Misplaced Pages

#846153

66-576: Squinters is an Australian television comedy series which first screened on the ABC on Wednesday 7 February 2018. All six episodes were also loaded on the ABC's iView catch up service on the same date. A second series went to air in 2019. The first six-part series was produced by Jungle Entertainment and created by Trent O'Donnell and Adam Zwar . It is directed by O'Donnell along with Kate McCartney, Amanda Brotchie , Christiaan Van Vuuren and Cate Stewart. It

132-508: A "respeaker": a trained human who repeats the running commentary (with careful enunciation and some simplification and markup ) for input to the automated text generation system. This is generally reliable, though errors are not unknown. The National Captioning Institute was created in 1979 in order to get the cooperation of the commercial television networks. The first use of regularly scheduled closed captioning on American television occurred on March 16, 1980. Sears had developed and sold

198-528: A TV set itself, approximately $ 200.) Through discussions with the manufacturer it was established that the appropriate circuitry integrated into the television set would be less expensive than the stand-alone box, and Ronald May, then a Sanyo employee, provided the expert witness testimony on behalf of Sanyo and Gallaudet University in support of the passage of the bill. On January 23, 1991, the Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990

264-569: A foundation to the development of a closed caption production system. They were working with professor Alan Newell from the University of Southampton who had been developing prototypes in the late 1960s. The closed captioning system was successfully encoded and broadcast in 1973 with the cooperation of PBS station WETA . As a result of these tests, the FCC in 1976 set aside line 21 for the transmission of closed captions. PBS engineers then developed

330-630: A further grant from the Australian government enabled the ACC to achieve and maintain financial self-sufficiency. The ACC, now known as Media Access Australia , sold its commercial captioning division to Red Bee Media in December 2005. Red Bee Media continues to provide captioning services in Australia today. In 1981, TVNZ held a telethon to raise funds for Teletext-encoding equipment used for

396-563: A human operator (a speech-to-text reporter ) using stenotype - or stenomask -type machines, whose phonetic output is instantly translated into text by a computer and displayed on the screen. This technique was developed in the 1970s as an initiative of the BBC 's Ceefax teletext service. In collaboration with the BBC, a university student took on the research project of writing the first phonetics-to-text conversion program for this purpose. Sometimes,

462-460: A mix of prepared and live content, such as news bulletins , a combination of techniques is used. For prerecorded programs, commercials, and home videos, audio is transcribed and captions are prepared, positioned, and timed in advance. For all types of NTSC programming, captions are encoded into line 21 of the vertical blanking interval  – a part of the TV picture that sits just above

528-769: A national edition of ABC News, is broadcast at noon live from the ABC's studios in Ultimo, Sydney . News updates are presented nationally only on both the ABC News channel and ABC throughout the day; however evening updates are shown in most states by their respective presenters. Other flagship programs, which include the weeknightly 7.30 and the weekly Four Corners , Australian Story and Foreign Correspondent , are broadcast in prime-time. Landline , Insiders , Offsiders , Media Watch cover rural, political and business, sport and media affairs respectively. ABC Television, Radio, News and Online cover many sports. It

594-425: A standard 625 line VHS recorder (due to the lack of field shifting support); they are available on all professional S-VHS recordings due to all fields being recorded. Recorded Teletext caption fields also suffer from a higher number of caption errors due to increased number of bits and a low signal-to-noise ratio , especially on low-bandwidth VHS. This is why Teletext captions were stored on floppy disk, separate from

660-558: A transcript along with the program audio. In the United States, the National Captioning Institute noted that English as a foreign or second language (ESL) learners were the largest group buying decoders in the late 1980s and early 1990s before built-in decoders became a standard feature of US television sets. This suggested that the largest audience of closed captioning was people whose native language

726-453: A very low budget. A large amount of its schedule was dedicated to regional issues, with programs such as Australia Wide , Landline and Stateline . At midday on 8 February 2008 ABC TV was re-branded as ABC1, with the standard-definition redirect channel moved from LCN22 to LCN2. Further cementing the change in identity was the change from the slogan There's more to television to It begins with 1 . After concerns in some sections of

SECTION 10

#1732787621847

792-413: Is muted or the viewer is deaf or hard of hearing). The term closed indicates that the captions are not visible until activated by the viewer, usually via the remote control or menu option. On the other hand, the terms open , burned-in , baked on , hard-coded , or simply hard indicate that the captions are visible to all viewers as they are embedded in the video. In the United States and Canada,

858-411: Is often interrupted to show state election coverage. Each state and territory's individual station is based on that of its capital city, meaning that in the state of Victoria, all programmes originate from either Melbourne or Sydney, where the remainder of programmes are broadcast from. ABC is broadcast nationally via ABC Television transmitters, in a standard definition format. The ABC HD multi-channel

924-577: Is referenced on screen by notation which says "Subtitles", or previously "Subtitles 888" or just "888" (the latter two are in reference to the conventional videotext channel for captions), which is why the term subtitle is also used to refer to the Ceefax -based videotext encoding that is used with PAL-compatible video. The term subtitle has been replaced with caption in a number of markets—such as Australia and New Zealand—that purchase large amounts of imported US material, with much of that video having had

990-497: Is used rather than in EIA-608 , but the methods of preparation and the line 21 field used are similar. For home Beta and VHS videotapes, a shift down of this line 21 field must be done due to the greater number of VBI lines used in 625 line PAL countries, though only a small minority of European PAL VHS machines support this (or any) format for closed caption recording. Like all teletext fields, teletext captions can not be stored by

1056-549: The ABC National Television Service , starting in Sydney, followed by Melbourne, with other stations being established in state capitals and regional areas in the following years. In the 1960s and 1970s, the network was also referred to as ABC National Television , or ABC Television . Until the introduction of digital television in 2001, the network was the only domestic television service broadcast by

1122-548: The Gore Hill studios in Sydney, followed two weeks later by transmission in Melbourne. A purpose-built television studio opened in Sydney on 29 January 1958, replacing the temporary sound studios used the service's inception. In the same year, technical equipment was also moved to permanent locations, while main transmitters were introduced to Melbourne and Sydney in 1957 and 1958 respectively. Services had expanded to all of

1188-439: The 1975 Lissajous curve logo being drawn by itself of videos of people doing activities (taken from ABC Open's video library). Then, the words "It's (Insert Words Here)'s ABC" (the words change depending on the ident) fade in on the left side of the logo. The words then change to "#OurABC", which was the network's then-new slogan. The "#OurABC" slogan at the end of each ident was changed to "Yours" on 31 December 2017. The 1975 logo

1254-427: The 1980s. In 2001 a new logo was launched, featuring a modification to a three-dimensional metallic design, to celebrate the introduction of digital terrestrial television in Australia , when digital television was introduced to most of the network's coverage area on 1 January 2001, soon followed by the gradual introduction of widescreen and high definition programming. On 1 August 2001 on channel 21, ABC Kids

1320-542: The ABC would recommence simulcasting in high definition in June 2016. However, the launch date was later pushed back to an indefinite time in late 2016 due to technical reasons, with the launch date finally announced as 6 December 2016. However, in contrast to its past, ABC HD provided region-specific simulcasting, not just a nationwide simulcast of ABN Sydney . Additionally, the channel broadcast in MPEG-4 format as opposed to

1386-469: The ABC. The ABC's 1956 Annual Report stated that it aimed to create a "television service as truly national in character as its resources will permit". The first ABC station was launched in Sydney, ABN-2 , followed by ABV-2 in Melbourne , in time to cover the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, with the first television broadcast was inaugurated by prime minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956 at

SECTION 20

#1732787621847

1452-567: The ABC. On 8 February 2008, the channel was renamed ABC1, before being rebranded as ABC TV on 20 July 2014. As of 2023, the ABC is the third-rated television network and primary channel in Australia, behind the Seven Network and Nine Network but ahead of Network 10 and SBS TV . In 1953 the Television Act was passed, providing the initial regulatory framework for both ABC Television and commercial television networks under

1518-578: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation. A number of bulletins and updates are shown throughout the day, which include the flagship state-based evening bulletins of ABC News at 7.00 pm, focused on local, national and international news relevant to their entire respective state or territory. In addition, News Breakfast is broadcast each morning and it is also shown on the ABC News channel , ABC News at Noon ,

1584-424: The BBC does live subtitling by having someone re-speak what is being broadcast. Live captioning is also a form of real-time text . Meanwhile, sport events on ESPN are using court reporters , using a special (steno) keyboard and individually constructed "dictionaries." In some cases, the transcript is available beforehand, and captions are simply displayed during the program after being edited. For programs that have

1650-742: The Decoder Circuitry Act to place the same requirements on digital television receivers by July 1, 2002. All TV programming distributors in the U.S. are required to provide closed captions for Spanish-language video programming as of January 1, 2010. A bill, H.R. 3101, the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, was passed by the United States House of Representatives in July 2010. A similar bill, S. 3304, with

1716-714: The Grand Final. The deal included 14 rounds of the W-League's 2019/20 Season and the whole W-League 2020 Finals Series, and many games played by the Socceroos and Matildas. However, from August 2021, both the A-League and W-League begin a five-year deal with ViacomCBS giving broadcast rights to Network 10 . ABC varies depending on state and territory in terms of what 7:00 pm news bulletin, state-edition of 7.30 , and some promotions, are shown. National programming

1782-636: The Internet. On February 20, 2014, the FCC unanimously approved the implementation of quality standards for closed captioning, addressing accuracy, timing, completeness, and placement. This is the first time the FCC has addressed quality issues in captions. In 2015, a law was passed in Hawaii requiring two screenings a week of each movie with captions on the screen. In 2022 a law took effect in New York City requiring movie theaters to offer captions on

1848-882: The Philippines are required to provide closed captions. As of 2018, the three major TV networks in the country are currently testing the closed captioning system on their transmissions. ABS-CBN added closed captions in their daily 3 O'Clock Habit in the afternoon. TV5 started implementing closed captions on their live noon and nightly news programs. GMA once broadcast news programs with closed captions but since stopped. Only select Korean drama and local or foreign movies, Biyahe ni Drew (English title Drew's Travel Adventure ) and Idol sa Kusina (English title Kitchen Idol ) are broadcast with proper closed captioning. Since 2016 all Filipino-language films, as well as some streaming services, like iWant, have included English subtitles in some showings. The law regarding this

1914-606: The Telecaption adapter, a decoding unit that could be connected to a standard television set. The first programs seen with captioning were a Disney's Wonderful World presentation of the film Son of Flubber on NBC , an ABC Sunday Night Movie airing of Semi-Tough , and Masterpiece Theatre on PBS . Since 2010 the BBC provides captioning for all programming across all seven of its main broadcast channels BBC One , BBC Two , BBC Three , BBC Four , CBBC , CBeebies and BBC News . BBC iPlayer launched in 2008 as

1980-653: The US CC logo already superimposed over the start of it. In New Zealand, broadcasters superimpose an ear logo with a line through it that represents subtitles for the hard of hearing, even though they are currently referred to as captions. In the UK, modern digital television services have subtitles for the majority of programs, so it is no longer necessary to highlight which have subtitling/captioning and which do not. Remote control handsets for TVs, DVD players, and similar devices in most European markets often use "SUB" or "SUBTITLE" on

2046-580: The University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee, in December 1971. A second demonstration of closed captioning was held at Gallaudet College (now Gallaudet University ) on February 15, 1972, where ABC and the National Bureau of Standards demonstrated closed captions embedded within a normal broadcast of The Mod Squad . At the same time in the UK the BBC was demonstrating its Ceefax text based broadcast service which they were already using as

Squinters - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-642: The analogue master tape. DVDs have their own system for subtitles and captions, which are digitally inserted in the data stream and decoded on playback into video. For older televisions, a set-top box or other decoder is usually required. In the US, since the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, manufacturers of most television receivers sold have been required to include closed captioning display capability. High-definition TV sets, receivers, and tuner cards are also covered, though

2178-564: The button used to control the display of subtitles and captions. Regular open-captioned broadcasts began on PBS 's The French Chef in 1972. WGBH began open captioning of the programs Zoom , ABC World News Tonight , and Once Upon a Classic shortly thereafter. Closed captioning was first demonstrated in the United States at the First National Conference on Television for the Hearing Impaired at

2244-651: The caption editing consoles that would be used to caption prerecorded programs. The BBC in the UK was the first broadcaster to include closed captions (called subtitles in the UK) in 1979 based on the Teletext framework for pre-recorded programming. Real-time captioning, a process for captioning live broadcasts, was developed by the National Captioning Institute in 1982. In real-time captioning, stenotype operators who are able to type at speeds of over 225 words per minute provide captions for live television programs, allowing

2310-415: The captions of live broadcasts, like news bulletins, sports events, live entertainment shows, and other live shows, fall behind by a few seconds. This delay is because the machine does not know what the person is going to say next, so after the person on the show says the sentence, the captions appear. Automatic computer speech recognition works well when trained to recognize a single voice, and so since 2003,

2376-407: The commission's rules. These exceptions apply to new networks; programs in languages other than English or Spanish; networks having to spend over 2% of income on captioning; networks having less than US$ 3,000,000 in revenue; and certain local programs; among other exceptions. Those who are not covered by the exceptions may apply for a hardship waiver. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 expanded on

2442-571: The creation and editing of text-based broadcast services for the deaf. The service came into use in 1984 with caption creation and importing paid for as part of the public broadcasting fee until the creation of the NZ On Air taxpayer fund, which is used to provide captioning for NZ On Air content and TVNZ news shows and for conversion of EIA-608 US captions to the preferred EBU STL format for only TVNZ 1 , TV 2 and TV 3 with archived captions available to FOUR and select Sky programming. During

2508-465: The early 1960s and wrote in his memoir that he had been paid for it. A staff competition was conducted in July 1963 to create a new logo for the ABC. Bill Kennard, who was senior graphic designer at the ABC between 1956 and 1974, came up with the winning design, praised as "crisp, functional and of its age", for which he was paid £25. On 1 May 1964, the logo was officially adopted by the ABC. The logo has been adapted and modified several times over

2574-500: The first captioned video-on-demand service from a major broadcaster with levels of captioning comparable to those provided on its broadcast channels. Until the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, television captioning was performed by a set-top box manufactured by Sanyo Electric and marketed by the National Captioning Institute (NCI). (At that time a set-top decoder cost about as much as

2640-423: The informational Teletext non-caption content being discontinued. Closed captions were created for deaf and hard of hearing individuals to assist in comprehension. They can also be used as a tool by those learning to read, or those learning to speak a non-native language, or in environments where the audio is difficult to hear or is intentionally muted. Captions can also be used by viewers who simply wish to read

2706-529: The media that the 43-year-old Lissajous curve brand was to disappear completely, ABC management reaffirmed that it would remain in use by the corporation. In May 2010, ABC1 announced its first channel controller, BBC Worldwide 's Brendan Dahill. He commenced in August 2010. As part of the digital television transition in Australia, the ABC gradually ended its transmissions on analogue TV which commenced in July 2010 and concluded on 10 December 2013 when

Squinters - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-481: The other states by the end of June 1960. Direct television relays between Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra were established in 1961, and in 1963, using microwave transmission as a temporary measure, television programs from Adelaide were viewed simultaneously across the four eastern capitals. Videotape equipment, allowing the sharing of footage with much greater ease and speed, was installed in each state capital by 1962. Teletext services were introduced to

2838-428: The result. When a video is truly and accurately transcribed, then the closed-captioning publication serves a useful purpose, and the content is available for search engines to index and make available to users on the Internet. Some television sets can be set to automatically turn captioning on when the volume is muted. For live programs, spoken words comprising the television program's soundtrack are transcribed by

2904-555: The same name, was passed by the United States Senate on August 5, 2010 and by the House of Representatives on September 28, 2010, and was signed by President Barack Obama on October 8, 2010. The Act requires, in part, any ATSC -decoding set-top box remote to have a button to turn the closed captioning in the output signal on or off. It also requires broadcasters to provide captioning for television programs redistributed on

2970-451: The screen for up to four showtimes per movie each week, including weekends and Friday nights. Some state and local governments (including Boston, Massachusetts ; Portland, Oregon ; Rochester, New York ; and the State of Washington ) require closed captioning to be activated on TVs in public places at all times, even if no one has requested it. As amended by RA 10905, all TV networks in

3036-493: The second half of 2012, TV3 and FOUR began providing non-Teletext DVB image-based captions on their HD service and used the same format on the satellite service, which has since caused major timing issues in relation to server load and the loss of captions from most SD DVB-S receivers, such as the ones Sky Television provides their customers. As of April 2, 2013, only the Teletext page 801 caption service will remain in use with

3102-579: The series for U.S. audiences. ABC (Australian TV channel) ABC TV , formerly known as ABC1 , is an Australian national public television network. It is owned and operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation , and is the flagship ABC Television network. The headquarters of the ABC TV channel and the ABC are in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney. The network began operating on 5 November 1956 as

3168-433: The technical specifications are different (high-definition display screens, as opposed to high-definition TVs, may lack captioning). Canada has no similar law but receives the same sets as the US in most cases. During transmission, single byte errors can be replaced by a white space which can appear at the beginning of the program. More byte errors during EIA-608 transmission can affect the screen momentarily, by defaulting to

3234-442: The television service in 1983 to allow hearing impaired viewers access to closed captions . Nationwide , successor to This Day Tonight , was replaced in turn by a new, hour-long, national news program called The National . Having proved unsuccessful, it reverted to a state ABC News bulletin at 7:00 pm, with a state-based edition of The 7.30 Report following afterwards. Lateline and Media Watch also launched in

3300-484: The term closed caption has come to be used to also refer to the North American EIA-608 encoding that is used with NTSC-compatible video. The United Kingdom , Ireland , and a number of other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and captions and use subtitles as the general term. The equivalent of captioning is usually referred to as subtitles for the hard of hearing . Their presence

3366-536: The terms subtitles and captions have different meanings. Subtitles assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they transcribe only dialogue and some on-screen text. Captions aim to describe to the deaf and hard of hearing all significant audio content—spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking—along with any significant music or sound effects using words or symbols. Also,

SECTION 50

#1732787621847

3432-470: The time, lissajous patterns (a waveform used by oscilloscopes ) were used by broadcast engineers to help tune both radio and television frequencies, before more sophisticated electronic tools had been invented. The 3:1 ratio was chosen because the 2:1 ratio was being used by the University of Sydney at the time. Space engineer Doug Rickard claims to have suggested and demonstrated the waveform in

3498-436: The traditional MPEG-2 format. As a result of the channel's revival, the ABC News channel was reduced to a standard definition broadcast. Most ABC TV programs are also available on demand via ABC iview , a video-on-demand and catch-up TV service which became available on 24 July 2008. In the early years, ABC TV had been using Lissajous curves with its initials, ABC TV, inside it as fillers in-between programmes. At

3564-567: The transmitters switched off in Melbourne and remaining remote areas. On 6 February 2011, ABC1 launched its new branding via idents featuring a range of channel personalities, including the face of the channel Adam Hills , with the new tagline "Think Entertainment", designed by design agency The Lab. The network's famous Lissajous curve logo was modified by adding a "1". ABC1 channel controller Brendan Dahill moved to ABC1 / ABC2 Head of Programming on 1 January 2014. On 20 July 2014, ABC1 reverted to just "ABC" and introduced new idents featuring

3630-451: The viewer to see the captions within two to three seconds of the words being spoken. Major US producers of captions are WGBH-TV , VITAC , CaptionMax and the National Captioning Institute . In the UK and Australasia , Ai-Media, Red Bee Media , itfc, and Independent Media Support are the major vendors. Improvements in speech recognition technology mean that live captioning may be fully or partially automated. BBC Sport broadcasts use

3696-502: The visible portion and is usually unseen. For ATSC ( digital television ) programming, three streams are encoded in the video: two are backward compatible line 21 captions, and the third is a set of up to 63 additional caption streams encoded in EIA-708 format. Captioning is modulated and stored differently in PAL and SECAM countries (625 lines, 50 fields per second), where teletext

3762-443: The years, Closed captions HTML5 defines subtitles as a "transcription or translation of the dialogue when sound is available but not understood" by the viewer (for example, dialogue in a foreign language) and captions as a "transcription or translation of the dialogue, sound effects, relevant musical cues, and other relevant audio information when sound is unavailable or not clearly audible" (for example, when audio

3828-542: Was launched on 1 January 2008. The service provided a 720p simulcast of ABN Sydney nationwide. The channel was closed on 22 July 2010 and its HD channel space was re-purposed for the ABC News channel . ABC HD was relaunched on 6 December 2016 as a simulcast of ABC, localised to each state, reducing the news channel to SD. Following the government's decision to remove SD primary channel limitations, ABC Director of Television Richard Finlayson announced in November 2015 that

3894-421: Was launched, becoming the first digital multi-channel service, with Fly TV following soon afterwards, but both had limited availability, and were closed in a round of funding cuts in 2003. On 7 March 2005 a new digital channel called ABC2 (now ABC Family) was launched, according to then Director of ABC New Media and Digital Services Lynley Marshall, "like the 'younger sibling' of ABC main channel", running on

3960-582: Was not English. In the United Kingdom, of 7.5 million people using TV subtitles (closed captioning), 6 million have no hearing impairment. Closed captions are also used in public environments, such as bars and restaurants, where patrons may not be able to hear over the background noise, or where multiple televisions are displaying different programs. In addition, online videos may be treated through digital processing of their audio content by various robotic algorithms (robots). Multiple chains of errors are

4026-552: Was passed by Congress. This Act gave the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) power to enact rules on the implementation of closed captioning. This Act required all analog television receivers with screens of at least 13 inches or greater, either sold or manufactured, to have the ability to display closed captioning by July 1, 1993. Also, in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

SECTION 60

#1732787621847

4092-745: Was passed to ensure equal opportunity for persons with disabilities. The ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in public accommodations or commercial facilities. Title III of the ADA requires that public facilities—such as hospitals, bars, shopping centers and museums (but not movie theaters)—provide access to verbal information on televisions, films and slide shows. The Federal Communications Commission requires all providers of programs to caption material which has audio in English or Spanish, with certain exceptions specified in Section 79.1(d) of

4158-495: Was proposed by Gerald Anthony Gullas Jr., a lawmaker from Cebu City, who had implemented the regulations on standardizing both official languages of the Philippines, as the people had not mastered English vocabulary. The government of Australia provided seed funding in 1981 for the establishment of the Australian Caption Centre (ACC) and the purchase of equipment. Captioning by the ACC commenced in 1982 and

4224-520: Was reinstated in February 2019. The ABC is required by charter to meet certain programming obligations. Although it has a strong focus on news and current affairs, it also presents documentaries and educational programs, drama, light entertainment comedy and variety, and sports. ABC News , broadcast on the ABC, is a national news service produced by the News, Analysis & Investigations division of

4290-629: Was the first broadcaster of the W-League ( football ), a partnership that remained from 2008 to 2017. From October 2019 for the first time, ABC Television was the official free-to-air partner of the A-League , as well as returning to the W-League, in a deal which included the Socceroos and Matildas and lasted for two years. ABC TV broadcast one A-League game a weekend live, and has had the right to broadcast delayed coverage of some finals matches and

4356-514: Was written by Zwar with Lally Katz, Sarah Scheller, Adele Vuko, Leon Ford and Ben Crisp. Squinters follows commuters in peak hour transit as they drive to work. The title Squinters , refers to the fact that the commuters are facing the sun as they head east from Sydney's western suburbs in the mornings, and then also face into the sun in the afternoons on the way back to the western suburbs. In September 2020, Jungle Entertainment announced they are in active development on creating an adaptation of

#846153