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81-479: The series have subsequently been expanded to four concurrent events held twice a year: The event was devised by Arctic expedition guides Scott Gilmour and Phil Hayday-Brown. The inaugural race took place in 2012 when there were only three finishers from a small field of eleven competitors. The 2013 event was promoted as the Dare 2b Spine Race but later that year it was announced that Montane would take on sponsorship of

162-430: A GSM / GPRS / CDMA / LTE modem to transmit this information to a central computer either via SMS or GPRS in form of IP packets. Satellite-based GPS tracking units will operate anywhere on the globe using satellite technology such as GlobalStar or Iridium . They do not require a cellular connection. There are three types of GPS trackers, though most GPS-equipped phones can work in any of these modes depending on

243-427: A "GPS beacon", this kind of device push (i.e. "sends"), at regular intervals, the position of the device as well as other information like speed or altitude to a determined server , that can store and analyze the data instantly. A GPS navigation device and a mobile phone sit side-by-side in the same box, powered by the same battery. At regular intervals, the phone sends a text message via SMS or GPRS, containing

324-467: A constant source of energy to send data on a regular basis, like freight or containers.) Data Pullers are coming into more common usage in the form of devices containing a GPS receiver and a cell phone which, when sent a special SMS message reply to the message with their location. Covert GPS trackers contain the same electronics as regular GPS trackers but are constructed in such a way as to appear to be an everyday object. One use for covert GPS trackers

405-496: A constellation of 7 navigational satellites. Three of the satellites are placed in geostationary orbit (GEO) and the remaining 4 in geosynchronous orbit (GSO) to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 metres (25 ft) throughout India and within a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around it. An Extended Service Area lies between

486-592: A few centimeters to meters) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to a high precision, which allows time synchronisation. These uses are collectively known as Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance

567-558: A group. In most cases, an individual's name, together with some other information, will be sufficient to identify them, but a person can be identified even if their name is not known. Start by looking at the means available to identify an individual and the extent to which such means are readily available to you. Does the data 'relate to' the identifiable living individual, whether in personal or family life, business or profession? Relates to means: Data which identifies an individual, even without an associated name, may be personal data which

648-483: A loved one. GPS tracking devices have also been put on religious statues to track the whereabouts of the statue if stolen. In 2009, debate ensued over a Georgia proposal to outlaw hidden GPS tracking, with an exception for law enforcement officers but not for private investigators . See Georgia HB 16 - Electronic tracking device; location of person without consent (2009). The law in the UK has not specifically addressed

729-509: A mobile workforce, such as a commercial fleet. Typical GPS tracking systems used in commercial fleet management have two core parts: location hardware (or tracking device) and tracking software. This combination is often referred to as an Automatic Vehicle Location system. The tracking device is most often hardwired installed in the vehicle, connected to the CAN-bus , ignition system switch, battery. It allows collection of extra data, which

810-483: A particular victim is generally considered stalking. The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 created two new offenses of stalking by inserting new sections 2A and 4A into the PHA 1997. The new offences which came into force on 25 November 2012, are not retrospective. Section 2A (3) of the PHA 1997 sets out examples of acts or omissions which, in particular circumstances, are ones associated with stalking. Examples are: following

891-437: A person, watching or spying on them, or forcing contact with the victim through any means, including social media. Such behavior curtails a victim's freedom, leaving them feeling that they constantly have to be careful. In many cases, the conduct might appear innocent (if considered in isolation), but when carried out repeatedly, so as to amount to a course of conduct, it may then cause significant alarm, harassment or distress to

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972-458: A radio pulse from a known "master" location, followed by a pulse repeated from a number of "slave" stations. The delay between the reception of the master signal and the slave signals allowed the receiver to deduce the distance to each of the slaves, providing a fix . The first satellite navigation system was Transit , a system deployed by the US military in the 1960s. Transit's operation was based on

1053-405: A receiver. Locations are stored in the tracking unit or transmitted to an Internet -connected device using the cellular network ( GSM / GPRS / CDMA / LTE or SMS ), radio , or satellite modem embedded in the unit or WiFi work worldwide. GPS antenna size limits tracker size, often smaller than a half-dollar (diameter 30.61 mm). In 2020 tracking is a $ 2 billion business plus military-in

1134-466: A signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. Orbital data include a rough almanac for all satellites to aid in finding them, and a precise ephemeris for this satellite. The orbital ephemeris is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an atomic clock to maintain synchronization of all

1215-466: A system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geopositioning . A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed global navigation satellite system ( GNSS ). As of 2024 , four global systems are operational: the United States 's Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia 's Global Navigation Satellite System ( GLONASS ), China 's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and

1296-413: A target vehicle. The private investigator need not follow the target too closely, and always has a backup source of data. A data pusher is the most common type of GPS tracking unit, used for asset tracking , personal tracking and vehicle tracking systems. Virtually every cell phone is in this mode per user agreement, even if shut off or disabled storing the data for future transmission. Also known as

1377-446: A vehicle has consented to the use of the electronic tracking device with respect to that vehicle. (c) This section shall not apply to the lawful use of an electronic tracking device by a law enforcement agency. (d) As used in this section, "electronic tracking device" means any device attached to a vehicle or other movable thing that reveals its location or movement by transmission of electronic signals. (g) A violation of this section

1458-425: A vehicle is straining the concept of trespass". However, entering a person's private land to deploy a tracker is clearly a trespass which is a civil tort. Prevention of Harassment Act 1997 At times, the public misinterprets surveillance, in all its forms, as stalking. Whilst there is no specific legislation to address this kind of harassment, a long-term pattern of persistent and repeated efforts at contact with

1539-403: A warrant, this usage was questioned in court in early 2009. Use by private citizens is regulated in some states, such as California, where California Penal Code Section 637.7 states: (a) No person or entity in this state shall use an electronic tracking device to determine the location or movement of a person. (b) This section shall not apply when the registered owner, lesser, or lessee of

1620-452: Is 18 hours. GPS tracking unit A GPS tracking unit , geotracking unit , satellite tracking unit , or simply tracker is a navigation device normally on a vehicle, asset , person or animal that uses satellite navigation to determine its movement and determine its WGS84 UTM geographic position ( geotracking ) to determine its location. Satellite tracking devices may send special satellite signals that are processed by

1701-469: Is a misdemeanor. (f) A violation of this section by a person, business, firm, company, association, partnership, or corporation licensed under Division 3 (commencing with Section 5000) of the Business and Professions Code shall constitute grounds for revocation of the license issued to that person, business, firm, company, association, partnership, or corporation, pursuant to the provisions that provide for

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1782-497: Is for power tool protection; these devices can be concealed within power tool boxes and traced if theft occurs. The applications of GPS trackers include: Solar Powered: the advantage of some solar powered units is that they have much more power over their lifetime than battery-powered units. This gives them the advantage of reporting their position and status much more often than battery units which need to conserve energy to extend their life. Some wireless solar-powered units, such as

1863-567: Is later transferred to the GPS tracking server . There it is available for viewing, in most cases via a website accessed over the Internet, where fleet activity can be viewed live or historically using digital maps and reports. GPS tracking systems used in commercial fleets are often configured to transmit location and telemetry input data at a set update rate or when an event (door open/close, auxiliary equipment on/off, geofence border cross) triggers

1944-536: Is not 'obviously about' a particular individual may include information about their activities. Data such as personal bank statements or itemised telephone bills will be personal data about the individual operating the account or contracting for telephone services. Where data is not 'obviously about' an identifiable individual it may be helpful to consider whether the data is being processed, or could easily be processed, to learn, record or decide something about an identifiable individual. Information may be personal data where

2025-483: Is personal data? – A quick reference guide” published by the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) makes clear that data identifying a living individual is personal data. If a living individual can be identified from the data, with or without additional information that may become available, is personal data. Identifiability An individual is 'identified' if distinguished from other members of

2106-422: Is processed to learn or record something about that individual, or the processing of information that affects the individual. Therefore, data may 'relate to' an individual in several different ways. Is the data 'obviously about a particular individual? Data 'obviously about' an individual will include their medical history, criminal record, record of work, or their achievements in a sporting activity. Data that

2187-607: Is the world's most utilized satellite navigation system. First launch year: 1982 The formerly Soviet , and now Russian , Glo bal'naya Na vigatsionnaya S putnikovaya S istema , (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage since 1995 and with 24 active satellites. First launch year: 2000 BeiDou started as

2268-532: Is to be superseded by ADS-C, a data puller. Animal monitoring ( GPS wildlife tracking ): when put on a wild animal (e.g. in a GPS collar ), it allows scientists to study the animal's activities and migration patterns. Vaginal implant transmitters mark the location where pregnant females give birth. Animal tracking collars may also be put on domestic animals, to locate them in case they get lost. There are no Australian Federal Laws for surveillance and GPS tracker legality. However, most states have statutes covering

2349-752: Is – according to Article 1.45 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as « A radionavigation-satellite service in which earth stations are located on board ships .» ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) classifies radiocommunication services as: The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012). To improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, most service allocations are incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations within

2430-459: The Doppler effect : the satellites travelled on well-known paths and broadcast their signals on a well-known radio frequency . The received frequency will differ slightly from the broadcast frequency because of the movement of the satellite with respect to the receiver. By monitoring this frequency shift over a short time interval, the receiver can determine its location to one side or the other of

2511-813: The European Union's Galileo . Satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), designed to enhance the accuracy of GNSS, include Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), India's GAGAN and the European EGNOS , all of them based on GPS. Previous iterations of the BeiDou navigation system and the present Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), operationally known as NavIC, are examples of stand-alone operating regional navigation satellite systems ( RNSS ). Satellite navigation devices determine their location ( longitude , latitude , and altitude / elevation ) to high precision (within

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2592-448: The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) and have a DPA number. It is a criminal offense to process data and not have a DPA number. Trespass It may be a civil trespass for an individual to deploy a tracker on another's car. But in the OSC's annual inspection, the OSC's Chief Surveillance Commissioner Sir Christopher Rose stated "putting an arm into a wheel arch or under the frame of

2673-670: The Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System , Differential GPS , GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN) and inertial navigation systems . The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a four-satellite regional time transfer system and enhancement for GPS covering Japan and the Asia-Oceania regions. QZSS services were available on a trial basis as of January 12, 2018, and were started in November 2018. The first satellite

2754-500: The RailRider can report more than 20,000 times per year and work indefinitely on solar power, eliminating the need to change batteries. Aircraft can be tracked either by ADS-B (primarily airliners and General Aviation aircraft with ADS-B-out enabled transponder ), or by FLARM data packets picked up by a network of ground stations (primarily used by General Aviation aircraft, gliders and UAVs), both of which are data pushers. ADS-B

2835-471: The common law invasion of privacy tort as well as state criminal wiretapping statutes (for example, the wiretapping statute of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , which is extremely restrictive) potentially cover the use of GPS tracking devices by private citizens without consent of the individual being so tracked. Privacy can also be a problem when people use the devices to track the activities of

2916-505: The mobile applications installed: GPS loggers log the position of the device at regular intervals in its internal memory. GPS loggers may have either a memory card slot, or internal flash memory card and a USB port. Some act as a USB flash drive , which allows downloading the track log data for further computer analysis. The track list or point of interest list may be in GPX , KML , NMEA or other format. Most digital cameras save

2997-543: The 2022 race, due to many trees on or near that section of the route having been blown down by Storm Arwen . This reduced the course distance by about 15 miles (24 km). The Summer Spine Race was formerly known as Spine Fusion and is a summer version of the Spine Race, covering the full route from Edale to Kirk Yetholm. The Spine Race closely follows the Pennine Way but involves some slight deviations such as

3078-600: The Challenger North events start at Hardraw , the finishing point of the Challenger South events, and finish at Kirk Yetholm. A distance of 160 miles (260 km) are to be covered in a maximum of 108 hours (in winter) and 90 hours (in summer). Also new for 2022 are the Spine Sprint events. Starting at Edale, the races finish at Hebden Bridge , a distance of 46 miles (74 km). The time limit

3159-1041: The Internet. One main use of the system is in aviation . According to specifications, horizontal position accuracy when using EGNOS-provided corrections should be better than seven metres. In practice, the horizontal position accuracy is at the metre level. Similar service is provided in North America by the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), in Russia by the System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring (SDCM), and in Asia, by Japan's Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS) and India's GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN). 27 operational + 3 spares Currently: 26 in orbit 24 operational 2 inactive 6 to be launched Using multiple GNSS systems for user positioning increases

3240-513: The access to and departure from the Hebden checkpoint. The runners are not required to complete the out-and-back section of the Way to The Cheviot . Racers generally follow the lower-level Pennine Way route option on the approach to Kirk Yetholm rather than the alternative over White Law. The route has approximately 13,300 metres (43,600 ft) of ascent. The timing points and approximate distances of

3321-453: The accuracy of positions to centimetric precision (and to millimetric precision for altimetric application and also allows monitoring very tiny seasonal changes of Earth rotation and deformations), in order to build a much more precise geodesic reference system. The two current operational low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite phone networks are able to track transceiver units with accuracy of a few kilometres using doppler shift calculations from

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3402-496: The aim, or an incidental consequence, of the processing, is that one learns or records something about an identifiable individual, or the processing could affect an identifiable individual. Data from a Tracker would be to identify the individual or their activities. It is therefore personal data within the meaning of the Data Protection Act 1998. Any individual who wishes to gather personal data must be registered with

3483-530: The data from the GPS receiver. Newer GPS-integrated smartphones running GPS tracking software can turn the phone into a data pusher (or logger) device. As of 2009, open source and proprietary applications are available for common Java ME enabled phones, iPhone , Android , Windows Mobile, and Symbian. Most 21st-century GPS trackers provide data "push" technology, enabling sophisticated GPS tracking in business environments, specifically organizations that employ

3564-493: The delivery of weapons to targets, greatly increasing their lethality whilst reducing inadvertent casualties from mis-directed weapons. (See Guided bomb ). Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate themselves more easily, reducing the fog of war . Now a global navigation satellite system, such as Galileo , is used to determine users location and the location of other people or objects at any given moment. The range of application of satellite navigation in

3645-415: The event. In the 2014 and later editions, participants carried GPS trackers for safety reasons and so that the progress of the race could be publicly followed online as it took place. Starting in 2016, daily video summaries were made available during the race. Due to the time of year and race location, the majority of the event takes place in darkness. Snow, ice and strong winds are common. Severe weather

3726-610: The four major global satellite navigation systems consisting of MEO satellites, the SISRE of the BDS-3 MEO satellites was slightly inferior to 0.4 m of Galileo, slightly superior to 0.59 m of GPS, and remarkably superior to 2.33 m of GLONASS. The SISRE of BDS-3 IGSO was 0.90 m, which was on par with the 0.92 m of QZSS IGSO. However, as the BDS-3 GEO satellites were newly launched and not completely functioning in orbit, their average SISRE

3807-856: The full Spine Race. There is also a version of the Challenger specifically for members of mountain rescue teams, held in winter only. A summer version of the Challenger called the Spine Flare was first held in 2017. The events were renamed the Spine Challenger South in 2022 with the introduction of the Spine Challenge South in January 2022. The winners of the Spine Challenger have been as follows. The winners have been as follows. Introduced in 2022

3888-608: The full course and have access to an additional drop bag which is transported along the route for them and made available at checkpoints. Individual support crews for the runners were allowed in the past but from 2018 were no longer permitted. The 2019 race received considerable media attention when the overall win was taken by British women's fell running champion Jasmin Paris . Runners were taken by motorised transport between Bellingham and Byrness in Northumberland during

3969-774: The future is enormous, including both the public and private sectors across numerous market segments such as science, transport, agriculture, insurance, energy, etc. The ability to supply satellite navigation signals is also the ability to deny their availability. The operator of a satellite navigation system potentially has the ability to degrade or eliminate satellite navigation services over any territory it desires. In order of first launch year: First launch year: 1978 The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32 medium Earth orbit satellites in six different orbital planes . The exact number of satellites varies as older satellites are retired and replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS

4050-519: The future version 3.0. EGNOS consists of 40 Ranging Integrity Monitoring Stations, 2 Mission Control Centres, 6 Navigation Land Earth Stations, the EGNOS Wide Area Network (EWAN), and 3 geostationary satellites . Ground stations determine the accuracy of the satellite navigation systems data and transfer it to the geostationary satellites; users may freely obtain this data from those satellites using an EGNOS-enabled receiver, or over

4131-552: The global public. The first two generations of China's BeiDou navigation system were designed to provide regional coverage. GNSS augmentation is a method of improving a navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process, for example, the Wide Area Augmentation System , the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service ,

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4212-418: The gulf war 10% or more targets used trackers. Virtually every cellphone tracks its movements. Tracks can be map displayed in real time, using GPS tracking software and devices with GPS capability. A GPS "track me" essentially contains a GPS module that receives the GPS signal and calculates the coordinates. For data loggers, it contains large memory to store the coordinates. Data pushers additionally contain

4293-473: The ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as Kalman filtering to combine

4374-775: The last of which was launched in December 2021. The main modulation used in Galileo Open Service signal is the Composite Binary Offset Carrier (CBOC) modulation. The NavIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian Constellation ) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The Indian government approved the project in May 2006. It consists of

4455-572: The main checkpoints along the route are as follows. The winners have been as follows. The winners have been as follows. Originally call the Spine Challenger, the event is a shorter version of the Spine Race and follows the first 108 miles (174 km) of the route, starting in Edale and finishing in Hawes or in neighbouring Hardraw in North Yorkshire in some years. It starts the day before

4536-525: The navigation system, systems can be classified as: As many of the global GNSS systems (and augmentation systems) use similar frequencies and signals around L1, many "Multi-GNSS" receivers capable of using multiple systems have been produced. While some systems strive to interoperate with GPS as well as possible by providing the same clock, others do not. Ground-based radio navigation is decades old. The DECCA , LORAN , GEE and Omega systems used terrestrial longwave radio transmitters which broadcast

4617-440: The noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity. Einstein 's theory of general relativity is applied to GPS time correction, the net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day. The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military applications. Satellite navigation allows precision in

4698-455: The now-decommissioned Beidou-1, an Asia-Pacific local network on the geostationary orbits. The second generation of the system BeiDou-2 became operational in China in December 2011. The BeiDou-3 system is proposed to consist of 30 MEO satellites and five geostationary satellites (IGSO). A 16-satellite regional version (covering Asia and Pacific area) was completed by December 2012. Global service

4779-466: The number of visible satellites, improves precise point positioning (PPP) and shortens the average convergence time. The signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) in November 2019 were 1.6 cm for Galileo, 2.3 cm for GPS, 5.2 cm for GLONASS and 5.5 cm for BeiDou when using real-time corrections for satellite orbits and clocks. The average SISREs of the BDS-3 MEO, IGSO, and GEO satellites were 0.52 m, 0.90 m and 1.15 m, respectively. Compared to

4860-478: The position of the devices at regular intervals ( push technology ), these devices are always on, and can be queried as often as required ( pull technology ). This technology is not in widespread use, but an example of this kind of device is a computer connected to the Internet and running gpsd . These can often be used in the case where the location of the tracker will only need to be known occasionally (e.g. placed in property that may be stolen, or that does not have

4941-460: The primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the 30th parallel south to the 50th parallel north and the 30th meridian east to the 130th meridian east , 1,500–6,000 km beyond borders. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment , ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. The constellation was in orbit as of 2018, and the system

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5022-572: The purpose of radionavigation . This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation". RNSS is regarded as a safety-of-life service and an essential part of navigation which must be protected from interferences . Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite ( ARNSS ) is – according to Article 1.47 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as « A radionavigation service in which earth stations are located on board aircraft .» Maritime radionavigation-satellite service ( MRNSS )

5103-474: The revocation of the license as set forth in Division 3 (commencing with Section 5000) of the Business and Professions Code. Note that 637.7 pertains to all electronic tracking devices, and does not differentiate between those that rely on GPS technology or not. As the laws catch up with the times, it is plausible that all 50 states will eventually enact laws similar to those of California. Other laws, like

5184-605: The satellite, and several such measurements combined with a precise knowledge of the satellite's orbit can fix a particular position. Satellite orbital position errors are caused by radio-wave refraction , gravity field changes (as the Earth's gravitational field is not uniform), and other phenomena. A team, led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 to 1973, found solutions and/or corrections for many error sources. Using real-time data and recursive estimation,

5265-407: The satellite. The coordinates are sent back to the transceiver unit where they can be read using AT commands or a graphical user interface . This can also be used by the gateway to enforce restrictions on geographically bound calling plans. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines a radionavigation-satellite service ( RNSS ) as "a radiodetermination-satellite service used for

5346-524: The satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four (which allows an altitude calculation also) different satellites, measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of trilateration : see GNSS positioning calculation for details. Each distance measurement, regardless of

5427-407: The system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers, the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through

5508-461: The system of 30 MEO satellites was originally scheduled to be operational in 2010. The original year to become operational was 2014. The first experimental satellite was launched on 28 December 2005. Galileo is expected to be compatible with the modernized GPS system. The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both Galileo and GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy. The full Galileo constellation consists of 24 active satellites,

5589-641: The systematic and residual errors were narrowed down to accuracy sufficient for navigation. Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast includes its precise orbital data. Originally, the US Naval Observatory (USNO) continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO sent the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain its most recent ephemeris . Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts

5670-473: The time a photo was taken. Provided the camera clock is reasonably accurate or used GPS as its time source, this time can be correlated with GPS log data, to provide an accurate location. This can be added to the Exif metadata in the picture file. Cameras with a GPS receiver built in can directly produce such a geotagged photograph . In some private investigation cases, data loggers are used to keep track of

5751-400: The types of conduct often associated with stalking include direct communication; physical following; indirect contact through friends, colleagues, family or technology; or, other intrusions into the victim's privacy. The behavior curtails a victim's freedom, leaving them feeling that they constantly have to be careful. Satellite navigation A satellite navigation or satnav system is

5832-559: The unit to transmit data. Live GPS tracking used in commercial fleets generally refers to systems that update regularly at one-minute, two-minute or five-minute intervals while the ignition status is on. Some tracking systems combine timed updates with heading change triggered updates. GPS tracking solutions such as Telematics 2.0 , an IoT based telematics technology for the automotive industry, are being used by mainstream commercial auto insurance companies. GPS data pullers are also known as "GPS transponders". Unlike data pushers that send

5913-648: The use and restrictions of tracking devices used for surveillance. The below states have formal statutes. At present, only Queensland and Tasmania do not have legislation. In the United States, the use of GPS trackers by government authorities is limited by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . So police, for example, usually require a search warrant . While police have placed GPS trackers in vehicles without

5994-478: The use of GPS trackers, but several laws may affect the use of this technology as a surveillance tool. Data Protection Act 1998 It is quite clear that if client instructions (written or digitally transmitted) that identify a person and a vehicle are combined with a tracker, the information gathered by the tracker becomes personal data as defined by the Data Protection Act 1998 . The document “What

6075-556: The usefulness of the positioning information generated. Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a satellite constellation of 18–30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites spread between several orbital planes . The actual systems vary, but all use orbital inclinations of >50° and orbital periods of roughly twelve hours (at an altitude of about 20,000 kilometres or 12,000 miles). GNSS systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable for civil navigation are classified as follows: By their roles in

6156-776: The victim. The examples given in section 2A (3) are not an exhaustive list but an indication of the types of behavior that may be displayed in a stalking offense. Stalking and harassment of another or others can include a range of offenses such as those under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997; the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 ; the Sexual Offences Act 2003 ; and the Malicious Communications Act 1988 . Examples of

6237-399: Was a factor in 2015 in particular, when racers were held at various checkpoints for significant amounts of time until it was considered safe for them to continue. Some competitors that year were also redirected between Middleton and Alston to avoid sections of high ground, including Cross Fell , during the inclement weather. Participants wear or carry mandatory clothing and equipment over

6318-501: Was available for public use in early 2018. NavIC provides two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an encrypted one) for authorized users (including military). There are plans to expand NavIC system by increasing constellation size from 7 to 11. India plans to make the NavIC global by adding 24 more MEO satellites. The Global NavIC will be free to use for

6399-752: Was completed by December 2018. On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment is fully completed after the last satellite was successfully launched at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center . First launch year: 2011 The European Union and European Space Agency agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the Galileo positioning system . Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016 (global Early Operational Capability, EOC). At an estimated cost of €10 billion,

6480-712: Was launched in September 2010. An independent satellite navigation system (from GPS) with 7 satellites is planned for 2023. The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) is a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) developed by the European Space Agency and EUROCONTROL on behalf of the European Commission . Currently, it supplements GPS by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of their positioning data and sending out corrections. The system will supplement Galileo in

6561-556: Was marginally worse than the 0.91 m of the QZSS GEO satellites. Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French precision navigation system. Unlike other GNSS systems, it is based on static emitting stations around the world, the receivers being on satellites, in order to precisely determine their orbital position. The system may be used also for mobile receivers on land with more limited usage and coverage. Used with traditional GNSS systems, it pushes

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