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76-485: During its first year, the Student Homophile League had about ten members who fought with university administrators until the group was officially recognized. Stephen Donaldson , a bisexual -identified LGBT rights activist, is commemorated by a plaque and a portrait in the queer student lounge that bears his name, in one of Columbia's residence halls, for spearheading the creation of the group. One of

152-591: A New York University student, in one of Columbia's dormitories." That fall, Donaldson suggested to Millham "that they form a Mattachine-like organization on campus, what he envisioned as 'the first chapter of a spreading confederation of student homophile groups.'" At first, Donaldson was unable to gain official recognition for the Student Homophile League (SHL) (now called the Columbia Queer Alliance ), as Columbia required

228-581: A "paleolibertarian" and was "happy with the term libertarian". Those libertarians continued their opposition to "all forms of government intervention—economic, cultural, social, international" whilst upholding cultural conservatism in social thought and behavior. Paleolibertarians opposed a licentious libertarianism which advocated "freedom from bourgeois morality, and social authority". Rockwell later stated to have dropped that self-description because people confused it with paleoconservatism which libertarians such as Rockwell rejected. While distancing himself from

304-639: A "witch-hunt") and Edward Koch ; senators Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania and Sam Ervin of North Carolina; the president of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Judd Marmor (who had been "influential in having homosexuality removed from the APA's official list of clinical disorders " ); Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr. ; and the American Civil Liberties Union , which provided

380-584: A ' butch ' homosexual (in contrast to the "queens"). Among the Mattachine Society members he met were Frank Kameny and Dick Leitsch . In August 1965, Donaldson "had a social worker call the dean's office to ask whether Columbia would register a known homosexual." After a delay of two weeks, the administration responded that he "would be allowed to register, on condition that he undergo psychotherapy and not attempt to seduce other students." He entered Columbia University that fall and began using

456-450: A 1974 account under the pseudonym Donald Tucker, he explained: Libertarian Conservative Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Libertarian conservatism , also referred to as conservative libertarianism and, more rarely, conservatarianism ,

532-694: A belief in a more socially conservative philosophy emphasizing authority, morality, and duty. Primarily an American ideology, libertarian conservatism prioritizes liberty , promoting free expression , freedom of choice and free-market capitalism to achieve conservative ends while rejecting liberal social engineering . Although having similarities to liberal conservatism and therefore mainstream American conservatism with both being influenced by classical liberal thought; libertarian conservatives are far more anti-statist and are much more hostile to government intervention in both social and economic matters. In political science , libertarian conservatism

608-685: A bisexual no longer feeling comfortable with the gay liberation movement , I found myself in June, 1972, attending the annual Friends (Quaker) General Conference (FGC) in Ithaca, New York ; its theme for the year was "Where Should Friends Be Pioneering Now?" Contemplating that question, I organized an impromptu workshop on bisexuality and was astonished to find 130 Quakers , one of every ten General Conference attendees, overflowing into five meeting rooms and an auditorium for two days of lively discussion based more on experience than on abstract theories. Finally I

684-456: A budget with a $ 38 billion deficit, and every Republican in the House voted against it. In 1981, Reagan proposed a budget with a $ 45 billion deficit—which turned out to be $ 113 billion—and Republicans were cheering his great victory. They were living in a storybook land". Ron Paul expressed his disgust with the political culture of both major parties in a speech delivered in 1984 upon resigning from

760-482: A complete education both in homosexuality and in the homophile movement, instructing me also in how to respond to attacks from psychiatry, religion, the law, etc., etc. He largely shaped my gay ideology and continued to influence me even after I split with him ideologically in '68–'69. In August, Kameny took Donaldson to Cherry Grove on Fire Island , where he "was thrilled to meet another gay Columbia student [James Millham] and to learn that Millham lived with his lover,

836-399: A concern that the group would promote "deviant behavior" among students. The strong support of the league's advisor, the university chaplain, apparently prevented Columbia officials from revoking the group's charter, but "it was forbidden to serve a social function for fear that this would lead to violations of New York State's sodomy laws ." A surprising source of opposition to Donaldson and

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912-531: A few trusted adults about it, and learned that if I loved another boy I had to be a " homosexual ".... I could only find two books on the subject, which confirmed this label, and mentioned the Mattachine Society in New York as an organization of "homosexuals." So on a school expedition to the "wicked city," I slipped away, visited their office, and became a member (swearing I was 21, since Mattachine

988-462: A matter of strategy. Rothbard argued that the failure to pitch the libertarian message to Middle America might result in the loss of "the tight-assed majority". In the 1990s, Rothbard, Lew Rockwell and others described their libertarian conservative views as paleolibertarianism . In an early statement of this position, Rockwell and Jeffrey Tucker argued for a specifically Christian libertarianism . Later, Rockwell would no longer consider himself

1064-429: A membership list. Donaldson and Millham were the only queer students willing to provide their names. This prevented the group from receiving university funding or holding public events on campus until Donaldson realized that by "recruiting the most prominent student leaders to become pro forma members, he could satisfy the administration without compromising the anonymity of gay students, and Columbia officially chartered

1140-428: A minimum," Donaldson "launched an aggressive public information campaign about SHL and homosexuality", making sure it was covered on Columbia radio station WKCR , where he was a staff member. He also sent out "at least three press releases to several large newspapers, wire services, and magazines with national and international distribution." The group received little coverage until gay rights supporter Murray Schumach saw

1216-493: A reply "praising his concern about communism and then opened an FBI file on the boy" . (Years later, Donaldson received a copy of his FBI file through the Freedom of Information Act .) Donaldson later wrote about his developing sexual identity: At 18, however, I fell in love with a baseball teammate, and my casual sexual play with boys was transformed into a very serious matter which could dominate my whole life. I talked with

1292-474: A reporter for the Associated Press and The Virginian-Pilot and writing a regular column for the New York newsmagazine Gay Power and occasional reports for The Advocate . He also worked summers as a legislative intern in the offices of U.S. Representatives Howard H. Callaway (Republican, Georgia) and Donald E. Lukens (Republican, Ohio). Frank Kameny arranged his first internship, which

1368-552: A result of the publicity, there were "[s]harp [verbal] clashes" between Columbia officials and the SHL. Brett Beemyn wrote about the backlash: The university was inundated with outraged letters, and the pages of the student newspaper, the Columbia Daily Spectator , were filled with criticism of the decision. The dean of the college called the SHL "quite unnecessary," and the director of the counseling service expressed

1444-445: A shared suite to a single room when his suitemates "told the college dean David Truman that they felt uncomfortable living with a homosexual." Apparently ambivalent, they offered Donaldson "great apologies and said they realized they shouldn't feel" unwilling to live with him. In the summer of 1966, Donaldson began a relationship with gay activist Frank Kameny , who had a great influence on him. Donaldson later wrote: Frank gave me

1520-661: A staff attorney to represent him. Even the dean of Columbia College , Carl Hovde, sent the Navy a letter praising Martin as "a man for whom I have great respect" and making the questionable claim that the young man "never sought controversy." Despite the support, he received a general discharge in 1972. Donaldson continued to fight, and, in 1977, his discharge was upgraded to " honorable " as part of " President Carter 's sweeping amnesty program for Vietnam -era draft evaders, deserters, and service members", at which time: Martin told Gay Week "what an honorable discharge means to me

1596-636: A student government officer. He achieved a perfect score on the SAT and graduated as valedictorian. He also became active in politics as a libertarian conservative , supporting Barry Goldwater for president" and "considered joining the Young Americans for Freedom but was so uptight that he first checked with J. Edgar Hoover by letter to inquire whether the YAF was "a communist organization, communist subverted, or in danger of becoming either". Hoover sent back

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1672-404: A woman, Judith "JD Rabbit" Jones (whom he later considered his "lifetime companion") and began to identify as bisexual . His "growing feeling of discomfort with biphobia in the homophile/gay liberation movement was a major factor" in his deciding to quit the movement and enlist in the Navy after graduating with highest honours from Columbia in 1970. Donaldson had a longstanding desire to join

1748-409: Is a political and social philosophy that combines conservatism and libertarianism , representing the libertarian wing of conservatism and vice versa. Libertarian conservatism advocates the greatest possible economic liberty and the least possible government regulation of social life (described as " small government "), mirroring laissez-faire classical liberalism , but harnesses this to

1824-425: Is an ideology that combines the advocacy of economic and legal principles such as fiscal discipline , respect for contracts , defense of private property and free markets , fewer laws banning minor crimes, and the traditional conservative stress on self-help and freedom of choice under a laissez-faire and economically liberal capitalist society with social tenets such as the importance of religion and

1900-621: Is at odds with libertarianism. In Democracy: The God That Failed , first published in 2001, Hoppe argued that "libertarians must be conservatives". Hoppe acknowledged "the importance, under clearly stated circumstances, of discriminating against communists, democrats, and habitual advocates of alternative, non-family centered lifestyles, including homosexuals". In contrast to Walter Block , Hoppe argued that libertarianism need not be seen as requiring open borders and attributed "open border enthusiasm" to "egalitarianism". While defending "market anarchy" in preference to both, Hoppe has argued for

1976-773: Is known to me and to the Mattachine Society as an irresponsible, publicity-seeking member of an extremist political group. We have grave doubts as to his sincerity in his stated aim as helping homosexuals, and feel that he may be, instead, a bigoted extremist, interested upon wrecking the homophile movement. Donaldson was defended by homophile leaders Barbara Gittings , Frank Kameny , and Forest Gunnison. The publicity also led students at other universities to contact Donaldson about starting chapters. In 1968, Donaldson certified SHL chapters at Cornell University , led by Jearld Moldenhauer and advised by radical priest Daniel Berrigan ; New York University , headed by Rita Mae Brown ; and Stanford University . In 1969, chapters were started at

2052-440: Is questionable to what extent conservatism and libertarianism are compatible". According to Mark A. Graber, libertarian conservatives are "philosophically consistent liberal legal individualists". In 1998, George Wescott Carey edited Freedom and Virtue: The Conservative/Libertarian Debate , a book which contains essays that Carey describes as representing "the tension between liberty and morality" and "the main fault line dividing

2128-414: Is that it is the nation's way of saying that it is proud of gay veterans and by extension that it is proud of millions of gay veterans and current service people. We've come a long way." According to Eisenbach : Martin's groundbreaking public battle against the Navy kicked off a series of well-publicized challenges to military discharges that harnessed and directed the energy of the gay rights movement in

2204-679: The City College of New York . Donaldson was "heavily involved throughout the rest of the 1960s not only as national leader of the Student Homophile League but also as an elected officer of the North American Conference of Homophile Organizations (NACHO) and of its Eastern Regional subsidiary". By 1971, there were an estimated 150 gay student groups at colleges and universities "often with official sanction and with remarkable acceptance from fellow students". Donaldson began his writing career in college by working summers as

2280-598: The House of Representatives to prepare for a failed run for the Senate and eventually apologized to his libertarian friends for having supported Reagan. By 1987, Ron Paul was ready to sever all ties to the Republican Party as explained in a blistering resignation letter. While affiliated with both Libertarian and Republican parties at different times, Ron Paul stated to have always been a libertarian at heart. In

2356-675: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Stan Tillotson, San Francisco State University , and Rutgers University by African American Lionel Cuffie. The University of Massachusetts Amherst gained a chapter in 1970. Other early campus gay groups outside the SHL network included the Boston University Homophile Committee, Fight Repression of Erotic Expression (FREE) at the University of Minnesota , and Homosexuals Intransigent at

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2432-714: The Navy , even buying a sailor's uniform during college, in which he cruised the city and pretended to be a serviceman on a visit to a naval base in Pensacola, Florida , and maintained a "lifelong identification with sailors and seafaring." After graduating from Columbia in 1970, he enlisted and served as a radioman at a NATO base in Italy with an unblemished record until "he wrote to a former shipmate, Terry Fountain, about his latest sexual adventures [with both women and men] at his current home port of Naples, Italy". After Fountain left

2508-557: The New Left , with which he helped build for a few years a relationship with other libertarians, Rothbard had involved the segment of the libertarian movement loyal to him in an alliance with the growing paleoconservative movement, seen by many observers, libertarian and otherwise, as flirting with racism and social reaction. Suggesting that libertarians needed a new cultural profile that would make them more acceptable to socially and culturally conservative people, Rothbard criticized

2584-488: The Spectator piece and wrote an article, headlined "Columbia Charters Homosexual Group", which appeared on the front page of The New York Times on May 3, 1967: The chairman, who used the pseudonym Stephen Donaldson, said in a telephone interview last night that the organization had been formed because "we wanted to get the academic community to support equal rights for homosexuals".... In its declaration of principles,

2660-517: The "White House Seven") were arrested for unlawful entry and released on bail except for Donaldson, who refused and spent the night in the D.C. jail before being released by a judge the next morning. On August 14 Donaldson was one of 66 demonstrators (including Daniel Berrigan ) who took part in a CCNV-sponsored pray-in at the White House protesting the bombing of Cambodia , where he was again arrested. Donaldson again refused to post bail. In

2736-411: The 1970s. Donaldson later summarized his military experience and the subsequent transition in his life: After nearly two years as a sailor, I got kicked out for "homosexual involvement," a charge I received shortly after becoming a Buddhist Quaker and thus a pacifist . Bitter at this second homophobic expulsion, which deprived me of the identity I loved more than any other—that of a sailor—and as

2812-563: The 1980s, libertarians such as Ron Paul and Murray Rothbard criticized President Reagan, Reaganomics and policies of the Reagan administration for, among other reasons, having turned the United States' big trade deficit into debt and the United States became a debtor nation for the first time since World War I under the Reagan administration . Rothbard argued that the presidency of Reagan has been "a disaster for libertarianism in

2888-553: The Founding Fathers". He said that such libertarian conservatism was "hijacked" by neoconservatism , "by the very enemies it was formed to fight— Fabians , New Dealers , welfarists , progressives , globalists , interventionists , militarists , nation builders , and all the rest of the collectivist ilk that was assiduously working to destroy the Founders' Republic of States". Libertarian conservatism subscribes to

2964-625: The Langley Hill Monthly Meeting, where he was part of a group influenced by "a series of pray-ins at the White House sponsored by the Community for Creative Non-Violence (CCNV)" who felt a call to "hold a memorial meeting for worship at the White House to commemorate the nuclear bombing of Nagasaki [on its 28th anniversary] and for the victims of all wars and violence" on August 9, 1973. The protesters (referred to as

3040-676: The Quaker Friends Journal and The Advocate in 1972. After a series of meetings, the Committee of Friends on Bisexuality was formed, with Donaldson (using the name Bob Martin) as its chair until he left the Quakers in 1977. Donaldson was involved in the New York bisexual movement in the mid-1970s, for example appearing in 1974 on a New York Gay Activists Alliance panel with Kate Millett . Donaldson propounded

3116-565: The SHL was the Mattachine Society of New York (MSNY), whose president Dick Leitsch "resented the media attention that SHL had generated". With the unanimous support of the board, Leitsch contacted " Frank Hogan , the Manhattan District Attorney and a Member of the Columbia Board of Trustees to advise him on how to undermine SHL." In a letter to Hogan, Leitsch wrote: The man using the pseudonym Stephen Donaldson

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3192-570: The US Military : In the tens of thousands of hearings since World War II where comparable actions had been taken on the basis of comparable evidence, the matter ended there, with the sailor skulking away in disgrace. Petty Officer Martin, however, went public with what had happened to him and swore to fight for an honorable discharge . What was more, he enlisted some powerful support. These supporters included six congressional representatives, including New York's Bella Abzug (who called his case

3268-463: The United States" and Ron Paul described Reagan himself as "a dramatic failure". Already a radical classical liberal and anti-interventionist strongly influenced by the Old Right , especially its opposition to the managerial state whilst being more unequivocally anti-war and anti-imperialist , Rothbard had become the doyen of libertarianism in the United States . After his departure from

3344-486: The belief that ultimately bisexuality would be perceived as much more threatening to the prevailing sexual order than homosexuality, because it potentially subverted everyone's identity (the idea that everyone is potentially bisexual was widespread) and could not, unlike exclusive homosexuality, be confined to a segregated, stigmatized and therefore manageable ghetto. He and bisexual activist Brenda Howard and gay activist L. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing

3420-490: The bounds of that institution, but also a general emphasis on dignity and temperance over self-indulgence and dissolute living". Hans-Hermann Hoppe is a libertarian conservative, whose belief in rights of property owners to establish private covenant communities, from which homosexuals and political dissidents may be "physically removed", has been strongly criticised. Hoppe also garnered controversy due to his support for restrictive limits on immigration which critics argue

3496-520: The boy to live in Germany, where he could be watched over by his stepmother's relatives." He attended a boys boarding school and continued homosexual activity, hiding it from adults. In April 1962, at the age of fifteen, Donny returned to the United States to live with his grandparents in West Long Branch, New Jersey . In high school he was the news editor of the school paper, an actor, and

3572-468: The country's first student gay rights group on April 19, 1967," and subsequently the first known LGBT student movement . On April 27, an article about the organization appeared in the student paper, the Columbia Spectator , which students "seemed to think ... was some sort of April Fool hoax." It soon became clear that it was not. The Spectator ran an editorial praising the chartering of

3648-843: The end of four years. Among other activities, the Columbia Queer Alliance has hosted " First Friday Dances" for decades, which at their inception were one of the few places where college-age LGBT people could socialize with one another. Many of the Columbia Queer Alliance's activities have been historically held in Earl Hall , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018 in recognition of its role in queer history. Stephen Donaldson (activist) Stephen Donaldson (July 27, 1946 – July 18, 1996), born Robert Anthony Martin Jr. and also known by

3724-603: The federal judiciary". DiLorenzo further wrote that the powers accrued to the federal government during the American Civil War overthrew the Constitution of 1787 . In 2006, Nelson Hultberg wrote that there is "philosophical common ground" between libertarians and conservatives. According to Hultberg, "[t]he true conservative movement was, from the start, a blend of political libertarianism, cultural conservatism, and non-interventionism abroad bequeathed to us via

3800-483: The group and printed letters from students attacking and defending the decision. At this point, there was no apparent opposition from Columbia faculty or staff. The fledgling group was advised by the university chaplain, the Rev. John D. Cannon, who gave permission for them to hold meetings in his office and later let Donaldson hold office hours there. Despite having "assured the administration that publicity would be kept to

3876-544: The ideas of liberty , privacy and ending the war on marijuana at the legal level without changing personal values. Defending the fusion of traditionalist conservatism with libertarianism and rejecting the view that libertarianism necessarily requires support for a liberal culture , Feser implied that a central issue for those who share his viewpoint is "the preservation of traditional morality—particularly traditional sexual morality, with its idealization of marriage and its insistence that sexual activity be confined within

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3952-539: The key issues over which Donaldson clashed with the administration was the right to keep members' names confidential. When the group's charter was finally granted in April 1967, Donaldson sent an announcement to every media outlet he knew, but the only response was a radio interview on WNEW , a New York station, and an article in the Columbia Daily Spectator , which reported that some students believed

4028-461: The leagues list 13 points, including ... that "the homosexual is being unjustly, inhumanely and savagely discriminated against by large segments of American society". The article also quoted Dr. Harold E. Love, the chairman of Columbia's Committee on Student Organizations, who said there was no reason to deny the request once they had determined it was a "bona fide student organization." The article noted that "[f]unds were said to have been supplied for

4104-578: The letter unattended on his desk, someone turned it over to the Naval Investigative Service , which allegedly coerced Fountain into signing a statement that he had sex with Donaldson, which Fountain later recanted. In 1971, "the Navy announced its intention to release [Donaldson] by General Discharge on grounds of suspected homosexual involvement." As Randy Shilts wrote in Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in

4180-486: The libertarian idea of free-market capitalism , advocating minimal to no government interference in the market . A number of libertarian conservatives favor Austrian School economics and are critical of fiat money . Libertarian conservatives also support wherever possible privatizing services traditionally run or provided by the government, from airports and air traffic control systems to toll roads and toll booths. Libertarian conservatism advocates economic freedom in

4256-563: The new group was an April Fools' Day joke. Two weeks later, on May 3, The New York Times reported the story on its front page. Donaldson later wrote: "The next couple days were frantic as media—which had ignored the press release—suddenly wanted the information I had already given them." Student activists at Cornell University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , New York University , Rutgers University , and Stanford University formed similar groups of their own within two years. More than 150 such student groups had been established by

4332-644: The organization approved. Gunnison "sent the administration a letter of support and made a cash contribution". Historian David Eisenbach argued in Gay Power: An American Revolution that "much of the SHL's influence grew out of the media attention it attracted.... Within a week [of the New York Times story], media outlets across the country had homed in, with coverage ranging from favorable to neutral to The Gainesville Sun ' s 'Student Group Seeks Rights for Deviants.'". As

4408-510: The organization by some Columbia alumni who were reported to have learned about it from advertisements in magazines for homosexuals" and that Donaldson said that the group "maintains liaison" with, but is not controlled by, outside homosexual groups. The alumnus supporter was Foster Gunnison Jr. , a founding member of the North American Conference of Homophile Organizations , with whom Donaldson had strategized about getting

4484-497: The paleolibertarian alliance strategy, Rockwell affirmed paleoconservatives for their "work on the immigration issue", maintaining that "porous borders in Texas and California" could be seen as "reducing liberty, not increasing it, through a form of publicly subsidized right to trespass". In 2001, Edward Feser emphasized that libertarianism does not require individuals to reject traditional conservative values. Libertarianism supports

4560-499: The product and capital markets and consumption whilst excluding collective action , collective bargaining and labor organization in general. In the 1950s, Frank Meyer , a prominent contributor to the National Review , called his own combination of libertarianism and conservatism fusionism . In a 1975 interview with Reason , California Governor Ronald Reagan appealed to libertarians when he stated to "believe

4636-598: The pseudonym Donny the Punk , was an American bisexual rights activist , and political activist . He is best known for his pioneering activism in LGBT rights and prison reform , and for his writing about punk rock and subculture. At Columbia University , he founded the first LGBT college group in the United States, called the Student Homophile League (SHL) (now the Columbia Queer Alliance) . He coined

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4712-476: The pseudonym Stephen Donaldson so he could be open about his sexuality without embarrassing his father. They both were named Robert Martin, and his father taught mathematics at Rider College in New Jersey. The surname was based on the first name, "Donald", of the baseball teammate who was his first love. His first year of college was difficult: he met no other bisexual students or faculty and had to move from

4788-548: The psychedelic church," going on to guide first-time LSD users. He wrote that he became a liberal in 1967 in response to the Kerner Report on racism towards blacks in the United States and went on to become a "full-fledged hippy-valued radical." He was arrested twice for participating in anti-war protests at Columbia, including a "liberation" of Columbia president Grayson Kirk 's office, spending an uneventful night in jail in 1968. In 1966, Donaldson fell in love with

4864-651: The superiority of monarchy to democracy , maintaining that monarchs are likely to be better stewards of the territory they claim to own than democratic politicians, whose time horizons may be shorter. Richard Epstein , Milton Friedman , Friedrich Hayek , Ludwig von Mises , Albert Jay Nock , Richard Posner , Peter Schiff , Thomas Sowell , David Stockman , Dennis Miller , Peter Thiel , and Walter E. Williams have been described as libertarian conservatives. Former Congressman Ron Paul and his son Senator Rand Paul have been described as combining conservative and libertarian small government ideas and showing how

4940-404: The tendency of proponents of libertarianism to appeal to "'free spirits,' to people who don't want to push other people around, and who don't want to be pushed around themselves" in contrast to "the bulk of Americans", who "might well be tight-assed conformists, who want to stamp out drugs in their vicinity, kick out people with strange dress habits, etc." whilst emphasizing that this was relevant as

5016-459: The term ' protective pairing '. The son of a career naval officer, Donaldson spent his early childhood in different seaport cities in the eastern United States and in Germany. Donaldson later described his father Robert, the son of Italian and German immigrants, as a man who "frowned on display of emotion" and his mother Lois as "an English, Scottish Texan, artistic, free-spirited, emotional, impulsive." After his parents' divorce in 1953, when he

5092-416: The two philosophies". For Brian Farmer, "Libertarianism is a form of Conservatism often considered separate from the more mainstream conservative ideologies, partially because it is a bit more extreme, and partially because Libertarians often separate themselves from other forms of more mainstream Conservatism". In 2004, Thomas DiLorenzo wrote that libertarian conservative constitutionalists believe that

5168-625: The value of religious morality through a framework of limited , constitutional , representative government . For Margaret Randall , libertarian conservatism began as an expression of liberal individualism and the demand for personal freedom . According to Andrew Gilbert, conservative parties such as the British Conservative Party and the American Republican Party hold a significant libertarian conservative wing, although Gilbert argues that "it

5244-539: The very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism". Ron Paul was one of the first elected officials in the nation to support Reagan's presidential campaign and actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980. However, Ron Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies after Reagan's election in 1980 and later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981, aghast that "in 1977, Jimmy Carter proposed

5320-545: The way to limit government is to enforce the United States Constitution . However, DiLorenzo criticized them by writing that "[t]he fatal flaw in the thinking of the libertarian/conservative constitutionalists stems from their unawareness or willful ignorance of how the founders themselves believed the Constitution could be enforced: by the citizens of the free, independent, and sovereign states, not

5396-523: The word "Pride" to describe LGBT Pride celebrations that are now held around the world every June. After being discharged from the Navy in 1972, Donaldson moved to Washington, D.C. , where he "worked as Pentagon correspondent for the Overseas Weekly , a privately owned newspaper distributed to American servicemen stationed in Europe". Donaldson considered himself a Quaker and took part in

5472-473: Was agreement that many Friends needed to become much more informed on these subjects and that this could best be accomplished through Monthly and Yearly meetings and at future general conferences. This group adopted by consensus the "Ithaca Statement on Bisexuality". The Statement, which may have been "the first public declaration of the bisexual movement" and "was certainly the first statement on bisexuality issued by an American religious assembly," appeared in

5548-541: Was deathly afraid of dealing with minors), thus giving my new identity official status. In 1965, Donaldson went to Florida to spend the summer with his mother. "When Lois discovered young Robert was having an affair with a Cuban man, she decided to punish her son by outing him in letters to her ex-husband and to Columbia University , which Donaldson had planned to attend in the fall." Donaldson moved to New York, where, he later wrote, "The gays of New York welcomed me enthusiastically, offered hospitality, and 'brought me out' as

5624-422: Was in the summer of 1966. In New York, Donaldson funded "his education by working as a hustler , first at the infamous intersection of Fifty-third Street and Third Avenue , then as a call boy through a house . He claimed to have serviced several famous clients, including Rock Hudson and Roy Cohn ." While at Columbia, Donaldson "experimented with cannabis and LSD " and described himself as "ordained in

5700-408: Was seven years old, Donaldson's mother suffered from acute porphyria (a rare genetic disease), and his father gained custody of Robert and his two brothers. His father remarried several years later. At age 12, Donaldson was expelled from Boy Scouts for engaging in sexual behavior with other boys (who, as recipients, were not punished). "The disgrace triggered a family crisis, resolved by sending

5776-427: Was surrounded by bisexually-identified F/friends, formally considering the topic of bisexuality. Thus identity led me to activism. Donaldson wrote about his experience at the conference later that summer: The lack of reliable information about bisexuality, homosexuality and sexuality in general was a concern of many of these Friends. Bisexual Friends spoke freely about their conditions and answered many questions. There

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