The Spanish Episcopal Conference ( Spanish : Conferencia Episcopal Española , Catalan : Conferència Episcopal Espanyola ) is an administrative institution composed of all the bishops of the dioceses of Spain and Andorra, in communion with the Roman Pontiff and under his authority. Its purpose is the joint exercise certain pastoral functions of the episcopate on the faithful of their territory, under common law and statutes, in order to promote the life of the Church, to strengthen its mission of evangelization and respond more effectively to the greater good that the Church should seek to men.
68-572: The documents that outline the life and work of the 113 Episcopal Conferences currently in the world, are: Lumen gentium (23), Christus Dominus (37-38), Ecclesiae Imago (211), Sanctae Ecclesiae (41), Apostolos Suos and the 1983 Code of Canon Law ( cn. 447-459). The Spanish Episcopal Conference was constituted by rescript of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation, protocol No. 1.047/64, of 03.10.1966. Public legal personality ecclesiastical and civil 2 under
136-486: A "reaffirmation" to "a genuine sacramental episcopal collegiality" which was thrown into the background by the premature ending of Vatican I. He goes on to say: This seems to afford the basis for a recovery of the principle that the papacy—and now we must add the episcopate—is not the source of the actual life of the Church, but the coordinator of that life's various and peripheral spontaneities. This principle of subsidiarity
204-600: A consultative vote. 3 charges are elected for three years (three years) and may not exceed three terms, except the Secretary General is elected for five years (five years). The Chair moderates the overall activity of the conference and represents it legally. Take care of the relations of the Episcopal Conference with the Holy See and with other episcopal conferences. Convenes and chairs meetings of
272-501: A more human manner of living is promoted in this earthly society. In order that the faithful may reach this perfection, they must use their strength accordingly as they have received it, as a gift from Christ. They must follow in His footsteps and conform themselves to His image seeking the will of the Father in all things. They must devote themselves with all their being to the glory of God and
340-592: A people which acknowledges Him in truth and serves Him in holiness [...] Christ instituted this new covenant, the new testament, that is to say, in His Blood, calling together a people made up of Jew and gentile, making them one, not according to the flesh but in the Spirit. This was to be the new People of God. For those who believe in Christ, who are reborn not from a perishable but from an imperishable seed through
408-826: Is a full member of the Conference and not part of the Permanent Commission for another title. The Archbishop of Madrid, if not a member of the Standing Commission for another title. Statutes of the Spanish Episcopal Conference, Articles 18 and 19. Thus, members of the Standing Committee will be members of the Executive Committee and the chairmen of the committees that are: The Plenary Assembly
476-530: Is carried through to the point at which the lay Catholic is seen as a genuine creative force in the life of the People of God; and to the further point where it is realised that the whole human family, insofar as good will prevails, is a theatre of the operations of the grace-gifts of the Holy Spirit, and is cooperating in the building up of Christ's kingdom. He concludes that the Church which makes contemporary
544-399: Is not always fully active [in actu pleno]; rather, it acts as a college in the strict sense only from time to time and only with the consent of its head. The phrase 'with the consent of its head' is used to avoid the idea of dependence on some kind of outsider; the term "consent" suggests rather communion between the head and the members, and implies the need for an act which belongs properly to
612-489: Is the Church, is the one Mediator and the unique way of salvation." Those who "knowing that the Catholic Church was made necessary by Christ, would refuse to enter or to remain in it, could not be saved."(14) All human beings are called to belong to the Church. Not all are yet fully incorporated into the Church, but "the Church recognizes that in many ways she is linked with those who, being baptized, are honored with
680-525: Is the supreme organ of the Episcopal Conference, and is composed of all members of the same. are full members of the Conference: The archbishops and diocesan bishops, Archbishop Military, Archbishops and Bishops Coadjutor and Auxiliary Managers and Administrators Diocesan Apostolic, and the Archbishops and Bishops emeriti members and to play a distinctive role in the national level, entrusted by
748-684: The Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum from 1938 to 1976 and peritus during Vatican II, was influential in the redaction of the Lumen gentium . Certain Traditionalist Catholic groups, particularly Sedevacantists , consider Lumen gentium to be the demarcation of when the Roman Church fell into heresy, pointing to the use of " subsistit in " rather than "est" as an abdication of
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#1732765450743816-513: The "right to make his consent dependent on an interpretation determined in advance". The Preliminary Note of Explanation did not in fact alter the value of the statement on collegiality in the text of Lumen gentium : it "strengthened the adherence to the doctrine of the First Vatican Council on the primacy, but it did not subsequently strike out anything from the direct divine origin of the episcopal office and its function, and
884-883: The Agreement on Legal Affairs of 03.01.1979 between the Holy See and the Spanish State. His first Statute was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in the year 1966 and ratified the same year by Pope Paul VI "ad quinquenium" (five years). He received the ultimate recognition, on February 5, 1977, by decree of the Congregation for Bishops. Subsequently, the LI Plenary Assembly approved in November 1989 amending some articles, confirmed by
952-612: The Archbishops and Bishops Coadjutor and Auxiliary, the apostolic administrators and diocesan administrator in addition to the Archbishops and Bishops emeriti members and special office at the national level, entrusted by the Holy See or the Episcopal Conference. All the Spanish Bishops pastoral office have voice and vote in the Plenary Assembly, the Bishops Emeritus (retired), without pastoral charge, only
1020-589: The Catholic Church is rooted in LG 17 and is one of the signs that the Church is seeking to fulfill Lumen Gentium . As the Father sent the Son, so he too sent the Apostles (Matthdw 28:18–20). The third chapter of the document, which spoke of the bishops as a "college"(22) that, within the Church, succeeds to the place of the "college" or "stable group" of the apostles (19) and is "the subject of supreme and full power over
1088-493: The Church's historic (and to them compulsory) identification of itself alone as God's church. In an interview with the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger responded to this criticism: The concept expressed by 'is' (to be) is far broader than that expressed by 'to subsist'. 'To subsist' is a very precise way of being, that is, to be as a subject, which exists in itself. Thus
1156-537: The Conference, the service of the Plenary Assembly for the study and treatment of some problems in a particular field of common pastoral activity of the Church in Spain , in accordance with the general guidelines adopted by the Assembly Whole. Each Episcopal Commission consist of a Chairman and a variable number of members as determined by the Plenary Assembly at the proposal of the Standing Committee. Statutes of
1224-584: The Congregation for Bishops, by decree of February 5 of 1991. The last renovation was approved by the Plenary Assembly XCII Spanish Episcopal Conference (24 - November 28, 2008) and confirmed by Decree of the Congregation for Bishops on 19 December of that year. Under Article 2 of the Statutes of the Spanish Episcopal Conference (CEE), are full members of the Archbishops and Bishops diocesan Archbishop military,
1292-465: The Constitution on the Church. Vatican II was sensitive to the views of other Christians, as the council, at the request of Pope John XXIII, hoped to promote Christian unity, but knew there are different concepts about Mary among other Christians, especially Protestants. The council in its one mention of Mary as " Mediatrix ", spoke of her as strengthening – not lessening – confidence in Christ as
1360-541: The Council Fathers meant to say that the being of the Church as such is a broader entity than the Roman Catholic Church, but within the latter it acquires, in an incomparable way, the character of a true and proper subject. One point of confusion was the document's treatment of the possibility of salvation outside of the Catholic Church. In 2000, Pope John Paul II issued Dominus Iesus with
1428-498: The Good News to the poor. One of the key portions of Lumen gentium is its second chapter, with its declaration that the Church is "the People of God": At all times and in every race God has given welcome to whosoever fears Him and does what is right. God, however, does not make men holy and save them merely as individuals, without bond or link between one another. Rather has it pleased Him to bring men together as one people,
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#17327654507431496-476: The Gospel of Christ or His Church, yet sincerely seek God and moved by grace strive by their deeds to do His will as it is known to them through the dictates of conscience. Nor does Divine Providence deny the helps necessary for salvation to those who, without blame on their part, have not yet arrived at an explicit knowledge of God and with His grace strive to live a good life.(16) The New Evangelization message in
1564-468: The Holy See or the Episcopal Conference. Statutes of the Spanish Episcopal Conference, Article 8 § 1 and 2. List of members of the Plenary Assembly. Territorially, the system diocese of the Catholic Church of Spain divides the country into 70 dioceses (14 of them Archdiocese ), each headed by a bishop (or Archbishop ). These, in turn, meet in fourteen ecclesiastical provinces, each in charge of their respective archbishop. For complete information regarding
1632-624: The Israelite people to be his own people and established a covenant with it, as a preparation and figure of the covenant ratified in Christ that constitutes the new People of God, which would be one, not according to the flesh, but in the Spirit and which is called the Church of Christ.(9) Consequently, "it [the Council] teaches that the Church, now sojourning on earth as an exile, is necessary for salvation. Christ, present to us in His Body, which
1700-527: The Lord Himself. Moreover, by the sacraments, especially holy Eucharist, that charity toward God and man which is the soul of the apostolate is communicated and nourished. Now the laity are called in a special way to make the Church present and operative in those places and circumstances where only through them can it become the salt of the earth. (33) But the Lord wishes to spread His kingdom also by means of
1768-472: The Muslims, who, professing to hold the faith of Abraham, along with us adore the one and merciful God, who on the last day will judge mankind. Nor is God far distant from those who in shadows and images seek the unknown God, for it is He who gives to all men life and breath and all things, and as Saviour wills that all men be saved. Those also can attain to salvation who through no fault of their own do not know
1836-1314: The Plenary Assembly and the Permanent Commission and Executive Committee. The Chairman has a duration of three years. Throughout the history of the Episcopal Conference of bishops who have presided have been: Casimiro Morcillo Gonzalez (1966–1969) Vicente Enrique y Tarancon , Cardinal (1969–1971) José María Bueno Monreal , Cardinal (1972–1978) José María Cirarda Lachiondo (1978–1981) Jose Delicado Baeza (1981–1987) Elias Yanes Alvarez (1987–1993) Fernando Sebastián Aguilar (1993–1999) Ricardo María Carles Gordó , Cardinal (1999–2002) Fernando Sebastián Aguilar (2002–2005) Antonio Cañizares Llovera , Cardinal (2005–2008) Ricardo Blázquez Pérez (2008 - 2014) Carlos Osoro Sierra , Cardinal (2014 - 2017) Antonio Cañizares Llovera , Cardinal (2017 - ) 1966 - 1972 - Jose Guerra Campos 1972 - 1977 - Elias Yanes Alvarez 1977 - 1982 - Jesus Rodriguez Iribarren 1982 - 1988 - Fernando Sebastián Aguilar 1988 - 1993 - Agustin Garcia-Gasco Vicente , Cardinal 1993 - 1998 - Jose Sanchez Gonzalez 1998 - 2003 - Juan José Asenjo Pelegrina 2003 - 2013 - Juan Antonio Martinez Camino 2013 - José María Gil Tamayo The Executive Committee consists of
1904-675: The Pope, Paul VI , and "the Schema de Ecclesia" to the draft text for the dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium . By "the Modi" is meant the proposals for amendments of that draft text which some of the Council participants had presented. The Note was thus added by papal authority, consistently with the idea that the consent of the Pope, as head of the College of Bishops was necessary, and that he had
1972-532: The Pope. In the latter instance, without the action of the head, the bishops are not able to act as a College: this is clear from the concept of "College." This hierarchical communion of all the bishops with the Supreme Pontiff is certainly firmly established in Tradition. Bishop Christopher Butler , a major contributor to the council and strong proponent of its teachings, finds that the document gives
2040-709: The Revista Ephemerides Mariologicae in 1966. In the same year, he founded the Iglesia Viva journal, which he directed until 1971. Sebastián Aguilar also taught dogmatic theology in his religious congregation in Valls and Salamanca. He then served as professor, from 1967, and subsequently rector, from 1971 to 1979, of the Pontifical University of Salamanca . Sebastián Aguilar was the archbishop emeritus of Pamplona y Tudela , having served as archbishop from 26 March 1993 until 31 July 2007, when he
2108-518: The Son and the Holy Spirit."(2) "Christ made His brothers, called together from all nations, mystically the components of His own Body."(7) It goes on to describe "the sole Church of Christ which in the Creed is professed as one, holy, catholic and apostolic, which our Saviour, after His Resurrection, commissioned Peter to shepherd, and him and the other apostles to extend and direct with authority, which He erected for all ages as 'the pillar and mainstay of
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2176-542: The Spanish Episcopal Conference (member equity). Members The Standing Committee is the body that looks after the preparation of the Plenary Assemblies and the implementation of decisions taken on them. The Standing Committee shall consist of: President, Vice President and Secretary General of the Conference, which will also Permanent Commission. The Presidents of the Episcopal Commissions of
2244-662: The Spanish Episcopal Conference, Articles 29 and 31 § 1. Thus, the Plenary Assembly XCVII (March 2011) found the chairs in the following bishops: The Cardinals are members of the Conference of the Council Presidency of the same. The Papal Representative is honorary member of the Governing Board, when attending meetings of the Conference or by mandate of the Holy See , or by request of the same Conference expressed by its president, and always in
2312-540: The angels with Him and death being destroyed, all things are subject to Him, some of His disciples are exiles on earth, some having died are purified, and others are in glory beholding "clearly God Himself triune and one, as He is"; but all in various ways and degrees are in communion in the same charity of God and neighbor and all sing the same hymn of glory to our God. For all who are in Christ, having His Spirit, form one Church and cleave together in Him. (49) The chapter on Mary
2380-407: The church, chapters five and six treat holiness and religious life, while chapters seven and eight discuss the saints and Mary. In its first chapter on ecclesiology, the constitution states that "all the just, from Adam and 'from Abel, the just one, to the last of the elect,' will be gathered together with the Father in the universal Church [...] a people made one with the unity of the Father,
2448-412: The common priesthood of the faithful and the ministerial or hierarchical priesthood are nonetheless interrelated: each of them in its own special way is a participation in the one priesthood of Christ. The ministerial priest, by the sacred power he enjoys, teaches and rules the priestly people; acting in the person of Christ, he makes present the eucharistic sacrifice, and offers it to God in the name of all
2516-405: The competence of the head. This is explicitly affirmed in n. 22, 12 and is explained at the end of that section. The word "only" takes in all cases. It is evident from this that the norms approved by the supreme authority must always be observed. Cf. Modus 84 It is clear throughout that it is a question of the bishops acting in conjunction with their head, never of the bishops acting independently of
2584-759: The dioceses of Spain (address, phone, website, email address and name of the bishop) can read the List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of Spain Maximum shareholders Radio Popular SA (COPE, Cadena 100). Sole shareholder of national television network 13tv. Lumen gentium Lumen gentium , the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church , is one of the principal documents of the Second Vatican Council . This dogmatic constitution
2652-503: The document of a "college" of bishops), and were now proposing 47 amendments to chapter III. Accordingly, a "Preliminary Note of Explanation" (in Latin , Nota explicativa praevia , often referred to as "the Nota praevia ") intended to reconcile them with the text was added on 16 November 1964. The Note reaffirmed that the college of bishops exercises its authority only with the assent of
2720-486: The dogmatic constitution as a whole. The Note is introduced by the following words: "A preliminary note of explanation is being given to the Council Fathers from higher authority, regarding the Modi bearing on Chapter III of the Schema de Ecclesia; the doctrine set forth in Chapter III ought to be explained and understood in accordance with the meaning and intent of this explanatory note." "Higher authority" refers to
2788-458: The first place we must recall the people to whom the testament and the promises were given and from whom Christ was born according to the flesh. On account of their fathers this people remains most dear to God, for God does not repent of the gifts He makes nor of the calls He issues. But the plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator. In the first place amongst these there are
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2856-570: The fixed and those mentioned in Art. 17, 7, or, if this is not a member of the same Bishop. The Metropolitan Church that Province who has not, in any other capacity, any of its members in the Standing Committee. The Presidents of the Regions Ecclesiastical they do not belong in any other capacity to the Standing Committee. The bishops elected to the Executive Committee, pursuant to art. 24 § 2, 3. º. A cardinal, in order of precedence, which
2924-975: The following members: Three by reason of his position: President, Vice President and Secretary General of the Spanish Episcopal Conference. The Archbishop of Madrid, if it has one of the charges listed. Three more Bishops elected for this purpose from among the full members of the Conference, or four if the Archbishop of Madrid is one of the charges listed. These bishops may not hold office in any Episcopal Commission. Currently: President: Ricardo Blázquez Pérez , Archbishop of Valladolid Cardinal . Vice President: Antonio Cañizares Llovera , Cardinal Archbishop of Valencia. Secretary General: Fr. José María Gil Tamayo . Members: Carlos Osoro Sierra , Cardinal Archbishop of Madrid, Juan del Rio Martin , Archbishop Military, Juan José Asenjo Pelegrina , Archbishop of Sevilla, Julián Barrio Barrio , Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela. The Episcopal Commissions are bodies established by
2992-504: The future be restored as a proper and permanent rank of the hierarchy. It pertains to the competent territorial bodies of bishops, of one kind or another, with the approval of the Supreme Pontiff, to decide whether and where it is opportune for such deacons to be established for the care of souls. With the consent of the Roman Pontiff, this diaconate can, in the future, be conferred upon men of more mature age, even upon those living in
3060-422: The future fulfillment of Bible prophecy in history. It continues themes of sanctification and holiness from earlier sections. It affirms the ancient Church practices of remembering the saints and imploring their intercession. It affirms "the sacred Liturgy, wherein the power of the Holy Spirit acts upon us through sacramental signs" and anticipates worship in heaven. Until the Lord shall come in His majesty, and all
3128-464: The laity, namely, a kingdom of truth and life, a kingdom of holiness and grace, a kingdom of justice, love and peace. (36) The theme of the [[universal call to holiness was built on in the fifth chapter: Thus it is evident to everyone, that all the faithful of Christ of whatever rank or status, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity; by this holiness as such
3196-512: The married state. It may also be conferred upon suitable young men, for whom the law of celibacy must remain intact. The laity are gathered together in the People of God and make up the Body of Christ under one Head. Whoever they are they are called upon, as living members, to expend all their energy for the growth of the Church and its continuous sanctification [...] Through their baptism and confirmation all are commissioned to that apostolate by
3264-467: The mystery of Christ and of the Church." Bishop Christopher Butler mentions that prior to Vatican II the one area where Catholic theology was allowed to develop uncritically, apart from the total life of theology, was in devotion to Mary, so that "it began to seem that the Catholicism of the future would approximate more and more to the condition of an Italian tribal cult." This century-long drift
3332-417: The name of Christian, though they do not profess the faith in its entirety or do not preserve unity of communion with the successor of Peter."(15) In addition, the Council describes how non-Christians and non-theists are related to the Church and that God does not deny them the helps necessary for salvation: Finally, those who have not yet received the Gospel are related in various ways to the people of God. In
3400-581: The one essential Mediator. The council, in speaking of Mary, used a biblical approach, with strong emphasis on her pilgrimage of faith. They also drew heavily from the Fathers of the Church, which Christians of all denominations respect. Pope Paul VI, in a speech to the council fathers, called the document "a vast synthesis of the Catholic doctrine regarding the place which the Blessed Mary occupies in
3468-526: The opening session of each Plenary Assembly. Statutes of the Spanish Episcopal Conference, Article 5 and 7. Family and Defense of Life: Mario Iceta Gavicagogeascoa , Bishop of Bilbao Catechesis: Javier Salinas Viñals , Bishop of Tortosa Universities: Agustin Cortes Soriano , Bishop of Sant Feliu de Llobregat Chairman: D. Bishop Carlos Lopez Hernandez , Bishop of Salamanca Ricardo Blázquez Pérez , Cardinal Archbishop of Valladolid and President of
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#17327654507433536-473: The people. But the faithful, in virtue of their royal priesthood, join in the offering of the Eucharist. They likewise exercise that priesthood in receiving the sacraments, in prayer and thanksgiving, in the witness of a holy life, and by self-denial and active charity.(10) In the second chapter, the Council teaches that God wills to save people not just as individuals but as a people. For this reason God chose
3604-513: The poor Christ, the humble and cross-bearing Christ in order to be worthy of being sharers in His glory. Every person must walk unhesitatingly according to his own personal gifts and duties in the path of living faith, which arouses hope and works through charity.(40, 41) "The religious state clearly manifests that the Kingdom of God and its needs, in a very special way, are raised above all earthly considerations. Finally it clearly shows all men both
3672-543: The pope, thus safeguarding the primacy and pastoral independence of the pope. The Note achieved its purpose: on the following day, 17 November, the No votes against chapter III dropped to 46, a number that may have included some who opposed it because they felt the Preliminary Note of Explanation had weakened the concept of collegiality. In the final vote on 18 November only five of the 2200+ participants voted against
3740-526: The responsibility of the College of Bishops for the Universal Church." Part 4 of the Note reads: As Supreme Pastor of the Church, the Supreme Pontiff can always exercise his power at will, as his very office demands. Though it is always in existence, the College is not as a result permanently engaged in strictly collegial activity; the Church's Tradition makes this clear. In other words, the College
3808-434: The saving truth of the gospel "is the sign and the instrument of the unity of the whole human race." This part of the document also endorsed the revival of the office of deacon as found in the early church, as a permanent vocation rather than a stage through which candidates for the priesthood pass, as had been the case since about the 5th century, and that it should open to married men. It said that: [T]he diaconate can in
3876-563: The seminaries of the congregation, he was ordained a priest on 28 June 1953. Sebastián Aguilar obtained a doctorate in Sacred Theology from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in 1957 with a dissertation entitled “Maternitatis divinae diversa ratio apud Didacum Alvarez et Franciscum Suarez”. He became a member of the Sociedad Mariológica Española in 1959 and served as director of
3944-438: The service of their neighbor. In this way, the holiness of the People of God will grow into an abundant harvest of good, as is admirably shown by the life of so many saints in Church history. The classes and duties of life are many, but holiness is one—that sanctity which is cultivated by all who are moved by the Spirit of God, and who obey the voice of the Father and worship God the Father in spirit and in truth. These people follow
4012-664: The theme of "the unicity and salvific universality of Jesus Christ and the Church". He later stated in an encyclical, Redemptoris Missio , "The universality of salvation means that it is granted not only to those who explicitly believe in Christ and have entered the Church." This affirmed the belief that not only Catholics can achieve salvation and sanctification . Such a belief would prove to be controversial among many traditionalist Catholics, even to this day. Fernando Sebasti%C3%A1n Aguilar Fernando Sebastián Aguilar CMF ( Spanish pronunciation: [feɾˈnando seβasˈtjan aɣiˈlaɾ] ; 14 December 1929 – 24 January 2019)
4080-471: The truth.' This Church, constituted and organized as a society in the present world, subsists in the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him, although many elements of sanctification and of truth are found outside its visible confines."(8) Pope Francis has taken a central theme of his pontificate from Lumen Gentium § 8 on the Church following Christ in his poverty and humility in order to bring
4148-447: The universal Church, provided we understand this body together with its head, the Roman Pontiff."(22) Conservative bishops in the council were fearful that the idea of the College of Bishops would be interpreted as a new conciliarism , a 15th-century idea that an ecumenical council was the supreme authority under Christ in the Catholic Church. Of the members of the council, 322, a substantial minority, voted against any mention whatever in
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#17327654507434216-409: The unsurpassed breadth of the strength of Christ the King and the infinite power of the Holy Spirit marvelously working in the Church." It is considered a "deepening of the baptismal character ". The religious life is conducive to the building up of other persons and of the world in Christ. Chapter 7 affirms the oneness of the Church on earth with the Church in heaven. It makes an indirect allusion to
4284-476: The word of the living God, not from the flesh but from water and the Holy Spirit, are finally established as "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a purchased people [...] who in times past were not a people, but are now the people of God.(9) The three-fold ministry of Christ is also exercised by every baptized. Thus in a sense all the baptized share in the priesthood of Christ: Though they differ from one another in essence and not only in degree,
4352-491: Was a Spanish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the Archbishop Emeritus of Pamplona y Tudela. Pope Francis elevated him to the rank of cardinal in a consistory on February 22, 2014. Sebastián Aguilar was born in Calatayud, Province of Zaragoza on 14 December 1929. He entered the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary ( Claretians ) and made his religious profession on 8 September 1946. After completing his studies in philosophy and theology in
4420-444: Was brought to an end by the Council on October 29, 1963, "a fixed point of the Marian paradigm shift," the date on which the Council decided, in a very close vote, to not give Mary a separate document but to situate her properly within the larger Church. [I]n the most holy Virgin the Church has already reached that perfection whereby she is without spot or wrinkle. (65) Marie Rosaire Gagnebet O.P. (1904–1983) professor of theology at
4488-467: Was promulgated by Pope Paul VI on 21 November 1964, following approval by the assembled bishops by a vote of 2,151 to 5. As is customary with significant Roman Catholic Church documents, it is known by its incipit , " Lumen gentium ", Latin for 'Light of the Nations'. The eight chapters of the document can be paired thematically: chapters one and two treat the church's nature and historical existence, chapters three and four treat different roles in
4556-458: Was succeeded by Francisco Pérez González . Prior to this, he was Bishop of León from 22 August 1979 until 28 July 1983, when he stepped down. He became archbishop co-adjutor of Granada on 8 April 1988, but did not succeed to that see because he was appointed to the aforementioned Pamplona y Tudela. Pope Francis announced on 12 January 2014 that on 22 February, Archbishop Sebastián Aguilar, along with 18 other individuals, would be inducted into
4624-414: Was the subject of debate. Original plans had called for a separate document about the role of Mary, keeping the document on the Church " ecumenical ," in the sense of "non-offensive" to Protestant Christians, who viewed special veneration of Mary with suspicion. However, the Council Fathers insisted, with the support of the Pope, that, as Mary's place is within the Church, treatment of her should appear within
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