Wilson Piedmont Glacier ( 77°15′S 163°10′E / 77.250°S 163.167°E / -77.250; 163.167 ) is a large piedmont glacier extending from Granite Harbour to Marble Point on the coast of Victoria Land .
147-528: The Wilson Piedmont Glacier was discovered by the Discovery expedition, 1901–1904. The British Antarctic Expedition , 1910–1913, named the feature for Dr. Edward A. Wilson , surgeon and artist with Scott's first expedition and chief of the scientific staff with the second. Wilson lost his life on the way back from the South Pole with Scott. The Wilson Piedmont Glacier extends along the coastal plain of
294-514: A Scots dog and ski expert based in Archangel, Russia. According to Huntford, however, this expert was not invited to join the expedition. The Discovery Expedition, like those of Ross and Borchgrevink before it, was to work in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica. Other areas of the continent had been considered, but the principle followed was that "in going for the unknown they should start from
441-491: A Scott-Shackleton rift date from this point, or from a supposed falling-out during the southern journey which had provoked an angry exchange of words. Some of these details were supplied by Armitage, whose relationship with Scott had broken down and who, after Scott, Wilson and Shackleton were all dead, chose to reveal details which tended to show Scott in a poor light. Other evidence indicates that Scott and Shackleton remained on generally good terms for some while; Shackleton met
588-522: A brief landing and examination of the remains of Borchgrevink's camp, the ship continued southwards along the Victoria Land coast. At McMurdo Sound Discovery turned eastward, touching land again at Cape Crozier where a pre-arranged message point was set up so that relief ships would be able to locate the expedition. She then followed the Barrier to its eastern extremity where, on 30 January,
735-896: A large scale under a joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), the new expedition carried out scientific research and geographical exploration in what was then largely an untouched continent. It launched the Antarctic careers of many who would become leading figures in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration , including Robert Falcon Scott who led the expedition, Ernest Shackleton , Edward Wilson , Frank Wild , Tom Crean and William Lashly . Its scientific results covered extensive ground in biology , zoology , geology , meteorology and magnetism . The expedition discovered
882-412: A mindset that was carried forward into later expeditions. This mystified seasoned ice travellers such as Fridtjof Nansen , whose advice on such matters was usually sought, but often set aside. The Discovery Expedition launched the Antarctic careers of several who became stalwarts or leaders of expeditions in the following fifteen years. Apart from Scott and Shackleton, Frank Wild and Ernest Joyce from
1029-440: A national hero, despite his aversion to the limelight, and the expedition was being presented to the public as a triumph. This euphoria was not conducive to objective analysis, or to thoughtful appraisal of the expedition's strengths and weaknesses. In particular, the glorification by Scott of man-hauling as something intrinsically more noble than other ice travel techniques led to a general distrust of methods involving ski and dogs,
1176-472: A party under Royds travelled to Cape Crozier to leave a message at the post there, and discovered an emperor penguin colony. Another group, under Armitage, reconnoitred in the mountains to the west, returning in October with the expedition's first symptoms of scurvy . Armitage later blamed the outbreak on Scott's "sentimental objection" to the slaughter of animals for fresh meat. The entire expedition's diet
1323-475: A position. The return journey to the Ferrar Glacier was undertaken in conditions which limited them to no more than a mile an hour, with supplies running low and dependent on Scott's rule of thumb navigation. On the descent of the glacier Scott and Evans survived a potentially fatal fall into a crevasse, before the discovery of a snow-free area or dry valley , a rare Antarctic phenomenon. Lashly described
1470-619: A reported 82°17′S. As a trailbreaker for later ventures, the Discovery Expedition was a landmark in British Antarctic exploration history. Between 1839 and 1843 Royal Naval Captain James Clark Ross , commanding his two ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror , completed three voyages to the Antarctic continent . During this time he discovered and explored a new sector of the Antarctic that would provide
1617-591: A second ship, the Terra Nova . Colbeck was carrying firm instructions from the Admiralty that, if Discovery could not be freed by a certain date she was to be abandoned and her complement brought home on the two relief ships. This ultimatum resulted from Markham's dependence on the Treasury for meeting the costs of this second relief expedition, since the expedition's coffers were empty. The Admiralty would foot
SECTION 10
#17327901541691764-531: A shoal, Discovery began the return journey to New Zealand. On its return to Britain, the expedition's reception was initially muted. Some press reporters were surprised at the good physical condition of the men when they arrived in Portsmouth, as they had read previous reports about the expedition's problems with scurvy and bad food. Markham was present to meet the ship in Portsmouth when Discovery docked there on 10 September 1904, but no dignitaries greeted
1911-629: A southeast direction and enters the north side of Taylor Valley immediately west of Mount Coleman. Charted and named by the BrAE under Scott, 1910-13. Named for the Commonwealth of Australia, which made a financial grant to the BrAE and contributed two members to the Western Geological Party which explored this area. 77°30′S 162°50′E / 77.500°S 162.833°E / -77.500; 162.833 . Glacier in
2058-530: A southeast direction and enters the north side of Taylor Valley immediately west of Mount Coleman . Charted and named by the BrAE under Scott, 1910-13. Named for the Commonwealth of Australia, which made a financial grant to the BrAE and contributed two members to the Western Geological Party which explored this area. 77°36′S 163°16′E / 77.600°S 163.267°E / -77.600; 163.267 . A glacial meltwater stream, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) long, flowing southwest from
2205-543: A torpedo lieutenant on HMS Majestic , was looking for a path to career advancement, and a chance meeting with Sir Clements in London led him to apply for the leadership of the expedition. Scott had long been in Markham's mind, though by no means always his first choice, but other favoured candidates had either become in his view too old, or were no longer available. With Markham's determined backing, Scott's appointment
2352-813: Is already in use in Victoria Land. In order to avoid identical names it was renamed in 1964 by the US-ACAN for Kirby J. Hanson, meteorologist at the South Pole Station, 1958. Discovery Expedition The Discovery Expedition of 1901–1904, known officially as the British National Antarctic Expedition , was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since the voyage of James Clark Ross sixty years earlier (1839–1843). Organized on
2499-599: Is an ice-free valley about 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) long, once occupied by the receding Taylor Glacier . It lies north of the Kukri Hills between the Taylor Glacier and New Harbour in Victoria Land , Antarctica. Taylor Valley is the southernmost of the three large McMurdo Dry Valleys in the Transantarctic Mountains , located west of McMurdo Sound . The Taylor Valley
2646-679: Is one of the McMurdo Dry Valleys . Parts of the area were visited by British expeditions led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott (1901–04 and 1910–13), who referred to Taylor Valley, as well as Beacon Valley and Pyramid Trough (named later), as "dry valleys." It runs from the east end of Taylor Glacier to New Harbour in McMurdo Sound . It separates the Kukri Hills to the south from the Asgard Range to
2793-573: The Discovery would be free from the ice in early 1903, enabling Scott to carry out further seaborne exploration and survey work before winter set in. It was intended that Discovery would return to New Zealand in March or April, then home to Britain via the Pacific , continuing its magnetic survey en route. Morning would provide any assistance that Scott might require during this period. This plan
2940-991: The Gonville and Caius Range the Debenham Glacier flows into the Wilson Piedmont Glacier. The Debenham Glacier is fed by the Willis Glacier and the Miller Glacier. The Miller Glacier adjoins the Cotton Glacier in the Clare Range . The Ball Stream, Surko Stream, Scheuren Stream and South Stream are meltwater streams that leave the glacier and flow into the Ross Sea. They were all studied by Robert L. Nichols, geologist for Metcalf and Eddy , Engineers of Boston , Massachusetts, which made engineering studies here under contract to
3087-588: The Merchant Marine , including Albert Armitage , the second-in-command, who had experience with the Jackson–Harmsworth Arctic expedition, 1894–97 , and Ernest Shackleton , designated Third Officer in charge of holds, stores and provisions, and responsible for arranging the entertainments. The Admiralty also released around twenty petty officers and seamen, the rest of the crew being from the merchant service, or from civilian employment. Among
SECTION 20
#17327901541693234-596: The Napoleonic War . Naval interest diminished after the disappearance in 1845 of the Franklin expedition , and the many fruitless searches that followed. After the problems encountered by the 1874–76 North Pole expedition led by George Nares , and Nares's own declaration that the North Pole was "impracticable", the Admiralty decided that further polar quests would be dangerous, expensive and futile. However,
3381-524: The Polar Plateau and became the first party to travel on it. After the return of geological and supporting parties, Scott, Evans and Lashly continued westward across the featureless plain for another eight days, covering a distance of about 150 miles to reach their most westerly point on 30 November. Having lost their navigational tables in a gale during the glacier ascent, they did not know exactly where they were, and had no landmarks to help them fix
3528-515: The Royal Geographical Society 's secretary (and later president) Sir Clements Markham was a former naval man who had served on one of the Franklin relief expeditions in 1851. He had accompanied Nares for part of the 1874–76 expedition, and remained a firm advocate for the navy's resuming its historic role in polar exploration. An opportunity to further this ambition arose in November 1893, when
3675-411: The Royal Society . A joint committee of the two societies was established to decide the form in which the expedition should take. Markham's vision of a full-blown naval affair after the style of Ross or Franklin was opposed by sections of the joint committee, but his tenacity was such that the expedition was eventually moulded largely to his wishes. His cousin and biographer later wrote that the expedition
3822-746: The United States Navy in the 1957–58 season. 77°26′S 163°43′E / 77.433°S 163.717°E / -77.433; 163.717 . A meltwater stream 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) west of Marble Point on the coast of Victoria Land. It issues from the front of Wilson Piedmont Glacier and flows northeast to Surko Stream just west of where the latter enters Arnold Cove. Named by Nichols for Donald G. Ball, soil physicist with Metcalf and Eddy. 77°25′S 163°44′E / 77.417°S 163.733°E / -77.417; 163.733 . A meltwater stream 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south of Gneiss Point on
3969-543: The 1910–13 Terra Nova Expedition, and scurvy was particularly devastating to Shackleton's marooned Ross Sea party during 1915–16. It remained a danger until its causes were finally established, some 25 years after the Discovery Expedition. Scott was given leave from the Navy to write the official expedition account, The Voyage of the Discovery ; this was published in 1905, and sold well. However, Scott's account in
4116-991: The 1920s). The ship was fitted with special ventilating equipment, which reflected the importance of clean air within medical theories in this period. As she was not a Royal Naval vessel the Admiralty would not allow Discovery to fly the White Ensign . She eventually sailed under the Merchant Shipping Act, flying the RGS house flag and the Blue Ensign and burgee of the Royal Harwich Yacht Club. Scott contacted Fridtjof Nansen in Oslo, whom he trusted more than his own "quarrelling" committee in London, and followed his advice on equipment. Subsequently, Armitage ordered 25 Siberian sledge-dogs via
4263-446: The 1990-91 season. 77°37′S 163°03′E / 77.617°S 163.050°E / -77.617; 163.050 . A glacial meltwater stream, 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) long, which flows from the snout of Canada Glacier. It drains NE, close to the glacier, entering the west end of Lake Fryxell to the west of Bowles Creek and Green Creek. The name was suggested by Diane McKnight, USGS hydrologist working in
4410-490: The 8th Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE), 1963–64, for physicist R.A. Hoare, a member of VUWAE that examined lakes in Taylor, Wright, and Victoria Valleys. 77°37′S 163°11′E / 77.617°S 163.183°E / -77.617; 163.183 . Lake 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) long, between Canada and Commonwealth Glaciers at the lower end of Taylor Valley. Mapped by
4557-482: The Barrier surface, and reached a new Furthest South at 78°50′. The Discovery Expedition was planned during a surge of international interest in the Antarctic regions at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. A German expedition under Erich von Drygalski was leaving at about the same time as Discovery , to explore the sector of the continent south of the Indian Ocean. The Swedish explorer Otto Nordenskiöld
Wilson Piedmont Glacier - Misplaced Pages Continue
4704-472: The BrAE under Scott, 1910-13. The lake was visited by Professor T.L. Péwé during United States Navy Operation Deep Freeze , 1957–58, and was named by him for Doctor Fritiof M. Fryxell, glacial geologist of Augustana College, Illinois. 77°36′S 163°19′E / 77.600°S 163.317°E / -77.600; 163.317 . A pond, 0.3 nautical miles (0.56 km; 0.35 mi) long, located 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) south of
4851-410: The BrAE under Scott, 1910–13, for Professor Eduard Suess, noted Austrian geologist and paleontologist. 77°37′S 162°59′E / 77.617°S 162.983°E / -77.617; 162.983 . Small glacier flowing southeast into the north side of Taylor Valley immediately west of Lake Fryxell. Charted and named by the BrAE, 1910–13, under Scott. Charles S. Wright, a Canadian physicist,
4998-440: The BrAE, 1910-13. The name was suggested by Seaman Forde, and adopted by Taylor, for its likeness to Spike Island at Plymouth, England. 77°21′S 163°34′E / 77.350°S 163.567°E / -77.350; 163.567 . A shallow indentation of the coast of Victoria Land between Spike Cape and Gneiss Point. The name was suggested by the Western Geological Party of the BrAE (1910-13), which while sledging across
5145-624: The BrNAE (1901-04). It was named by the BrAE (1910-13) for Frank Debenham, geologist with the expedition and Director of the Scott Polar Research Institute, 1925-48. 77°16′S 162°05′E / 77.267°S 162.083°E / -77.267; 162.083 . Valley glacier in the St. Johns Range of Victoria Land, flowing northeast from Schist Peak along the swest side of Mount Harker to Debenham Glacier. Charted by
5292-531: The French Légion d'honneur . Polar Medals and promotions were given to other officers and crew members. The main geographical results of the expedition were the discovery of King Edward VII Land; the ascent of the western mountains and the discovery of the Polar Plateau; the first sledge journey on the plateau; the Barrier journey to a Furthest South of 82°17′S. The island nature of Ross Island
5439-641: The Ice Barrier was a floating ice shelf, and a leaf fossil discovered by Ferrar which helped to establish Antarctica's relation to the Gondwana super-continent. Thousands of geological and biological specimens had been collected and new marine species identified. The location of the South Magnetic Pole had been calculated with reasonable accuracy. On the medical side, Wilson discovered the anti-scorbutic effects of fresh seal meat, which resolved
5586-797: The Joint Committee had, with Markham's acquiescence, secured the appointment of John Walter Gregory , Professor of Geology at the University of Melbourne and former assistant geologist at the British Museum , as the expedition's scientific director. Gregory's view, endorsed by the Royal Society faction of the Joint Committee, was that the organisation and command of the land party should be in his hands: "...The Captain would be instructed to give such assistance as required in dredging, tow-netting etc., to place boats where required at
5733-807: The Lake Fryxell basin, 1987–94, and alludes to the many aeolian deposits of fine sands along the creek, indicative of strong winds blowing around the south end of Canada Glacier during the winter. Named from "They Called the Wind Maria," a song in Paint Your Wagon, the American musical play by Lerner and Loewe. 77°37′S 163°03′E / 77.617°S 163.050°E / -77.617; 163.050 . A glacial meltwater distributary stream, 0.25 nautical miles (0.46 km; 0.29 mi) long, which flows east from Maria Creek (q.v.) into
5880-576: The Naval Discipline Act. The scientific team was inexperienced. Dr George Murray , Gregory's successor as chief scientist, was due to travel only as far as Australia (in fact he left the ship at Cape Town ), using the voyage to train the scientists, but with no part to play in the detailed work of the expedition. The only scientist with previous Antarctic experience was Louis Bernacchi , who had been with Borchgrevink as magnetic observer and meteorologist. The geologist, Hartley Ferrar ,
6027-486: The Naval Support Force winter-over detachment at McMurdo Station in 1973. 77°17′S 163°19′E / 77.283°S 163.317°E / -77.283; 163.317 . Prominent ice-free ridge situated 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) northwest of Spike Cape, near the center of Wilson Piedmont Glacier. The feature was "Black Ridge" on maps of the BrAE under Scott, 1910–13, but that name
Wilson Piedmont Glacier - Misplaced Pages Continue
6174-707: The New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) in 1998. Parera is the Maori word for wild duck. 77°40′S 162°39′E / 77.667°S 162.650°E / -77.667; 162.650 . A pond between Suess and Lacroix Glaciers. So named by T.L. Péwé, United States geologist who visited the area in December 1957, because of the mummified seals found around the pond. 77°38′S 162°46′E / 77.633°S 162.767°E / -77.633; 162.767 . Small lake lying east of
6321-530: The President of the Physical Society of London, Dr Charles Chree . Scott defended his team's work, while privately acknowledging that Royds's paperwork in this field had been "dreadfully slipshod". The expedition succeeded in combating incipient scurvy through a fresh seal meat diet, and Scott recommended it for future polar expeditions. This was despite the medical profession being ignorant of
6468-555: The Ross Ice Shelf in the 1973–74 and 1974–75 seasons. 77°24′S 163°44′E / 77.400°S 163.733°E / -77.400; 163.733 . Rocky point 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) north of Marble Point, on the coast of Victoria Land. First mapped by the BrAE (1910-13) under Scott and so named because of gneissic granite found here. 77°25′S 163°46′E / 77.417°S 163.767°E / -77.417; 163.767 . A cove along
6615-500: The Royal Geographical Society his intention to return to Antarctica, but the information was not at that stage made public. Scott was forestalled by Shackleton, who early in 1907 announced his plans to lead an expedition with the twin objectives of reaching the geographic and magnetic South Poles. Under duress, Shackleton agreed not to work from McMurdo Sound, which Scott was claiming as his own sphere of work. In
6762-470: The Societies, which lingered after the conclusion of the expedition and was reflected in criticism of the extent and quality of some of the published results. Markham claimed that his insistence on a naval command was primarily a matter of tradition and style, rather than indicating disrespect for science. He had made clear his belief that, on its own, the mere attainment of higher latitude than someone else
6909-471: The US-AC AN for Russell A. Greenwood, USN, who was in charge of heavy equipment maintenance at McMurdo Station, 1962. 77°20′S 162°48′E / 77.333°S 162.800°E / -77.333; 162.800 . A long ridge west of Hanson Ridge, separating Victoria Lower Glacier from Greenwood Valley in Victoria Land. Named by the US-ACAN in 1964 for George R. Staeffler, topographic engineer with
7056-612: The United States Geological Survey, who worked in the McMurdo Sound area during 1960-61. 77°19′S 163°03′E / 77.317°S 163.050°E / -77.317; 163.050 . Prominent rock bluff that marks the east end of Staeffler Ridge and overlooks Wilson Piedmont Glacier, located 6.5 nautical miles (12.0 km; 7.5 mi) west of Spike Cape, Victoria Land. Named by US-ACAN for Cdr. George R. Blessing, USN, Officer-in-Charge of
7203-514: The VUWAE, 1959-60, and named by them for I.A.G. Willis, geophysicist with the expedition. 77°12′S 162°00′E / 77.200°S 162.000°E / -77.200; 162.000 . A glacier about 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) wide, described by Griffith Taylor as a transection glacier lying in a transverse trough and connecting the Cotton and Debenham Glaciers. Discovered by
7350-786: The Victoria Lower Glacier. In the past there was more westward flow than at present. The Wilson Piedmont Glacier was thicker during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and extended further to the east and south over the Scott Coast, where it merged with the Ross Ice Shelf . Ice reached an elevation of 470 metres (1,540 ft) above Cape Bernacchi and 350 metres (1,150 ft) on Hjorth Hill. However, it did not extend further inland than it does today, and may not have extended as far, probably because there
7497-399: The Western Geological Party, led by Taylor, of the BrAE, 1910-13. Named by Taylor for M.J. Miller, Mayor of Lyttelton, and the shipwright who repaired the expedition vessel, Terra Nova, prior to its voyage from New Zealand. 77°07′S 161°40′E / 77.117°S 161.667°E / -77.117; 161.667 . A glacier about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long on
SECTION 50
#17327901541697644-447: The Western Journey Party, led by Griffith Taylor, of the BrAE, 1910-13. 77°41′S 162°15′E / 77.683°S 162.250°E / -77.683; 162.250 . A prominent hump-shaped peak along the north wall of Taylor Valley, standing above Lake Bonney, between Rhone Glacier and Matterhorn Glacier. So named by the Western Journey Party, led by Taylor, of the BrAE, 1910-13. The initials have been retained to distinguish
7791-511: The Wilson Piedmont Glacier about midway between Mount Doorly and Hogback Hill. Named by the VUWAE, 1958-59, after the American helicopter King Pin which flew the party into this area, and which rendered a similar service in two other years to New Zealand parties. 77°21′S 162°54′E / 77.350°S 162.900°E / -77.350; 162.900 . Ice-filled valley at the west side of Wilson Piedmont Glacier, lying between Staefller Ridge and Mount Doorly in Victoria Land. Named by
7938-501: The Wilson Piedmont Glacier and the coast of Victoria Land, close northeast of Cape Dunlop. First mapped by the BrAE (1907-09) under Shackleton, who named it for H.J.L. Dunlop, chief engineer of the ship Nimrod. Not: Terrace Island. 77°18′S 163°34′E / 77.300°S 163.567°E / -77.300; 163.567 . A bare rocky point from which the Wilson Piedmont Glacier has receded, lying 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) south of Dunlop Island. First mapped by
8085-577: The Wilson Piedmont Glacier on the Ross Sea include, from the north: 77°14′S 163°27′E / 77.233°S 163.450°E / -77.233; 163.450 . Rocky point just west of Dunlop Island on the coast of Victoria Land. First mapped by the BrAE (1907-09) under Ernest Shackleton , who named this feature Rocky Point. It has since taken its name from Dunlop Island. 77°14′S 163°30′E / 77.233°S 163.500°E / -77.233; 163.500 . Rocky island, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) long, lying just off
8232-528: The area in December 1957. 77°40′S 162°33′E / 77.667°S 162.550°E / -77.667; 162.550 . Glacier between Suess and Matterhorn Glaciers, which flows southeast into Taylor Valley. Mapped by the BrAE under Scott, 1910–13, and named after Alfred Lacroix (see Mount Lacroix ). 77°38′S 162°40′E / 77.633°S 162.667°E / -77.633; 162.667 . Glacier between Canada and Lacroix Glaciers, flowing south into Taylor Valley. Charted and named by
8379-455: The axis of Taylor Valley, forming a divide 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level between Lake Fryxell and Explorers Cove, McMurdo Sound. A large number of solitary fossil corals have been found here by NZARP/USARP teams in the course of joint geological studies of the area. The name was suggested by Donald P. Elston, USGS, a research team member who worked at the ridge in the 1979–80 and 1980-81 seasons. Glaciers and streams descending towards
8526-434: The bill only on their own terms. The deadline agreed between the three captains was 25 February, and it became a race against time for the relief vessels to reach Discovery , still held fast at Hut Point. As a precaution Scott began the transfer of his scientific specimens to the other ships. Explosives were used to break up the ice, and the sawing parties resumed work, but although the relief ships were able to edge closer, by
8673-545: The book of Shackleton's breakdown during the southern journey led to disagreement between the two men, particularly over Scott's version of the extent to which his companion had been carried on the sledge. The implication was that Shackleton's breakdown had caused the relatively unimpressive southern record. Scott eventually resumed his naval career, first as an assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence and then, in August 1906, as Flag-captain to Rear-Admiral George Egerton on HMS Victorious . He had by this time become
8820-557: The bottom of a shallow sea between 250 million and 400 million years ago. Throughout that period, Earth's southern continents were locked into the supercontinent Gondwana . The dark band of rock that divides the sandstone is dolerite (sometimes called diabase), a volcanic rock that forms underground. The distinctive dolerite intrusion—or sill —is a remnant of a massive volcanic plumbing system that produced major eruptions about 180 million years ago. The eruptions likely helped tear Gondwana apart. Download coordinates as: Taylor Valley
8967-404: The camp area. A mummified seal is prominent at the mouth of the stream. 77°35′S 163°30′E / 77.583°S 163.500°E / -77.583; 163.500 . A meltwater stream in Taylor Valley which flows east from Commonwealth Glacier into New Harbor of McMurdo Sound. Studied on the ground during United States Navy Operation Depp Freeze, 1957–58, by Troy L. Péwé who suggested
SECTION 60
#17327901541699114-552: The causes of the disease. At that time it was known that a fresh meat diet could provide a cure, but not that lack of fresh meat or other fresh food containing the as yet undiscovered vitamin C was a cause. Thus, fresh seal meat was taken on the southern journey "in case we find ourselves attacked by scurvy", On his 1907–09 Nimrod expedition Shackleton also avoided the disease through careful dietary provision, including extra penguin and seal meat. However, Lieutenant Edward Evans almost died of presumably self-inflicted scurvy during
9261-407: The coast of Victoria Land. It issues from the front of Wilson Piedmont Glacier and drains northward to the Bay of Sails. Named by Nichols for John J. Scheuren, Jr., chief of Metcalf and Eddy's field party. 77°27′S 163°44′E / 77.450°S 163.733°E / -77.450; 163.733 . A meltwater stream 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southwest of Marble Point on
9408-462: The coast of Victoria Land. It issues from the front of Wilson Piedmont Glacier and flows eastward to Arnold Cove. Named by Nichols for Lt. Alexander Surko, USN, second-in-command of the Navy party that worked on the aircraft landing strip close north of this stream. 77°24′S 163°39′E / 77.400°S 163.650°E / -77.400; 163.650 . A meltwater stream 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) west of Gneiss Point on
9555-465: The coast of Victoria Land. It issues from the front of Wilson Piedmont Glacier and flows southeastward to Bernacchi Bay. So named by Nichols because the stream was located south of the U.S. Navy installations in the Marble Point area. Glaciers adjoining, fed by or feeding the Wilson Piedmont Glacier include, from south to north: 77°35′S 163°19′E / 77.583°S 163.317°E / -77.583; 163.317 . Glacier which flows in
9702-626: The coast of Victoria Land. Mapped by the BrAE (1907-09) and so named because of the marble found there. 77°29′S 163°36′E / 77.483°S 163.600°E / -77.483; 163.600 . Rounded mountain, 735 m, rising just north of Hjorth Hill and 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) west of Cape Bernacchi. Charted and given this descriptive name by the BrAE under Scott 1910-13. 77°28′S 163°27′E / 77.467°S 163.450°E / -77.467; 163.450 . Bay about 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) wide between Marble Point and Cape Bernacchi, on
9849-409: The coast of Victoria Land. Named after Cape Bernacchi by the BrAE under Scott, 1910-13. 77°31′S 163°37′E / 77.517°S 163.617°E / -77.517; 163.617 . A rounded, ice-free mountain 760 m, standing just north of New Harbor and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) south of Hogback Hill. Charted by the BrAE, 1910-13, led by Scott, and named for the maker of
9996-416: The disposal of the scientific staff." In the dispute that followed, Markham argued that Scott's command of the whole expedition must be total and unambiguous, and Scott himself was insistent on this to the point of resignation. Markham's and Scott's view prevailed, and Gregory resigned, saying that the scientific work should not be "subordinated to naval adventure". This controversy soured relations between
10143-429: The dry valley as "a splendid place for growing spuds". The party reached Discovery on 24 December, after a round trip of seven hundred miles covered in 59 days. Their daily average of over 14 miles on this man-hauling journey was significantly better than that achieved with dogs on the previous season's southern journey, a fact which further strengthened Scott's prejudices against dogs. Polar historian David Crane calls
10290-508: The east part of the Asgard Range, flowing east between Mount Newall and Mount Weyant into the Wilson Piedmont Glacier. Mapped by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the CTAE, 1956–58, who named it after nearby Mount Newall. 77°25′S 163°00′E / 77.417°S 163.000°E / -77.417; 163.000 . A stagnant glacier occupying the mouth of Wright Valley and coalescing at its east side with Wilson Piedmont Glacier. Formerly called Wright Glacier, but that name
10437-426: The edge of a cliff and was killed. His body was never recovered; a cross with a simple inscription, erected in his memory, still stands at the summit of the Hut Point promontory. During the winter months of May–August the scientists were busy in their laboratories, while elsewhere equipment and stores were prepared for the next season's work. For relaxation there were amateur theatricals, and educational activities in
10584-406: The emperor penguin colony at close quarters. Scott had hoped on his return to find Discovery free from the ice, but she remained held fast. Work had begun with ice saws, but after 12 days' labour only two short parallel cuts of 450 feet (140 m) had been carved, with the ship still 20 miles (32 km) from open water. On 5 January 1904 the relief ship Morning returned, this time with
10731-447: The end of January Discovery remained icebound, two miles (approx. 3 km) from the rescuers. On 10 February Scott accepted that he would have to abandon her, but on 14 February most of the ice suddenly broke up, and Morning and Terra Nova were at last able to sail alongside Discovery . A final explosive charge removed the remaining ice on 16 February, and the following day, after a last scare when she became temporarily grounded on
10878-526: The engines, and the final cost after all modifications was £51,000 (£4.1 m). The name had historic naval associations, most recently as one of the ships used in the Nares expedition, and certain features of this older vessel were incorporated into the design of the new ship. She was launched by Lady Markham on 21 March 1901 as S.Y. Discovery (the Royal Research Ship designation was acquired in
11025-417: The erection of the expedition's huts on a rocky peninsula designated Hut Point . Scott had decided that the expedition should continue to live and work aboard ship, and he allowed Discovery to be frozen into the sea ice, leaving the main hut to be used as a storeroom and shelter. Of the entire party, none were skilled skiers and only Bernacchi and Armitage had any experience with dog-sledges. The results of
11172-458: The event, unable to find a safe landing elsewhere, Shackleton was forced to break this promise. His expedition was highly successful, its southern march ending at 88°23′, less than 100 geographical miles from the South Pole, while its northern party reached the location of the South Magnetic Pole. However, Shackleton's breach of his undertaking caused a significant break in relations between
11319-540: The existence of the only snow-free Antarctic valleys , which contains the longest river of Antarctica. Further achievements included the discoveries of the Cape Crozier emperor penguin colony, King Edward VII Land , and the Polar Plateau (via the western mountains route) on which the South Pole is located. The expedition tried to reach the South Pole travelling as far as the Farthest South mark at
11466-471: The expedition on its return home in 1904, and later wrote a very cordial letter to Scott. After the 1903 winter had passed, Scott prepared for the second main journey of the expedition: an ascent of the western mountains and exploration of the interior of Victoria Land. Armitage's reconnaissance party of the previous year had pioneered a route up to altitude 8,900 feet (2,700 m) before returning, but Scott wished to march west from this point, if possible to
11613-767: The expedition. Thanks largely to a donation of £25,000 from wealthy RGS member Llewellyn W. Longstaff . The RGS itself contributed £8,000, its largest single contribution to any expedition to date, and £5,000 came from Alfred Harmsworth , later Lord Northcliffe, who had earlier financed the Jackson–Harmsworth expedition to the Arctic, 1894–97. The rest was raised from smaller donations. The expedition also benefited from significant commercial sponsorship: Colman's provided mustard and flour, Cadbury's gave 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) of chocolate, Bird's donated baking and custard powders, Evans, Lescher & Webb provided all
11760-550: The field of work for many later British expeditions. Ross established the general geography of this region, and named many of its features; the Ross Sea , the Great Ice Barrier (later renamed the Ross Ice Shelf ), Ross Island , Cape Adare , Victoria Land , McMurdo Sound , Cape Crozier and the twin volcanoes Mount Erebus and Mount Terror . He returned to the Barrier several times, hoping to penetrate it, but
11907-511: The flights "perfect madness". Discovery then proceeded westward in search of permanent quarters. On 8 February she entered McMurdo Sound and later that day anchored in a spot near its southern limit which was afterwards christened Winter Quarters Bay . Wilson wrote: "We all realized our extreme good fortune in being led to such a winter quarter as this, safe for the ship, with perfect shelter from all ice pressure." Stoker Lashly, however, thought it looked "a dreary place." Work began ashore with
12054-487: The form of lectures. A newspaper, the South Polar Times , was edited by Shackleton. Outside pursuits did not cease altogether; there was football on the ice, and the schedule of magnetic and meteorological observations was maintained. As winter ended, trial sledge runs resumed, to test equipment and rations in advance of the planned southern journey which Scott, Wilson and Shackleton were to undertake. Meanwhile,
12201-579: The front of Canada Glacier into Lake Fryxell, in Taylor Valley. Named in association with Canada Glacier by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) in 1983. 77°37′S 163°03′E / 77.617°S 163.050°E / -77.617; 163.050 . A glacial meltwater stream which flows south along the east margin of Canada Glacier into the west end of Lake Fryxell. The name
12348-508: The ground by Troy L. Péwé during United States Navy OpDFrz, 1957–58, and so named by him because the stream has a series of deltas along its length which have been cut through as the stream was rejuvenated, the rejuvenation being caused by the lowering of the former glacial lake. 77°37′S 163°11′E / 77.617°S 163.183°E / -77.617; 163.183 . A glacial meltwater stream, 2.6 nautical miles (4.8 km; 3.0 mi) long, flowing north from Crescent Glacier to
12495-455: The hydrology and geochemistry of streams and ponds in the Lake Fryxell basin, Taylor Valley, 1987-94. Named after USGS hydrologist Sarah Ann Spauiding, a member of the team during two seasons, 1988–89 and 1991–92, who studied the pond. 77°38′S 162°51′E / 77.633°S 162.850°E / -77.633; 162.850 . A lake about 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) long between Lake Chad and Canada Glacier. Named by
12642-481: The hydrology of streams of the Lake Fryxell basin, 1987-94. Named after William J. Green of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, who conducted research on the geochemistry of the Onyx River, 1980–81, and Lake Fryxell, Lake Hoare, and their feeder streams, 1982-83. 77°37′S 163°03′E / 77.617°S 163.050°E / -77.617; 163.050 . A small meltwater stream flowing east-southeast from
12789-466: The ice at the mouth of the bay erected makeshift sails on their man-drawn sledge, thereby increasing the speed. 77°21′S 163°33′E / 77.350°S 163.550°E / -77.350; 163.550 . Rock point midway between Spike Cape and Gneiss Point on the east coast of Victoria Land. Named by US-ACAN for Thomas M. Kolich, geophysicist who participated in the USARP geophysical survey of
12936-530: The ice...your efforts as regards geographical exploration should be directed to [...] an advance to the western mountains, an advance to the south, and an exploration of the volcanic region". Discovery left Isle of Wight on 6 August 1901, and arrived in New Zealand via Cape Town on 29 November after a detour below 40°S for a magnetic survey. Quail Island in Lyttelton Harbour was used as
13083-619: The known". The two main objectives of the expedition were summarised in the joint committee's "Instructions to the Commander" as: "to determine, as far as possible, the nature, condition and extent of that portion of the south polar lands which is included in the scope of your expedition", and "to make a magnetic survey in the southern regions to the south of the fortieth parallel and to carry out meteorological, oceanographic, geological, biological and physical investigations and researches". The instructions stipulated that "neither of these objectives
13230-429: The land predicted by Ross was confirmed, and named King Edward VII Land . On 4 February, Scott landed on the Barrier and unpacked an observation balloon which he had acquired for aerial surveys. Scott climbed aboard and rapidly ascended to above 600 feet (180 m) in the firmly tethered balloon. Shackleton followed with a second flight. All either could see was unending Barrier surface. Wilson privately thought
13377-434: The lethal threat of scurvy to this and subsequent expeditions. But the explorers were still left confused as to the exact causes of the outbreak. A general endorsement of the scientific results from the navy's Chief Hydrographer (and former Scott opponent) Sir William Wharton was encouraging. However, when the meteorological data were published their accuracy was disputed within the scientific establishment, including by
13524-580: The lime juice. Jaeger gave a 40% discount on special clothing, Bovril supplied beef extract, and others made significant contributions. The expedition's ship was built by the Dundee Shipbuilders Company as a specialist research vessel designed for work in Antarctic waters, and was one of the last three-masted wooden sailing ships built in Britain. The construction cost was £34,050 (2009 = £2.7 million), plus £10,322 (£830,000) for
13671-633: The location of the South Magnetic Pole . After a false start due to faulty sledges, a party including Scott, Lashly and Edgar Evans set out from Discovery on 26 October 1903. Ascending the Ferrar Glacier , which they named after the party's geologist, they reached a height of 7,000 feet (2,100 m) before being held in camp for a week by blizzards. This prevented them from reaching the glacier summit until 13 November. They then marched on beyond Armitage's furthest point, discovered
13818-464: The lower deck complement were some who became Antarctic veterans, including Frank Wild , William Lashly , Thomas Crean (who joined the expedition following the desertion of a seaman in New Zealand), Edgar Evans and Ernest Joyce . Although the expedition was not a formal Navy project, Scott proposed to run the expedition on naval lines, and secured the crew's voluntary agreement to work under
13965-554: The lower deck returned repeatedly to the ice, apparently unable to settle back into normal life. William Lashly and Edgar Evans, Scott's companions on the 1903 western journey, aligned themselves with their leader's future plans and became his regular sledging partners. Tom Crean followed both Scott and Shackleton on later expeditions. Lieutenant "Teddy" Evans , first officer on the relief ship Morning , began plans to lead an expedition of his own, before teaming up with Scott in 1910. Soon after resuming his naval duties, Scott revealed to
14112-417: The men's early efforts to master these techniques were not encouraging, and tended to reinforce Scott's preference for man-hauling . The dangers of the unfamiliar conditions were confirmed when, on 11 March, a party returning from an attempted journey to Cape Crozier became stranded on an icy slope during a blizzard. In their attempts to find safer ground, one of the group, Able Seaman George Vince, slid over
14259-516: The mouth of Suess Glacier. Charted and named by the BrAE under Scott, 1910–13, after the African lake of the same name. 77°39′S 163°07′E / 77.650°S 163.117°E / -77.650; 163.117 . A pond 0.3 nautical miles (0.56 km; 0.35 mi) northeast of the terminal ice cliff of Howard Glacier. The name was suggested by Diane McKnight , leader of United States Geological Survey (USGS) field teams which studied
14406-698: The name from Mount Allan Thomson (also named by BrAE, 1910–13) near Mackay Glacier. 77°43′S 162°25′E / 77.717°S 162.417°E / -77.717; 162.417 . Lake lying at the mouth of Taylor Glacier. Visited by the BrnAE, 1901-04. Named by the BrAE under Scott, 1910–13, for T. Bonney, professor of geology at Cambridge University, England. 77°42′S 162°35′E / 77.700°S 162.583°E / -77.700; 162.583 . Minor knobs, 3 to 6 metres (9.8 to 19.7 ft) high, composed of lake clay covered by glacial drift. The glacial drift has cobbles that are well polished by
14553-894: The name in association with Commonwealth Glacier. Glaciers descending towards the valley floor from the Kukri Hills include, from west to east, Glaciers in the Kukri Hills that flow towards the Taylor Valley floor include, from west to east, Calkin Glacier , Hughes Glacier , Sollas Glacier , Marr Glacier , Moa Glacier , Goldman Glacier , Howard Glacier , Crescent Glacier , Von Guerard Glacier . Aiken Glacier and Wales Glacier . Meltwater streams include: 77°39′S 163°07′E / 77.650°S 163.117°E / -77.650; 163.117 . A glacial meltwater tributary stream, 1.6 nautical miles (3.0 km; 1.8 mi) long, flowing north from Howard Glacier into Delta Stream. Spaulding Pond lies along this watercourse. The name
14700-540: The north-central shore of Lake Fryxell. The name was suggested by hydrologist Diane McKnight, leader of a USGS team that made extensive hydrological studies in the Lake Fryxell basin, 1987-94. The name acknowledges support received by the USGS field team in Taylor Valley from United States Navy Squadron VXE-6 and its twin engine UH-1N "Huey" helicopters. 77°35′S 163°19′E / 77.583°S 163.317°E / -77.583; 163.317 . Glacier which flows in
14847-548: The north. Features of the valley include, from west to east, Bonney Riegel below Mount J. J. Thomson, Lake Bonney, Nussbaum Reigel, Mummy Pond, Lake Chad, Andrews Ridge and Lake Frysell, which is fed by the Delta Stream from the south. 77°43′S 162°22′E / 77.717°S 162.367°E / -77.717; 162.367 . A riegel , or rock bar extending north from the Kukri Hills across Taylor Valley to Lake Bonney. Named in association with Lake Bonney by
14994-494: The northern arm of Nussbaum Riegel, which trends eastward to the south of Suess Glacier and Lake Chad in Taylor Valley. Named by Griffith Taylor, leader of the Western Journey Party of the BrAE, 1910-13. 77°39′15″S 162°55′02″E / 77.654241°S 162.917318°E / -77.654241; 162.917318 . A pond lying 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south of Andrews Ridge. Named by
15141-406: The other half), thus travelling three miles for every mile of southward progress. Mistakes had been made with the dogs' food, and as the dogs grew weaker, Wilson was forced to kill the weakest as food for the others. The men, too, were struggling, afflicted by snow blindness , frostbite and symptoms of early scurvy, but they continued southwards in line with the mountains to the west. Christmas Day
15288-474: The party when it arrived in London a few days later. However, there was considerable public enthusiasm for the expedition, and official recognition followed. Scott was quickly promoted to captain , and invited to Balmoral Castle to meet King Edward VII, who invested him as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO). He also received a cluster of medals and awards from overseas, including
15435-631: The primus lamps used by the expedition. The name is spelled Hjort's Hill in the popular narrative of Scott's expedition, but Hjorth's Hill is used on the map accompanying the narrative. The recommended spelling is based upon the form consistently used on the maps accompanying the BrAE scientific reports. Isolated features in or beside the Wilson Piedmont Glacier include: 77°37′36″S 162°26′54″E / 77.626555°S 162.448246°E / -77.626555; 162.448246 . A craggy, island-like nunatak, 0.75 nautical miles (1.39 km; 0.86 mi) long, rising to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) in
15582-470: The prominent biologist Sir John Murray , who had visited Antarctic waters as a biologist with the Challenger Expedition in the 1870s, addressed the RGS. Murray presented a paper entitled "The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration", and called for a full-scale expedition for the benefit of British science. This was strongly supported, both by Markham and by the country's premier scientific body,
15729-478: The qualities of calmness, patience and detachment that the captain reportedly lacked. The total cost of the expedition was estimated at £90,000 (2009 equivalent about £7.25 million), of which £45,000 was offered by the British Government provided that the two Societies could raise a matching sum. Lord Curzon and Edward Somers Cocks, Treasurer of the society played important roles in the finance of
15876-489: The quarantine station for the expedition's dogs. After three weeks of final preparation she was ready for the journey south. On 21 December, as the ship was leaving Lyttelton to the cheers of large crowds, a young able seaman , Charles Bonner, fell to his death from the top of the mainmast, which he had climbed so as to return the crowd's applause. He was buried at Port Chalmers , two days later. Discovery then sailed south, arriving at Cape Adare on 9 January 1902. After
16023-566: The region, in the Southern Cross . This expedition was financed by a donation of £35,000 from British publishing magnate Sir George Newnes , on condition that the venture be called the "British Antarctic Expedition". Borchgrevink landed at Cape Adare in February 1899, erected a small hut, and spent the 1899 winter there. The following summer he sailed south, landing at Ross's inlet on the Barrier. A party of three then sledged southward on
16170-547: The snout of Commonwealth Glacier and entering the east end of Lake Fryxell between Lost Seal Stream and Aiken Creek. Named by the US-ACAN after Diane McKnight, research hydrologist, USGS, leader of USGS field teams over several years (1987–94) that made extensive studies of the hydrology and geochemistry of streams flowing into Lake Fryxell. 77°36′S 163°14′E / 77.600°S 163.233°E / -77.600; 163.233 . A glacial meltwater stream, 1.4 nautical miles (2.6 km; 1.6 mi) long, draining from
16317-608: The snout of Commonwealth Glacier in Taylor Valley. The pond is part of the Aiken Creek system and receives drainage from several glaciers including Commonwealth Glacier, Wales Glacier and the unnamed glacier next westward. The name was suggested by USGS hydrologist Diane McKnight, leader of USGS field teams that studied the hydrology of streams entering Lake Fryxell, Taylor Valley, 1987-94. 77°35′S 163°25′E / 77.583°S 163.417°E / -77.583; 163.417 . A ridge trending north–south, transverse to
16464-407: The south side of Clare Range, flowing eastward between Sperm Bluff and Queer Mountain, in Victoria Land. Discovered by the Western Geological Party, led by Thomas Griffith Taylor , of the BrAE, 1910–13. Named by Taylor for Prof. Leslie A. Cotton, of the geology department of Sydney University . Cotton had earlier been a Summer Party member of the BrAE, 1907-09. Features along the Ross Sea coast of
16611-450: The south-central shore of Lake Fryxell. Named in association with Crescent Glacier. The name was suggested by USGS hydrologist Diane McKnight and was approved by the US-ACAN and the NZGB in 1994. 77°37′S 163°13′E / 77.617°S 163.217°E / -77.617; 163.217 . A meltwater stream, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) long, which flows north from
16758-805: The south. The Commonwealth Glacier adjoins it to the south, to the north of Mount Falconer , and the Loftus Glacier and Newall Glacier feed its southwest corner, flowing towards the King Pin nunatak. North of Kingpin is the Wright Lower Glacier. This is separated from Victoria Lower Glacier by Mount Doorly , the Greenwood Valley and the Staeffler Ridge. To the north of the Saint Johns Range and south of
16905-625: The southwest end of Lake Fryxell, close west of Green Creek. The name was suggested by hydrologist Diane McKnight, leader of a USGS team which made extensive studies of the hydrology and geochemistry of streams and ponds in the Lake Fryxell basin, 1987-94. Named after USGS hydrologist Elizabeth C. Bowles, a member of the field team in the 1987-88 summer season, who conducted a study of organic geochemistry of streams flowing into Lake Fryxell. 77°36′S 163°17′E / 77.600°S 163.283°E / -77.600; 163.283 . A glacial meltwater stream in Taylor Valley, which flows north from
17052-668: The two men, with Scott dismissing his former companion as a liar and a rogue. Scott's plans gradually came to fruition – a large-scale scientific and geographical expedition with the conquest of the South Pole as its principal objective. Scott was anxious to avoid the amateurism that had been associated with the Discovery Expedition's scientific work. He appointed Edward Wilson as his chief scientist, and Wilson selected an experienced team. The expedition set off in June 1910 in Terra Nova , one of Discovery's relief ships. Its programme
17199-711: The unnamed glacier east of Crescent Glacier into the east part of Lake Fryxell. The name was suggested by hydrologist Diane McKnight, leader of a USGS team that made extensive studies of the hydrology and geochemistry of streams and ponds in the Lake Fryxell basin, 1987-94. Named after USGS hydrologist Richard A. Harnish, a member of the field team in the 1988–89 and 1990-91 seasons; during latter season assisted in establishing stream gaging stations on streams flowing into Lake Fryxell. 77°37′S 163°15′E / 77.617°S 163.250°E / -77.617; 163.250 . A glacial meltwater stream, 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) long, which flows northwest from
17346-444: The unnamed glacier east of Crescent Glacier to enter Lake Fryxell close east of Harnish Creek. The name was suggested by Diane McKnight, leader of USGS teams which made extensive studies of the hydrology of streams in the Lake Fryxell basin, 1987-94. Named after hydrologist Paul B. von Guerard, a member of the field team in three seasons, 1990–94, who assisted in establishing stream gaging stations on streams flowing into Lake Fryxell in
17493-455: The unnamed glacier west of Wales Glacier to Many Glaciers Pond, then west to Lake Fryxell. The feature is 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) long and receives some tributary flow from Wales Glacier. The name was suggested by hydrologist Diane McKnight, leader of the USGS team which made extensive studies of the hydrology and geochemistry of streams and ponds in the Lake Fryxell basin, 1987-94. Named after USGS hydrologist George R. Aiken,
17640-851: The uppermost névé area of the Newall Glacier, Asgard Range . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (1997) after Japanese geophysicist Katsutada Kaminuma, Professor of Earth Sciences, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, who worked eight field seasons in the McMurdo Sound region: two seasons with the Dry Valleys Drilling Project, 1974-75, 1975-76; one season with Antarctic Search for Meteorites, 1976-77; five seasons with International Mount Erebus Seismic Survey, 1979-80, 1982-83, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1986-87. 77°27′S 163°10′E / 77.450°S 163.167°E / -77.450; 163.167 . Nunatak, 820 metres (2,690 ft) high, rising above
17787-543: The valley floor from the Asgard Range include Matterhorn Glacier, Lacroix Glacier, Suess Glacier, Canada Glacier and Commonwealth Glacier. 77°41′S 162°27′E / 77.683°S 162.450°E / -77.683; 162.450 . Small alpine glacier on the edge of the north wall of Taylor Valley, just west of the Matterhorn. Named after the Matterhorn by United States geologist T.L. Péwé, who visited
17934-529: The vicinity of Sollas Glacier toward Lake Chad. Charted and named by the BrAE under Scott, 1910-13. 77°39′S 162°43′E / 77.650°S 162.717°E / -77.650; 162.717 . Narrow ice-free passageway between the terminus of Suess Glacier and the talus-covered slope of Nussbaum Riegel in Taylor Valley. Charted and descriptively named by the BrAE under Scott, 1910-13. 77°39′S 162°50′E / 77.650°S 162.833°E / -77.650; 162.833 . A gentle ridge,
18081-427: The west coast of the Ross Sea from Granite Harbor south to McMurdo Sound. Most of its input is from direct precipitation, but it receives some inflows from alpine glaciers. It has a broad dome with a divide near the McMurdo Dry Valleys . Most ice flows east to the Ross Sea, where the glacier terminates and comes afloat in the sea along its eastern margin. Some ice flows west and contributes to the Wright Lower Glacier and
18228-441: The west margin of Commonwealth Glacier into the northeast end of Lake Fryxell. The name was suggested by Diane McKnight, leader of a USGS team that studied the hydrology of streams flowing into Lake Fryxell in several seasons, 1987-94. The name commemorates the encounter with a living Weddell seal. The seal wandered into the area north of Lake Fryxell during November 1990 and was evacuated by helicopter to New Harbor after it entered
18375-455: The west margin of McMurdo Sound between Gneiss Point and Marble Point. Named by US-ACAN for Charles L. Arnold, leader of a USARP party that made an engineering study of Marble Point, McMurdo Station and Williams Field in the 1971-72 season. 77°26′S 163°50′E / 77.433°S 163.833°E / -77.433; 163.833 . A rocky promontory of marble lying 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north of Cape Bernacchi on
18522-477: The western journey "one of the great journeys of polar history". Several other journeys were completed during Scott's absence. Royds and Bernacchi travelled for 31 days on the Barrier in a SE direction, observing its uniformly flat character and making further magnetic readings. Another party had explored the Koettlitz Glacier to the south-west, and Wilson had travelled to Cape Crozier to observe
18669-413: The wind and cut into ventifacts . The knobs are covered by ventifacts, suggesting the name, and are located just east of Lake Bonney. Named by United States geologist Troy L. Péwé who was first to study and describe the knobs in December 1957. 77°40′S 162°46′E / 77.667°S 162.767°E / -77.667; 162.767 . A riegel or rock-bar across Taylor Valley, extending from
18816-484: Was "the creation of his brain, the product of his persistent energy". It had long been Markham's practice to take note of promising young naval officers who might later be suitable for polar responsibilities, should the opportunity arise. He had first observed Midshipman Robert Falcon Scott in 1887, while the latter was serving with HMS Rover in St Kitts , and had remembered him. Thirteen years later, Scott, by now
18963-540: Was "to get as far south in a straight line on the Barrier ice as we can, reach the Pole if possible, or find some new land". The first significant milestone was passed on 11 November, when a supporting party passed Borchgrevink's Farthest South record of 78°50′. However, the lack of skill with dogs was soon evident, and progress was slow. After the support parties had returned, on 15 November, Scott's group began relaying their loads (taking half loads forward, then returning for
19110-467: Was "unworthy of support." Markham had hoped for a fully-fledged Royal Naval expedition, but was warned by the Admiralty that "the present exigencies of the Naval Service [would] prevent them from lending officers..." However, the Admiralty agreed to release Scott and Charles Royds , and later allowed Michael Barne and Reginald Skelton to join the expedition. The remaining officers were from
19257-453: Was a 22-year-old recent Cambridge graduate who Markham thought "might be made into a man." Marine biologist Thomas Vere Hodgson , from Plymouth Museum, was a more mature figure, as was the senior of the two doctors, Reginald Koettlitz , who, at 39, was the oldest member of the expedition. He, like Armitage, had been with the Jackson–Harmsworth expedition. The junior doctor and zoologist was Edward Wilson , who became close to Scott and provided
19404-489: Was a member of the party that explored this area. 77°37′S 163°04′E / 77.617°S 163.067°E / -77.617; 163.067 . A glacial meltwater stream, 0.65 nautical miles (1.20 km; 0.75 mi) long, flowing northeast from the extremity of Canada Glacier into the southwest end of Lake Fryxell, close east of Bowles Creek, in Taylor Valley. The name was suggested by hydrologist Diane McKnight, leader of USGS teams that made intensive studies of
19551-404: Was amended by the VUWAE (1958-59) to distinguish this glacier from Wright Upper Glacier at the head of Wright Valley. Originally named by the BrAE (1910-13) for Charles S. Wright , physicist with the expedition. 77°10′S 162°38′E / 77.167°S 162.633°E / -77.167; 162.633 . Glacier flowing into the northern part of Wilson Piedmont Glacier. First mapped by
19698-504: Was celebrated with double rations, and a Christmas pudding that Shackleton had kept for the occasion, hidden with his socks. On 30 December 1902, without having left the Barrier, they reached their Furthest South at 82°17′S. Troubles multiplied on the home journey, as the remaining dogs died and Shackleton collapsed with scurvy. Wilson's diary entry for 14 January 1903 acknowledged that "we all have slight, though definite symptoms of scurvy". Scott and Wilson struggled on, with Shackleton, who
19845-527: Was complicated by the simultaneous arrival in the Antarctic of Roald Amundsen 's Norwegian expedition. Amundsen's party reached the South Pole on 14 December 1911 and returned safely. Scott and four companions, including Wilson, arrived at the Pole on 17 January 1912; all five perished on the return journey. Notes References Online sources Taylor Valley Taylor Valley 77°37′S 163°00′E / 77.617°S 163.000°E / -77.617; 163.000 ( Taylor Valley )
19992-550: Was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (BrNAE, 1901–04). It was more fully explored by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09 (BrAE) and the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13 . It was named after the Taylor Glacier. In the oblique aerial photo at right, the tan bands are sandstone layers from the Beacon Supergroup , a series of sedimentary rock layers formed at
20139-541: Was established, the Transantarctic Mountains were charted to 83°S, and the positions and heights of more than 200 individual mountains were calculated. Many other features and landmarks were also identified and named, and there was extensive coastal survey work. There were also discoveries of major scientific importance. These included the snow-free Dry Valleys in the western mountains, the emperor penguin colony at Cape Crozier, scientific evidence that
20286-485: Was frustrated, as Discovery remained firmly icebound. Markham had privately anticipated this, and Morning' s captain, William Colbeck , was carrying a secret letter to Scott authorising another year in the ice. This now being inevitable, the relief ship provided an opportunity for some of the party to return home. Among these, against his will, was the convalescent Shackleton, who Scott decided "ought not to risk further hardships in his present state of health". Stories of
20433-645: Was leading an expedition to Graham Land , and a French expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot was going to the Antarctic Peninsula . Finally, the British scientist William Speirs Bruce was leading a scientific expedition to the Weddell Sea . Under the influence of John Barrow , Second Secretary to the Admiralty , polar exploration had become the province of the peacetime Royal Navy after
20580-578: Was less precipitation. The margin of the glacier has continued to fluctuate during the present Holocene era. It retreated to a smaller area than at present in the mid-Holocene, then advanced until less than 250 years ago. Since 1956 it has again retreated, in some places as much as 600 metres (2,000 ft). The glacier extends along the Ross Sea coast from Granite Harbour in the north, reaching south past Cape Dunlop, Dunlop Island, Hanson Ridge, Spike Cape, Bay of Sails, Gneiss Point, Marble Point, Hogback Hill to Cape Bernacchi, Hjorth Hill and Mount Coleman to
20727-526: Was quickly revised, and the trouble was thereafter contained. Nevertheless, the scurvy outbreak did cause concern about the expedition's safety when news of it reached Britain, leading to demands for a relief expedition. For instance, The Yorkshire Evening Post claimed that ‘the lives of the gallant explorers and scientific staff of the Discovery may actually be in peril if they have to stay out for another winter.’ Scott, Wilson and Shackleton left on 2 November 1902 with dogs and supporting parties. Their goal
20874-463: Was secured by 25 May 1900, followed swiftly by his promotion to commander . The command structure of the expedition had still to be settled. Markham had been determined from the beginning that its overall leader should be a naval officer, not a scientist. Scott, writing to Markham after his appointment, reiterated that he "must have complete command of the ship and landing parties", and insisted on being consulted over all future appointments. However,
21021-538: Was suggested by Diane McKnight, leader of a USGS team which made extensive studies of the hydrology and geochemistry of streams and ponds in the Lake Fryxell basin, 1987-94. Named after hydrologist Edward Furlong, a member of the field team that established stream gaging stations on streams flowing into Lake Fryxell in the 1990-91 season. 77°38′S 163°07′E / 77.633°S 163.117°E / -77.633; 163.117 . Small meltwater stream flowing from Howard Glacier into Lake Fryxell. First studied on
21168-582: Was suggested by hydrologist Diane McKnight, leader of a USGS team which made extensive studies of the hydrology and geochemistry of streams and ponds in the Lake Fryxell basin, 1987-94. Named after USGS hydrologist Edmund Andrews, a member of the field team who studied glacier hydrology during the 1987–88 and 1991-92 summer seasons. 77°36′S 163°06′E / 77.600°S 163.100°E / -77.600; 163.100 . A glacial meltwater stream, 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) long, flowing south from an ice field west of Mount Falconer to
21315-403: Was to be sacrificed to the other". The instructions concerning the geographical objective became more specific: "The chief points of geographical interest are [...] to explore the ice barrier of Sir James Ross to its eastern extremity; to discover the land which was believed by Ross to flank the barrier to the eastward, or to ascertain that it does not exist [...] If you should decide to winter in
21462-583: Was unable to do so, achieving his Farthest South in a small Barrier inlet at 78°10′, in February 1842. Ross suspected that land lay to the east of the Barrier, but was unable to confirm this. After Ross there were no recorded voyages into this sector of the Antarctic for fifty years. Then, in January 1895, a Norwegian whaling trip made a brief landing at Cape Adare, the northernmost tip of Victoria Land. Four years later Carsten Borchgrevink , who had participated in that landing, took his own expedition to
21609-418: Was unable to pull, walking alongside and occasionally carried on the sledge. The party eventually reached the ship on 3 February 1903 after covering 960 miles (1,540 km) including relays, in 93 days' travel at a daily average of just over 10 miles (16 km). During the southern party's absence the relief ship Morning arrived, bringing fresh supplies. The expedition's organisers had assumed that
#168831