the party could not achieve
11466-600: The 1920s historical films helped maintain the political status quo by imposing an establishment viewpoint that emphasised the greatness of monarchy, empire, and tradition. The films created "a facsimile world where existing values were invariably validated by events in the film and where all discord could be turned into harmony by an acceptance of the status quo." Disraeli was an especially popular film hero: "historical dramas favoured Disraeli over Gladstone and, more substantively, promulgated an essentially deferential view of democratic leadership." Stage and screen actor George Arliss
11648-434: The 1960s and 1970s, but in 1975 Margaret Thatcher became leader and converted it to a monetarist economic programme; after her election victory in 1979 her government became known for its free market approach to problems and privatisation of public utilities. Here, the Conservatives experienced a high-point, with Thatcher leading the Conservatives to two more landslide election victories in 1983 and 1987. However, towards
11830-614: The 1970s and 1980s. Bury Interchange opened in March 1980 close to the site of the former Knowsley Street station (which was demolished in the early 1970s). It was the replacement for the Bolton Street railway station (which was subsequently taken over the East Lancashire Railway heritage line in 1987), and initially incorporated a railway station, with services to Manchester Victoria, and a bus station. Third-rail-powered heavy rail passenger services integrated with
12012-422: The 1970s. The Conservatives were conciliatory toward unions, but they did de-nationalise the steel and road haulage industries in 1953. In 1955 Churchill retired and was succeeded by Sir Anthony Eden . Eden had an immense personal popularity and lengthy experience as foreign secretary, and saw the Conservatives win the general election with an increased majority later that year, but his government then ran into
12194-486: The 19th century led the party to popularise its approach, especially under Benjamin Disraeli , whose Reform Act of 1867 greatly increased the electorate. After 1886, the Conservatives allied with the part of the Liberal Party known as the Liberal Unionists who opposed their party's support for Irish Home Rule and together they held office for all but three of the following twenty years. Lord Salisbury 's and Arthur Balfour 's governments between 1895 and 1906 were given
12376-412: The 20th century. In the ensuing second ballot, the Chancellor of the Exchequer John Major beat Heseltine and Douglas Hurd . Thatcher continued to sit in parliament as an MP until the 1992 general election , when she stepped down from parliament after 33 years. Major introduced a replacement for the Community Charge, the Council Tax , and continued with the privatisations, and went on to narrowly win
12558-426: The Anglican Church and penalised both nonconformists and Catholics. They were no longer enforced but were a matter of humiliation. Peel at first opposed the repeal, but reversed himself and led the repeal on behalf of the government, after consultation with Anglican Church leaders. The Sacramental Test Act 1828 passed into law in May 1828. In future religious issues he made it a point to consult with church leaders from
12740-407: The Attlee government's welfare state reforms, while offering a distinctive Conservative edge, as set out in their policy statement Industrial Charter (1947). Until the 1970s the two parties largely agreed on foreign policy, with both supporting NATO (1949–present) and the Anglo-American alliance of the Cold War (1947–1989). Economic recovery was slow, however, and that provided the opening for
12922-504: The Chadwick family, provides black pudding to retailers such as Harrods , and to major supermarkets, and the market is a destination for people from all over Greater Manchester and beyond. The last 30 years have seen the town develop into an important commuter town for neighbouring Manchester . Large-scale housing development has taken place around Unsworth , Redvales , Sunny Bank, Brandlesholme , Limefield, Chesham and Elton. The old railway line to Manchester Victoria closed in 1990 and
13104-467: The Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party (also known as Tories ) is the oldest political party in the United Kingdom and arguably the world. The current party was first organised in the 1830s and the name "Conservative" was officially adopted, but the party is still often referred to as the Tory party (not least because newspaper editors find it a convenient shorthand when space
13286-473: The Conservative defeat. A number of political scandals in the 1990s (building on previous examples in the 1980s) created the impression of what is described in the British press as "sleaze": a perception, peaking towards the end of the Major era, that the Conservatives were associated with political corruption and hypocrisy . In particular the successful entrapment of Graham Riddick and David Tredinnick in
13468-619: The Conservatives were able to achieve truly secure majorities through the defection of the Liberal Unionists . In 1891, the Irish Conservative Party , which had experienced considerable electoral loses over the previous two decades, joined with other Irish unionist movements to form the Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA). The IUA's MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster. Disraeli provided
13650-583: The Conservatives when the party split over the repeal of the Corn Laws . Peel and most senior Conservatives favoured repeal, but they were opposed by backbench members representing farming and rural constituencies, led by Lord George Bentinck , Benjamin Disraeli , and Lord Stanley (later the Earl of Derby), who favoured protectionism . Following repeal, the Protectionists combined with the Whigs to overthrow Peel's government. It would be twenty-eight years before
13832-466: The Conservatives won a plurality of votes but Labour had a plurality of seats. With a hung Parliament elected and the Ulster Unionists refusing to support the Conservative party, Heath tried to negotiate with the Liberals to form a coalition, but the attempts foundered on demands that were not acceptable to both parties. Heath was forced to resign as prime minister. These years were seen as
14014-505: The Conservatives, and then formed an electoral pact with the Liberal Party in order to prevent another similar threat to its power. James Callaghan had succeeded Harold Wilson as Labour leader and prime minister in March 1976, and in September 1978 resisted calls to hold a general election, despite improving economic conditions and opinion polls which showed Labour well placed to win a parliamentary majority. However, this proved to be
14196-489: The Corn Laws as he had been an intellectual convert to free trade since the 1820s. Blake points out that if Peel had been convinced that total repeal was necessary to stave off the famine, he would have enacted a bill that brought about immediate temporary repeal, not permanent repeal over a three-year period of gradual tapering-off of duties. Peel's support for free trade could already be seen in his 1842 and 1845 budgets; in late 1842 Graham wrote to Peel that "the next change in
14378-473: The Corn Laws became more political than humanitarian. Peel did, however, retain a hard core of supporters, known as Peelites , and at one point in 1849 was actively courted by the Whig/Radical coalition. He continued to stand on his conservative principles, however, and refused. Nevertheless, he was influential on several important issues, including the furtherance of British free trade with the repeal of
14560-408: The Corn Laws must be to an open trade" while arguing that the government should not tackle the issue. Speaking to the cabinet in 1844, Peel argued that the choice was the maintenance of the 1842 Corn Law or total repeal. The historian Boyd Hilton argued that Peel knew from 1844 he was going to be deposed as the Conservative leader. Many of his MPs had taken to voting against him, and the rupture within
14742-419: The Corn Laws; he created the modern Conservative Party on the ruins of the old Toryism." Peel was born at Chamber Hall, Bury, Lancashire , to the industrialist and parliamentarian Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet , and his wife Ellen Yates. His father was one of the richest textile manufacturers of the early Industrial Revolution . The family moved from Lancashire to Drayton Manor near Tamworth, Staffordshire ;
14924-756: The Fusilier Museum. George Frampton 's 'cheering fusilier', a tribute to those who died in the Boer War , stands in Whitehead Garden near the town hall. The Kay Monument, a solid pavilion with a stone dome capped with a bronze Fame , commemorates John Kay , the inventor of the flying shuttle which revolutionised the weaving industry. Designed by William Venn Gough in 1908, it holds a number of sculpted bronze plaques by John Cassidy . Contemporary works include Ron Silliman 's text piece From Northern Soul (Bury Neon) at Bury Interchange . Bury
15106-671: The Glaston-Bury Festival on the August bank holiday weekend, and Head for the Hills Festival (previously known as Ramsbottom Festival) closing the festival season in mid-September. While Glaston-Bury hosts mainly local/upcoming bands, Head for the Hills hosts a wider range of talent, including bands such as Soul II Soul , The Proclaimers and Maxïmo Park . The festival also has a popular silent disco, where DJs battle for
15288-538: The House of Commons . Initially, a supporter of continued legal discrimination against Catholics, Peel reversed himself and supported the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 and the 1828 repeal of the Test Act , claiming that "though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife was a greater danger". After being in opposition from 1830 to 1834, he became prime minister in November 1834. Peel issued
15470-619: The House of Commons appointed a Select Committee, the Bullion Committee , charged with stabilising British finances after the end of the Napoleonic Wars , and Peel was chosen as its chairman. Peel's Bill planned to return British currency to the gold standard , reversing the Bank Restriction Act 1797 , within four years (it was actually accomplished by 1821). Peel was considered one of the rising stars of
15652-629: The House of Lords veto also allowed the Government to pass the Irish Home Rule Act 1914 after which the Ulster Unionist leader Edward Carson threatened civil war . He was backed up by the newly formed Ulster Volunteers and smuggled German arms. Bonar Law was pushing hard—certainly blustering and threatening, and perhaps bluffing—but in the end his strategy proved both coherent and effective as he stopped Home Rule and enabled
15834-915: The King finally relented. The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 passed into law in April 1829. Peel's U-turn cost him the trust of many Tories: according to Norman Gash , Peel had been "the idolized champion of the Protestant party; that party now regarded him as an outcast". It was in 1829 that Peel established the Metropolitan Police Force for London based at Scotland Yard . The 1,000 constables employed were affectionately nicknamed 'bobbies' or, somewhat less affectionately, 'peelers'. Although unpopular at first, they proved very successful in cutting crime in London, and, by 1857, all cities in Britain were obliged to form their own police forces. Known as
16016-465: The Liberals) until 1922. Nigel Keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses. However the war pulled the party together, allowing it to emphasise patriotism as it found new leadership and worked out its positions on the Irish question, socialism, woman suffrage, electoral reform, and
16198-595: The Manchester Statistical Society, 733 had 3–4 people in each bed, 207 had 4–5, and 76 had 5–6. Social reformers locally and nationally were concerned about such issues, including Edwin Chadwick . One report that prepared the ground for the reform of public health matters, commissioned by the then Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel , asked local doctors for information. King Street, Bury, was highlighted: it had 10 houses, each with one bedroom, and
16380-737: The Mill Gate Shopping Centre in 1995. On 23 November 1981, an F0/T1 tornado formed over Whitefield and subsequently moved through Bury town centre and surrounding areas. In 2010 a £350m shopping development opened up around the Rock. The main street is populated mainly by independent shops and food outlets. At the top end of the street is a shopping area with a multi-screen cinema, bowling alley, and department stores including Marks & Spencer , Primark , H&M , Boots , Clarks , Poundland , Body Shop and Warren James Jewellers . Bury also benefited from other facilities in
16562-635: The Millgate Shopping Centre, the Rock and the main square. Manchester Metrolink operates trams to Altrincham and Piccadilly from Bury. There is generally a service every 6 minutes from Bury to Manchester city centre , with every other tram continuing to Altrincham. Bury F.C. is the town's local football club. Bury play in the North West Counties Premier Division, the ninth tier of English football. Bury gained worldwide publicity in August 2019 when
16744-586: The North West Men's League and will compete in Division 1 in the 2021 season. The Met arts centre, based in the Derby Hall on Market Street, is a small performing arts venue promoting a programme of theatre, music and comedy events. The Met has hosted famous comedy acts such as Peter Kay , Jason Manford , Steve Coogan and Eddie Izzard in their days before fame. Bury Art Museum is home to
16926-619: The People Act 1918 , the Conservatives enfranchised them all with the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 and aggressively sought their votes, often relying on patriotic themes. For the next few years it seemed possible that the Liberals who supported Lloyd George and the Conservatives would merge into a new political grouping. However the reluctance of these Liberals to lose their identity ended this ambition and
17108-664: The Rivers Roch and Irwell providing power for spinning mills and processing water for the finishing trades. Development was further promoted when the town was linked to the national canal network by the Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal , fully opened in 1808. The canal was provided with water from Elton Reservoir , fed by aqueducts from a weir on the Irwell, north of what is now the Burrs Country Park . The Burrs
17290-708: The Seddons Farm estate on the west side of town, follows the approximate line of the Roman road. The most imposing building in the early town would have been Bury Castle , a medieval manor house built in 1469 for Sir Thomas Pilkington. It sat in a good defensive position on high ground overlooking the Irwell Valley. The Pilkington family suffered badly in the Wars of the Roses when, despite geography, they supported
17472-624: The Tories to form a ministry again in succession to those of Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne in December 1834. Peel was selected as prime minister but was in Italy at the time, so Wellington acted as a caretaker for three weeks until Peel's return. Following the resignation of former prime minister Charles Grey , because of an issue regarding Ireland's conciliatory reform and at the invitation of King William IV , Peel became prime minister in early December 1834. Peel formed his own government, though it
17654-452: The Tory party, first entering the cabinet in 1822 as home secretary . As home secretary, he introduced a large number of important reforms to British criminal law. In one of his policies, he reduced the number of crimes punishable by death, and simplified the law by repealing a large number of criminal statutes and consolidating their provisions into what are known as Peel's Acts . He reformed
17836-556: The Unionist-dominated House of Lords rejected the so-called " People's Budget ", leading to a long conflict over the nature and constitutional place of the House of Lords. The Conservatives managed to make up much of their losses in both the January and December elections of 1910. This forced the Liberals to rely on Irish Nationalist votes to maintain their majority. Although the Liberals were able to force through
18018-597: The United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community (or the "Common Market" as it was widely called at the time) but in subsequent years the UK's membership of the EEC was to prove the source of the greatest division in the party. The country suffered a further bout of inflation in 1973 as a result of the OPEC cartel raising oil prices, and this in turn led to renewed demands for wage increases in
18200-457: The Whig party. Peel, therefore, asked that some of this entourage be dismissed and replaced with their Conservative counterparts, provoking the so-called Bedchamber Crisis . Victoria refused to change her household, and despite pleadings from the Duke of Wellington, relied on assurances of support from Whig leaders. Peel refused to form a government, and the Whigs returned to power. Peel finally had
18382-597: The Whigs under Lord Melbourne returned to power. The only real achievement of Peel's first administration was a commission to review the governance of the Church of England . This ecclesiastical commission was the forerunner of the Church Commissioners . Despite the January 1835 general election, from which Peel attempted to consolidate his party's majority in Parliament, the Conservatives still remained
18564-435: The activities of the party treasurer Michael Ashcroft did not help this impression. At the same time a series of revelations about the private lives of various Conservative politicians also grabbed the headlines and both the media and the party's opponents made little attempt to clarify the distinction between financial conduct and private lives. Bury, Lancashire Bury ( / ˈ b ɛr i / , / ˈ b ʊr i / )
18746-423: The age of 62 due to a broken collarbone rupturing his subclavian vessels. His body was buried in the churchyard of St Peter Church, Drayton Bassett . Inside the church is a memorial tablet which reads "In Memory of / The Rt Hon Sir Robert Peel, Bart. / to whome the People / have raised Monuments /in many places. / His Children / erect this in the place / where his body / has been buried". History of
18928-426: The ancient system of rates (based on property values) which funded local government. This unpopular new charge was a flat rate per adult no matter what their circumstances; it seemed to be shifting the tax burden disproportionately onto the poor. Once again Thatcher's popularity sagged, but this time the Conservatives thought it might cost them the election. Michael Heseltine , a former cabinet member, challenged her for
19110-403: The atmosphere of profits into that of curative effort and civic responsibility." Peel's promise of modest reform was held to, and the second most famous bill of this ministry, while "reforming" in 21st-century eyes, was in fact aimed at the reformers themselves, with their constituency among the new industrial rich. The Factory Act 1844 acted more against these industrialists than it did against
19292-467: The bitter end of the former coalition had refused to take office in Law's cabinet. Their absence explains why the hitherto unknown Stanley Baldwin was to become leader of the party barely two years after first entering a major ministerial post. Baldwin called an election in 1923 on the issue of tariffs but lost his majority; Ramsay MacDonald formed a minority Labour government. Baldwin was back after winning
19474-540: The bus companies in 1985, British Gas in 1986, British Airways in 1987, Austin Rover (formerly British Leyland ), and British Steel Corporation in 1988. In 1984, Thatcher also successfully concluded five-year-long negotiations over Britain's budget to the European Economic Community . ( See UK rebate .) In 1989, the Community Charge (frequently referred to as the " Poll tax ") was introduced to replace
19656-564: The classic late-19th-century spinning mills that were such a feature of other Lancashire towns, a group known as Peel Mills are still in use at Castlecroft Road. Immediately north of the town centre, their name is another reminder of the link with the Peel family. According to writer Geoffrey Moorhouse , no history of Bury is complete without reference to its role as the regimental town of the Lancashire Fusiliers . In 1688, Prince William of Orange (later King William III) landed at Brixham , Devon . He asked Colonel Sir Robert Peyton to raise
19838-562: The club were expelled from the Football League due to unpaid debts and poor ownership. The Lancashire Spinners are a basketball team based in Bury. They compete in the second-tier English Basketball League Division 1, and have done so since promotion from Division 2 in 2015. The club have close ties with nearby Myerscough College . Bury Broncos are a Rugby League team based in the Prestwich area. Formed in 2008, they play in
20020-416: The coal industry. The government refused to accede to the miner's demands, resulting in a series of stoppages and massive attempts to ration power, including the " Three Day Week ". Heath decided to call a snap election on the question of "Who Governs Britain?". However the Conservative Party was unprepared, whilst the miners' unions stated that they did not see how the re-election of the government would change
20202-587: The colour of the Protestant Orange Order ). George Canning himself died less than four months later and, after the brief premiership of Lord Goderich , Peel returned to the post of home secretary under the premiership of his long-time ally the Duke of Wellington . During this time he was widely perceived as the number-two in the Tory Party, after Wellington himself. The Test and Corporation Acts required many officials to be communicants in
20384-489: The crises which had blighted Britain for most of the 1970s. The Falklands War , the perceived hard left nature of the Labour Party, and the intervention of the centrist SDP–Liberal Alliance all contributed to her party winning the 1983 general election in a landslide, gaining a majority of 144. This was despite dismal opinion poll showings for the Conservative government until the Falklands conflict, and also in spite of
20566-417: The depression years of the 1930s. In foreign policy, it favoured peace and appeasement of Italy and Germany until 1939. In the late 1930s, it supported a hurried rearmament program to catch up with Germany. The crisis came in 1940 as Germany defeated France and Britain and its Commonwealth stood alone against Adolf Hitler . The result was a wartime all-party coalition government with partisanship in abeyance. In
20748-486: The domestic production of yarn and cloth, as well as water-powered fulling mills. Development was swift in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The establishment in 1773 by the family of Sir Robert Peel of Brooksbottom Mill in Summerseat , north of the town, as a calico printing works marked the beginning of the cotton industry in Bury. By the early 19th century, cotton was the predominant textile industry, with
20930-513: The early 2010s including a new medical centre and office accommodation close to Bury Town Hall . A decision by Marks and Spencer to vacate its store in the Mill Gate Shopping Centre and move into a new larger one on The Rock emphasised a change of clientele in the town. The town centre is famous for its traditional market, with its "world famous" black pudding stalls. Bury Market was also once famous for its tripe, although this has declined in recent decades. The Bury Black Pudding Company, owned by
21112-593: The effective subjugation of the Lords with the Parliament Act 1911 , their advocacy once again cost them support, so that by 1914 a Unionist victory in the next election looked possible. Under Bonar Law 's leadership in 1911–14, the Party's morale improved, the "radical right" wing was contained, and the party machinery strengthened. It made some progress toward developing constructive social policies. The removal of
21294-487: The end of the Napoleonic Wars . The rate was 7d in the pound, or just under 3 per cent. The money raised was more than expected and allowed for the removal and reduction of over 1,200 tariffs on imports including the controversial sugar duties . It was also in the 1842 budget that the repeal of the corn laws was first proposed. It was defeated in a Commons vote by a margin of 4:1. The economic historian Charles Read has analysed Peel's economic policies as: (i) Fixing
21476-545: The end of the 1980s Thatcher's increasing unpopularity within the parliamentary party and unwillingness to change policies perceived as vote-losing led to her being deposed in 1990 and replaced by John Major , who won an unexpected election victory in 1992. Major's government suffered a political blow when the Pound Sterling was forced out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism later that year, which lost
21658-617: The father of modern policing, Peel is thought to have contributed to the Metropolitan Police's first set of "Instructions to Police Officers", emphasising the importance of its civilian nature and policing by consent. However, what are now commonly known as the Peelian Principles were not written by him but were instead produced by Charles Reith in his 1948 book, A Short History of the British Police , as
21840-634: The first Oxford student to take a double first in Classics and Mathematics. Peel was a law student at Lincoln's Inn in 1809. He also held military commissions as a captain in the Manchester Regiment of Militia in 1808, and later as lieutenant in the Staffordshire Yeomanry Cavalry in 1820. Peel entered politics in 1809 at the age of 21, as MP for the Irish rotten borough of Cashel , County Tipperary . With
22022-503: The formation of Northern Ireland. However the First World War meant the act was suspended; it never took effect and by 1921 Ireland was partitioned, with Northern Ireland remaining part of the United Kingdom; it became a conservative stronghold. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during the First World War, and the coalition continued under Liberal PM David Lloyd George (with half of
22204-505: The free traders over to the Liberal camp. Tariff reform was a losing issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to. Support among the top tier of the working class, and in lower middle class weakened, and there was dissatisfaction among the intellectuals. The 1906 election was a landslide for the opposition, which saw its total vote jump 25 percent, while the Conservative total vote held steady. The election of 1906 ended in
22386-464: The gaol system, introducing payment for gaolers and education for the inmates in the Gaols Act 1823 ( 4 Geo. 4 . c. 64). In 1827 the prime minister Lord Liverpool became incapacitated and was replaced by George Canning . Peel resigned as home secretary. Canning favoured Catholic emancipation , while Peel had been one of its most outspoken opponents (earning the nickname "Orange Peel", with Orange
22568-400: The government's image both at home and abroad, and presided over strong economic growth and a massive expansion in the consumer-product economy. In 1959 he won the general election of that year on this economic success, summed up in the slogan "You've never had it so good". The Conservatives had now won three general elections in succession and once again they had increased their majority. Such
22750-425: The height of "consensus politics". However, by the 1970s many traditional methods of running the economy, managing relations with trade unions, and so on began to fail—or had outright already failed. This was also a period of Labour-Party ascendancy, as they ruled for nearly twelve out of the fifteen years between 1964 and 1979. Many in the Conservative Party were left wondering how to proceed. Heath remained leader of
22932-485: The high-profile issues of alcohol licensing and land ownership for the peasants of Ireland. Nevertheless, the weaknesses were accumulating, and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to complete power until 1922. The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm, especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain . There was a bitter split on "tariff reform" (that is, imposing tariffs or taxes on all imports), that drove many of
23114-415: The historian Robert Blake "the ancestors of 'Conservatism.'". Blake adds that Pitt's successors after 1812 "Were not in any sense standard-bearers of 'true Toryism.'" Pitt never used the term 'Tory'. In the late 1820s, disputes over political reform, especially Roman Catholic Emancipation , broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed in 1831 amidst a Whig landslide . Now in
23296-472: The issue of intervention in the economy. They became the dominant partner in Lloyd George's coalition government following their landslide in the 1918 "coupon" election . Patriotism appealed to its base in rural England. The fresh emphasis on anti-Socialism was its response to the growing strength of the Labour Party as the Liberals faded. The Coalition enfranchised some women with the Representation of
23478-473: The landscape. In 1822 Bury Savings Bank opened on Silver Street established under government control and later became TSB . Probate evidence from the 17th century and the remains of 18th-century weavers' cottages in Elton, on the west side of Bury, indicate that domestic textile production was an important factor in the local economy at a time when Bury's textile industry was dominated by woollens, and based upon
23660-475: The larger audience. For the past two years, this battle has largely been dominated by the DJ team BABs , a brother and sister partnership from the local village of Edenfield. Bury is known for its black puddings so much so, that it is not uncommon to see it marketed as " Bury Black Pudding " on a menu. Bury simnel cake is a variant of the cake originating in Bury. The town was also notable for tripe , though there
23842-399: The local organisations in raising local money. Lord Woolton emphasised a rhetoric that characterised the opponents as "Socialist" rather than "Labour." The libertarian influence of Professor Friedrich Hayek 's 1944 best-seller The Road to Serfdom was apparent in the younger generation, but that took another quarter century to have a policy impact. By 1951, Labour had worn out its welcome in
24024-527: The losses. Major resigned within 24 hours. It is often said that the Conservatives lost the 1997 election due to EU party-policy divisions. However, it is likely that the European question played only a small or insignificant part in the result. Accusations of "Tory sleaze", apathy towards a government that had been in power for nearly two decades, and a rebranded "New" Labour Party with a dynamic and charismatic leader ( Tony Blair ) are all probable factors in
24206-543: The major denominations. The 1828 Clare by-election returned the Catholic Irish nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell . By autumn 1828, the Chief Secretary for Ireland was alarmed by the extent of civil disorder and the prospect of a rebellion if O'Connell were barred from Parliament. Wellington and Peel now conceded the necessity of Catholic emancipation, Peel writing to Wellington that "though emancipation
24388-527: The manor house has since been demolished, and the site occupied by Drayton Manor Theme Park . Peel received his early education from a clergyman tutor in Bury and at a clergyman's local school in Tamworth. He may also have attended Bury Grammar School or Hipperholme Grammar School , though evidence for either is anecdotal rather than textual. He started at Harrow School in February 1800. At Harrow, he
24570-424: The middle classes; its factions were bitterly embroiled. Conservatives were ready to govern again. With a narrow win in the 1951 general election , Churchill was back. Although he was aging rapidly, he had national and global prestige. Apart from rationing, which was ended, most of the welfare state enacted by Labour were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the " Post-war consensus ", which lasted until
24752-463: The middle, the government struggled on for another two years and saw many Unionist MPs defect to the Liberals. These defectors included the future Conservative party leader Winston Churchill in 1904. The Conservatives—usually called "Unionists"—were dominant from the 1890s to 1906. The party had many strengths, appealing to voters supportive of imperialism, tariffs, the Church of England, a powerful Royal Navy, and traditional hierarchical society. There
24934-423: The minority, Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism , and later that year he formed a short-lived government. On the fall of Lord Melbourne 's government after a Whig electoral defeat in 1841 Peel took office with a substantial majority and appeared set for a long rule. In 1846 disaster struck
25116-558: The moment was lost. From then on the rumblings of discontent within the coalition over issues such as the Soviet Union , trade unions and the Irish War of Independence (leading to the de facto independence for the Irish Free State in 1921) led to many Conservatives hoping to break with Lloyd George. Bonar Law resigned in 1921 on the grounds of ill health and the parliamentary party was now led by Austen Chamberlain . Previously
25298-543: The name of "Unionist". The Conservative Party was also known as the Unionist Party in the early 20th century. In 1909, the Conservative Party was renamed the Conservative and Unionist Party and in May 1912 it formally merged with the Liberal Unionists. The First World War saw the formation of an all-party coalition government and for four years after the armistice the Unionist Party remained in coalition with
25480-469: The national headquarters made highly effective use of paid travelling lecturers, with pamphlets, posters, and especially lantern slides, who were able to communicate effectively with rural voters – particularly the newly enfranchised agricultural workers. In the first years of the 20th century, the Conservative government, with Arthur Balfour as Prime Minister 1902–1905, had numerous successes in foreign policy, defence, and education, and enacted solutions for
25662-553: The national rail network ceased in 1991, with Metrolink taking over the line and trams operating the line since April 1992. As a result, Bury has not had a conventional heavy rail link to the national network since 1991. Currently, most buses are run by the Bee Network (Which replaced those run by Diamond North West ), Go North West , and Rosso , (with some buses run by Vision Bus) connecting with destinations within Greater Manchester, Rossendale , Blackburn and Burnley . It
25844-488: The new monarch, Queen Victoria . However, this too would have been a minority government, and Peel felt he needed a further sign of confidence from his Queen. Lord Melbourne had been Victoria's confidant since her accession in 1837, and many of the higher posts in Victoria's household were held by the wives and female relatives of Whigs; there was some feeling that Victoria had allowed herself to be too closely associated with
26026-441: The next twenty years, at first passively supported by the Liberal Unionists and then, after 1895, in active coalition with them. From 1895, unofficially, and after 1912 officially, the Conservative-Liberal Unionist coalition was often simply called the "Unionists". In 1902 Salisbury retired, and his nephew Arthur Balfour became prime minister. The party then split on the issue of Tariff Reform . The controversy had been taken up by
26208-607: The party between liberals and paternalists, which had been so damaging in the 1820s but masked by the issue of parliamentary reform in the 1830s, was brought to the surface over the Corn Laws. Hilton's hypothesis is that Peel wished to be deposed on a liberal issue so that he might later lead a Peelite/Whig/Liberal alliance. Peel was magnanimous towards Irish famine and permitted quick settlements of disputes at frontiers in India and America ( Treaty of Amritsar (1846) on 16 March 1846 and Oregon Treaty on 15 June 1846) in order to repeal Corn Laws on 29 June 1846. As an aside in reference to
26390-538: The party despite growing challenges to his mandate, and the fact that he had now lost three of his four general elections as party leader. At the time there was no system for challenging an incumbent leader but after renewed pressure and a second general election defeat a system was put in place and Heath agreed to holding a leadership election to allow him to renew his mandate. In spite of his track record as Conservative party leader, which had included defeat at three out of four general elections, few both inside and out of
26572-453: The party expected him to be seriously challenged, let alone defeated. However, Margaret Thatcher stood against Heath and in a shock result outpolled him on the first ballot, leading him to withdraw from the contest. Thatcher then faced off four other candidates to become the first woman to lead a major British political party. Thatcher had much support from the monetarists , led by Keith Joseph . The Conservatives would eventually capitalise on
26754-434: The party much of its reputation for good financial stewardship. Although the country's economy recovered in the mid-1990s, an effective opposition campaign by the Labour Party led to a landslide defeat in 1997. The party returned to government in a coalition under David Cameron following the 2010 general election . In the 2015 general election , the Conservatives managed to win a majority and saw Cameron return to power for
26936-445: The party. The Irish Unionist Alliance collapsed in 1922, and the conservative movement in Northern Ireland was taken up by its successor there, the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP). The UUP MPs would take the Conservative whip at Westminster until 1972. After winning the election of 1922 , Bonar Law, terminally ill, resigned in May 1923. Though holding a majority in government, the Tories were still split, as many of those who stayed to
27118-436: The passage of the Local Government Act 1972 , Bury merged with the neighbouring municipal boroughs of Radcliffe and Prestwich , together with the urban districts of Whitefield , Tottington and Ramsbottom in 1974 to become the Metropolitan Borough of Bury . The borough is part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester . On 3 July 2008, a referendum was held in the borough to decide whether it should be ruled by
27300-411: The position of Deputy Prime Minister as a result. As the term went on, with by-elections being consistently lost by the Conservatives, their majority declined and eventually vanished entirely. Getting every vote out became increasingly important to both sides, and on several occasions ill MPs were wheeled into the Commons to vote. Eventually, the Government became a technical minority. As predicted,
27482-409: The press barons Rothermere and Beaverbrook. The party reached a new height in the inter-war years under Baldwin's leadership. His mixture of strong social reforms and steady government proved a powerful election combination, with the result that the Conservatives governed Britain either by themselves or as the leading component of the National Government for most of the interwar years and all through
27664-403: The repeal of the Corn Laws, Peel managed to keep minimum casualties of Irish Famine in its first year, Peel did make some moves to subsidise the purchase of food for the Irish, but this attempt was small and had little tangible effect. In the age of laissez-faire , government taxes were small, and subsidies or direct economic interference was almost nonexistent. That subsidies were actually given
27846-430: The reply to the king's speech . His speech was a sensation, famously described by the Speaker , Charles Abbot , as "the best first speech since that of William Pitt ". Peel changed constituency twice, becoming one of the two Members for Chippenham in 1812, and then one of those for Oxford University in 1817. In 1810, Peel was appointed an Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies ; his secretary of state
28028-480: The school houses is named Derby in their honour. The town was formerly home to the Derby Hall and the Derby Hotel . The castle remains were buried beneath the streets outside the Castle Armoury until properly excavated for the first time in the 1970s. Between 1801 and 1830, the population of the town more than doubled from 7,072 to 15,086. This was the time when the factories, mines and foundries, with their spinning machines and steam engines, began to dominate
28210-482: The situation. The Conservatives were further rocked by the death of Iain Macleod and the resignation of Enoch Powell , who denounced the government for taking the country into the EEC and called on voters to back the Labour Party, who had promised a referendum on withdrawal. The February 1974 election produced an unusual result as support for the Liberals, Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru all surged, Northern Ireland 's politics became more localised, whilst
28392-529: The south, the main tributary (the River Roch, flowing from the east) joins the Irwell close to another significant bridging point, Blackford Bridge. This carries the main road south (the A56 ) towards Manchester. Bury experiences a warm temperate climate with warm summers and cool winters owing to the shielding effect of the Western Pennine Moors . Summer is the driest time of the year with low rainfall. Bury rarely experiences temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F), due to oceanic north easterly winds. In summer,
28574-409: The temperature is warm and Bury experiences much sun. Winters are cool; temperatures can drop below freezing between December and March. There is not much extreme weather in Bury; floods are rare since the town is on higher ground, although flood is occasionally seen in Ramsbottom . Early summer thunderstorms bring high rainfall. For purposes of the Office for National Statistics , Bury is part of
28756-399: The traditional stronghold of the Conservatives, the landed gentry , by restricting the number of hours that children and women could work in a factory and setting rudimentary safety standards for machinery. This was a continuation of his own father's work as an MP, as the elder Robert Peel was most noted for the reform of working conditions during the first part of the 19th century. Helping him
28938-421: The turn of the 19th century. Districts such as Freetown, Fishpool and Pimhole were transformed from farmers' fields to rows of terraces beside the factories and mills. The houses were of the most limited kind, without basic facilities, sewers or proper streets. The result was the rapid spread of disease and high mortality rates in crowded areas. In 1838, out of 1,058 working class houses in Bury investigated by
29120-449: The valley, respectively. The town centre sits close to, and above, the river on the east side. Bury Bridge is a key bridging point, linking the east side of town and the town centre with the western suburbs and Bolton beyond. Other bridges across the river are few—there is one at Radcliffe Road to the south and one at Summerseat to the north. There is a bridge at the Burrs, but it serves a cul-de-sac and does not allow full east–west access. To
29302-429: The value of British currency to a gold standard , with the paper pound currency freely convertible to gold. (ii) A limited banknote supply based on a fixed relationship to the gold reserve . (iii) Free movement of bullion flows from 1819 and lower import tariffs on food and raw materials from 1842 (often loosely referred to as free trade ). (iv) Control of interest rates and a balanced budget in order to reduce
29484-410: The war than during it. The success of the Conservative Party in reorganising itself was validated by its victory in the 1951 election. It had restored its credibility on economic policy with the Industrial Charter written by Rab Butler , which emphasised the importance of removing unnecessary controls, while going far beyond the laissez-faire attitude of old toward industrial social problems. Churchill
29666-419: Was Lord Liverpool . When Lord Liverpool formed a government in 1812, Peel was appointed chief secretary for Ireland . The Peace Preservation Act of 1814 authorised the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to appoint additional magistrates in a county in a state of disturbance, who were authorised to appoint paid special constables (later called "peelers"). Peel thus laid the basis for the Royal Irish Constabulary . Peel
29848-474: Was Lord Shaftesbury , a British MP who also established the coal mines act . In 1843 Peel was the target of a failed assassination attempt; a criminally insane Scottish woodturner named Daniel M'Naghten stalked him for several days before, on 20 January, killing Peel's personal secretary Edward Drummond thinking he was Peel, which led to the formation of the controversial criminal defence of insanity . The most notable act of Peel's second ministry, however,
30030-419: Was a Tory government that was a minority government and depended on Whig goodwill for its continued existence. Parliament was dissolved in late December 1834 and a general election was called. Voting took place in January and February 1835, and Peel's supporters gained around 100 seats, but this was not enough to give them a majority. As his statement of policy at the general election of January 1835, Peel issued
30212-471: Was a contemporary of Lord Byron , who recalled of Peel that "we were on good terms" and that "I was always in scrapes, and he never". On Harrow's Speech Day in 1804, Peel and Byron acted part of Virgil 's Aeneid , Peel playing Turnus and Byron playing Latinus . In 1805, Peel matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford . His tutor was Charles Lloyd , later Regius Professor of Divinity , on Peel's recommendation appointed bishop of Oxford . In 1808 Peel became
30394-461: Was a great danger, civil strife was a greater danger". Peel drew up the Catholic Relief bill. He felt compelled to stand for re-election to his seat in Oxford, as he was representing the graduates of Oxford University (many of whom were Anglican clergymen), and had previously stood on a platform of opposition to Catholic Emancipation. Peel lost his seat in a by-election in February 1829 to Ultra-Tory Robert Inglis , but soon found another by moving to
30576-416: Was a powerful leadership base in the landed aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England, plus strong support from the Church of England and military interests. Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working-class districts. They had an appeal as well to the better-off element of traditional working class Britons in the larger cities. In rural areas,
30758-407: Was closed. Bury Knowsley Street station had passenger services travelling east–west through Bury, connecting the town directly to both Bolton and Heywood. After October 1970 services to and from Manchester were the only passenger rail services connecting Bury to the national rail network. Bury to Manchester Victoria rail services were provided by Class 504 units, which were third-rail operated, in
30940-452: Was difficult and his premiership remains one of the most controversial in the party's history. At first, his government tried to follow monetarist policies of the kind later termed " Thatcherism ". This failed because high inflation and unemployment blocked Heath's attempts to reform the increasingly militant trade unions. The era of 1970s British industrial unrest had arrived. The Troubles in Northern Ireland would lead Heath to suspending
31122-401: Was firmly opposed to Catholic emancipation , believing that Catholics could not be admitted to Parliament as they refused to swear the Oath of Allegiance to the Crown. In May 1817, Peel delivered the closing speech in opposition to Henry Grattan 's Catholic emancipation bill; the bill was defeated by 245 votes to 221. Peel resigned as chief secretary and left Ireland in August 1818. In 1819,
31304-505: Was formed around the ancient market place but there is evidence of activity dating back to the period of Roman occupation . Bury Museum has a Roman urn containing a number of small bronze coins dated for AD 253–282 and found north of what is now the town centre. Under Agricola the road-building programme included a route from the fort at Manchester ( Mamucium ) to the fort at Ribchester ( Bremetennacum ) which ran through Radcliffe and Affetside . The modern Watling Street, which serves
31486-469: Was known for his portrayals of Disraeli, winning the Oscar as best actor for 1929's Disraeli . Steven Fielding says Arliss "personified the kind of paternalistic, kindly, homely statesmanship that appealed to a significant proportion of the cinema audience....Even workers attending Labour party meetings deferred to leaders with an elevated social background who showed they cared.". The Conservatives, now led by Lord Salisbury , remained in power for most of
31668-411: Was misdiagnosed with terminal cancer and resigned. The party at this time lacked a formal process for electing a new leader and Macmillan's resignation took place in the week of the annual Conservative Party Conference. This event rapidly became an American-style convention as leading ministers sought to establish their credentials. Eventually Macmillan formally recommended to the Queen that she appoint
31850-453: Was party leader, but he brought in a Party Chairman to modernise the creaking institution. Lord Woolton was a successful department store owner and wartime Minister of Food. As Party Chairman 1946–55, he rebuilt the local organisations with an emphasis on membership, money, and a unified national propaganda appeal on critical issues. To broaden the base of potential candidates, the national party provided financial aid to candidates, and assisted
32032-474: Was presented to him. The ancestral home of the Earls of Derby is Knowsley Hall on the outskirts of Liverpool . The family maintains a connection with Bury in various ways—the Derby High School is named after them. When the school opened in 1959 the 18th Earl of Derby was patron and the school's badge is based on the Earl's coat of arms. The 15th and 16th earls were both supporters of Bury Grammar School , both financially and in terms of land, and one of
32214-485: Was raised to that of a county borough of Lancashire. The coat of arms was granted in 1877 and its symbols represent local industry. In the quarters are representations of the anvil (for forging), the golden fleece (the wool industry), a pair of crossed shuttles (the cotton industry) and a papyrus plant (the paper industry). Above them are a closed visor capped by a mayfly and two red roses. The Latin motto " Vincit Omnia Industria " translates as " work conquers all ". With
32396-411: Was replaced by the light rapid transit system Metrolink in 1992. The town was also linked to the motorway network with the opening of the M66 , accessed from the east side of the town, in 1978. The town was initially a parish, then a select vestry with a "board of guardians for the poor". Improvement commissioners were added before the borough charter was granted in 1876. In 1889, the town's status
32578-447: Was the one that would bring it down. Peel moved against the landholders by repealing the Corn Laws , which supported agricultural revenues by restricting grain imports. This radical break with Conservative protectionism was triggered by the Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) . Tory agriculturalists were sceptical of the extent of the problem, and Peel reacted slowly to the famine, famously stating in October 1846 (already in opposition): "There
32760-443: Was the scale of their success that there was widespread public and media doubt as to whether the Labour Party was capable of winning a general election ever again. However, rising unemployment and an economic downturn in the early 1960s eroded support for Macmillan's government. It was further rocked in 1963 by the resignation of the Secretary of State for War John Profumo over the Profumo affair . In October of that year, Macmillan
32942-425: Was very much out of character for the political times; his successor, Lord John Russell , received more criticism than Peel on Irish policy, the worst year being 1847, despite all of Peel's efforts, his reform programmes had little effect on the situation in Ireland. Russell could not manage public distribution system during Irish Famine even though subsidized food from USA was made available in Ireland. The repeal of
33124-401: Was weakened by anti-Catholic sentiment following the controversial increase in the Maynooth Grant of 1845. After the outbreak of the Great Irish Famine , his decision to join with Whigs and Radicals to repeal the Corn Laws led to his resignation as prime minister in 1846. Peel remained an influential MP and leader of the Peelite faction until his death in 1850. Peel often started from
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