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81-704: The body is headed by the President of the State Affairs Commission , commonly styled in official North Korean releases as "President of State Affairs", who is defined as the head of state of the nation and the supreme leader . The current President is Kim Jong Un . The first vice-president is Choe Ryong-hae , who is also the Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly Standing Committee . The predecessor body, National Defence Commission,

162-500: A natural disaster are the responsibility of the state, until that state declares a State of Emergency where access to the Federal Emergency Fund becomes available to help respond to and recover from natural disasters. A State of Emergency does not apply to the whole state, but rather districts or shires , where essential services may have been disrupted. On 18 March 2020, a nationwide human biosecurity emergency

243-529: A candidate to be elected as the president. The Central Committee's proposal is introduced to the Supreme People's Assembly by the chairman of its Standing Committee. Then, the Supreme People's Assembly unanimously votes for the candidate. In practice, this position is reserved for the general secretary of the Workers’ Party of Korea, the top leader in the one-party state . The term of the president of

324-573: A further seven days, and again on 2 January 2020. In NSW, the 2019–2020 bushfire season resulted in 26 deaths, destroyed 2,448 homes, and burnt 5.5 million hectares (14 million acres). In Victoria , the Victorian Premier can declare a state of emergency under the Public Safety Preservation Act 1958 if there is a threat to employment, safety or public order. A declared state of emergency allows

405-407: A maximum of one-year imprisonment or a fine of HK$ 25,000 (US$ 3,200). The High Court of Hong Kong denied an application for a judicial injunction of the anti-mask law, on the same night shortly before the new regulation took effect. A subsequent attempt by pro-democrats to halt the new regulation also failed, however, the court recommended a judicial review at a later date. On 18 November 2019,

486-588: A nationally significant scale". This gives the Minister sweeping powers, including imposing restrictions or preventing the movement of people and goods between specified places, and evacuations . The Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) Declaration 2020 was declared by the Governor-General, David Hurley , under Section 475 of the Act. In New South Wales ,

567-499: A range of situations from extreme weather events to public order situations. Dictatorial regimes often declare a state of emergency that is prolonged indefinitely for the life of the regime, or for extended periods of time so that derogations can be used to override human rights of their citizens usually protected by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). In some situations, martial law

648-596: A result, the right to be elected as president is governed by the normal provisions regarding the right to be elected, which are granted to all North Korean citizens who are at least 17 years old. The president of the State Affairs has the power to direct the overall work of the state as the supreme leader of North Korea. The president also heads the State Affairs Commission, which is the highest leadership institution in North Korea. The State Affairs Commission

729-476: A selection of legal definitions for specific states of emergency, when the constitution of the State is partially in abeyance depending on the nature of the perceived threat to the general public . In order of severity these may include: The state of emergency can be abused by being invoked. An example would be to allow a state to suppress internal opposition without having to respect human rights . An example

810-471: A short interim suspension order so that the respondents may have an opportunity to apply to the Court of Appeal, if so advised, for such interim relief as may be appropriate. Accordingly, we shall grant an interim temporary suspension order to postpone the coming into operation of the declarations of invalidity for a period of 7 days up to the end of 29 November 2019, with liberty to apply. On 26 November 2019,

891-541: A state emergency in New Caledonia. The Weimar Constitution (1919–1933) allowed states of emergency under Article 48 to deal with rebellions. Article 48 was often invoked during the 14-year life of the Weimar Republic , sometimes for no reason other than to allow the government to act when it was unable to obtain a parliamentary majority . After 27 February 1933, Reichstag fire , an attack blamed on

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972-483: A state of emergency (literally estado de sitio , "state of siege"), to be declared if the constitution or the authorities it creates are endangered by internal unrest or foreign attack. This provision was much abused during dictatorships, with long-lasting states of siege giving the government a free hand to suppress opposition. The American Convention on Human Rights (Pacto de San José de Costa Rica), adopted in 1969 but ratified by Argentina only in 1984 immediately after

1053-496: A state of emergency can also be declared by provincial, territorial, and municipal governments. In addition Canada's federal government and any of its provincial governments can suspend, for five years at a time, Charter rights to fundamental freedoms in section 2, to legal rights in sections 7 through 14, and to equality rights in section 15 by legislation which invokes the notwithstanding clause, section 33 , and therefore emergency powers can effectively be created even without using

1134-588: A state or de facto situation of emergency: Principles of Legality, Proclamation, Notification, Time Limitation, Exceptional Threat, Proportionality, Non-Discrimination, Compatibility, Concordance and Complementarity of the Various Norms of International Law (cf. "Question of Human Rights and State of Emergency", E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/19, at Chapter II; see also état d'exception ). Article 4 to the ICCPR , permits states to derogate from certain rights guaranteed by

1215-406: Is also declared, allowing the military greater authority to act. In other situations, emergency is not declared and de facto measures taken or decree-law adopted by the government. Nicole Questiaux (France) and Leandro Despouy (Argentina), two consecutive United Nations Special Rapporteurs , have recommended to the international community to adopt the following "principles" to be observed during

1296-585: Is also under its command. One additional entity, the State Physical Culture and Sports Guidance Commission (국가체육지도위원회), is also under the SAC as its Chairman is appointed by the Commission. The following are the current members of the State Affairs Commission as of 29 September 2021: 최선희 President of the State Affairs of North Korea The President of the State Affairs Commission of

1377-511: Is necessary in furthering its intended goals. On 22 November 2019, the High Court made the following remark: Nevertheless, we recognize that our Judgment is only a judgment at first instance, and will soon be subject to an appeal to the Court of Appeal. In view of the great public importance of the issues raised in this case, and the highly exceptional circumstances that Hong Kong is currently facing, we consider it right that we should grant

1458-608: Is permitted to the International Labour Conventions . Some, such as political theorist and Nazi Party member Carl Schmitt , have argued that the power to decide the initiation of the state of emergency defines sovereignty itself. In State of Exception (2005) , Giorgio Agamben criticized this idea, arguing that the mechanism of the state of emergency deprives certain people of their civil and political rights , producing his interpretation of homo sacer . In many democratic states there are

1539-417: Is responsible for discussing and deciding on important state policies. The SAC also supervises the execution of the orders of the president and the SAC decrees, decisions and directives. Decisions and directives of state institutions that are contrary to the orders of the president or SAC decrees, decisions and directives can be revoked by the SAC. The president of the State Affairs has the power to nominate

1620-481: Is the state of defense ( estado de defesa , in Portuguese), while a more severe form is the state of siege ( estado de sítio ). In a state of defense , the federal government can occupy and use any public building or demand any service as it sees fit. It may suppress secrecy of correspondence and freedom of assembly as necessary, as long as it specifies a defined region and time period. If president finds

1701-834: The Central People's Government can selectively implement national laws not normally allowed in Hong Kong. Deployment of troops from the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison under the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Garrisoning the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" can happen. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong along with the Executive Council can prohibit public gatherings, issue curfew orders, prohibit

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1782-753: The Emergencies Act to invoke a state of emergency. A national state of emergency automatically expires after 90 days, unless extended by the Governor-in-Council . There are different levels of emergencies: Public Welfare Emergency, Public Order Emergency, International Emergency, and War Emergency. The Emergencies Act replaced the War Measures Act in 1988. The War Measures Act was invoked three times in Canadian history, most controversially by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau during

1863-595: The Emergency Regulations Ordinance implemented since 1922 and last amended by the Legislative Council in 1999, which allow the government to implement the new, Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation . The new regulation forbid public assembly participants from wearing masks or obscure faces during such events without reasonable excuses. The permitted excuses are: pre-existing medical or health reasons, religious reasons, and if

1944-759: The Essential Services Act 1958 . If there is an emergency which the Premier, after considering the advice of the relevant Minister and the Emergency Management Commissioner , is satisfied constitutes or is likely to constitute a significant and widespread danger to life or property in Victoria, the Premier, pursuant to the Emergency Management Act 1986 , may declare a state of disaster to exist in

2025-666: The Hungarian Constitution , the National Assembly of Hungary can declare state of emergency in case of armed rebellion or natural or industrial disaster. It expires after 30 days, but can be extended. Most civil rights can be suspended, but basic human rights (such as the right to life, the ban of torture, and freedom of religion) cannot. During state of emergency, the Parliament cannot be disbanded. The Icelandic constitution provides no mechanism for

2106-608: The NSW Premier can, pursuant to the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989 , declare a state of emergency due to an actual or imminent occurrence (such as fire, flood, storm, earthquake, explosion, terrorist act, accident, epidemic or warlike action) which endangers, or threatens to endanger, the safety or health of persons or animals in the State, or destroys or damages, or threatens to destroy or damage, property in

2187-723: The Third Reich . On 23 March, the Reichstag enacted the Enabling Act of 1933 with the required two-thirds majority, which enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without legislative participation. The Weimar Constitution was never actually repealed by Nazi Germany , but it effectively became inoperable after the passage of the Enabling Act. These two laws implemented the Gleichschaltung ,

2268-553: The communists , Adolf Hitler declared a state of emergency using Article 48, and then had President Paul von Hindenburg sign the Reichstag Fire Decree , which suspended some of the basic civil liberties provided by the Weimar Constitution (such as habeas corpus , freedom of expression , freedom of the speech , the freedom to assemble or the privacy of communications) for the whole duration of

2349-483: The eternal chairman of the National Defence Commission (Korean: 영원한 국방위원회 위원장). The amendment also created the position of first chairman of the National Defence Commission (Korean: 국방위원회 제1위원장) which was designated as the supreme leader of the country. Kim Jong Un, who is Kim Jong Il's designated successor, was elected as first chairman of the National Defence Commission on 13 April 2012 and

2430-427: The president of North Korea is also the chairman of the National Defence Commission, as well as the supreme commander of the country's armed forces. Kim Il Sung , who was the president of North Korea, was the chairman of the National Defence Commission from 28 December 1972 until 9 April 1993. On 9 April 1992, the position became known as the chairman of the National Defence Commission (Korean: 국방위원회 위원장) following

2511-499: The state of defense insufficient, it might decree a state of siege . This state further reduces civil liberties , removing freedom of movement , allowing for search without consent or warrant, and seizure of any assets the government deems necessary. The government may also intervene and direct the function of any company. To balance this far-reaching powers, the National Congress of Brazil has to convene and approve

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2592-667: The 1955 Act permits a twelve-day state of emergency, after which a new law extending the emergency must be voted by the Parliament of France . These dispositions have been used at various times: three times during the Algerian War (in 1955, 1958 and 1961), in 1984 during violent pro-independence revolts in New Caledonia , during the 2005 riots , and following the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks .Since Then,9 Years Later on 2024 May 15 deadly riots have prompted France to declare

2673-471: The 1970 October Crisis , and also by Prime Minister Robert Borden during World War I (from 1914 to 1920, against threat of Communism during the Revolutions of 1917–1923 ) and by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King during World War II (from 1942 to 1945, against perceived threat from Japanese Canadians following Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor ). Under the current Emergency Act

2754-540: The Constitution, the president of the State Affairs is elected by the Supreme People's Assembly. It requires that the election should be according to the "consensus of the entire Korean people". The election of the president of the State Affairs takes place during a session of the Supreme People's Assembly. The Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea sends a proposal to the Supreme People's Assembly for

2835-662: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea ( Korean :  조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원장 ), alternatively styled "President of State Affairs" in official translations, is the supreme leader and head of state of North Korea . The president chairs the State Affairs Commission (SAC), which is the highest leadership institution in North Korea, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the North Korean armed forces . The North Korean constitution gives

2916-650: The Emergency Act. Provincial governments can also invoke states of emergency , and have done to respond to at least 12 incidents during the 21st century. The first usage of the Emergencies Act was invoked by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on 14 February 2022 in response to the Freedom Convoy 2022 protests that occupied the capital of Ottawa . The Canadian House of Commons voted to approve

2997-452: The High Court announced hearing for the government appeal against the judgement is on 9 January 2020. On 27 November 2019, the Court of Appeal extended the interim suspension of the judgment until 10 December 2019. On 10 December 2019, the Court of Appeal refused to suspend the "unconstitutional" ruling by the Court of First Instance on the anti-mask regulation. As scheduled, a full hearing will commence on 9 January 2020. According to

3078-601: The High Court ruled the "Cap. 241 Emergency Regulations Ordinance" is "incompatible with the Basic Law", however, the court "leaves open the question of the constitutionality of the ERO insofar as it relates to any occasion of emergency." The court also held the ordinance meets the "prescribed by law" requirement. However, the court deemed s3(1)(b), (c), (d) and s5 of the regulation do not meet the proportionality test as they impose restrictions on fundamental rights that goes beyond what

3159-708: The ICCPR in "time of public emergency". Any measures derogating from obligations under the Covenant, however, must be to only the extent required by the exigencies of the situation, and must be announced by the State Party to the Secretary-General of the United Nations . The European Convention on Human Rights and American Convention on Human Rights have similar derogatory provisions. No derogation

3240-477: The National Defence Commission in 1993, Kim Jong Il was re-elected in September 1998, September 2003 and April 2009, and served in this position until his death on 17 December 2011 . Following Kim Jong Il's death, the position of chairman of the National Defence Commission remained vacant from December 2011 until April 2012. A constitutional amendment was approved on 13 April 2012 which enshrined Kim Jong Il as

3321-577: The Nazis' institution of totalitarianism . In the postwar Federal Republic of Germany the Emergency Acts state that some of the basic constitutional rights of the Basic Law may be limited in case of a State of Defence , a state of tension, or an internal state of emergency or disaster (catastrophe). These amendments to the constitution were passed on 30 May 1968, despite fierce opposition by

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3402-465: The Premier to immediately make any desired regulations to secure public order and safety. The declaration expires after 30 days, and a resolution of either the upper or lower House of Parliament may revoke it earlier. However, these regulations expire if Parliament does not agree to continue them within seven days. The Premier (or a delegate) may operate or prohibit operation of any essential service , such as transport, fuel, power, water or gas, under

3483-464: The State Affairs can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the Supreme People's Assembly. The commission can also submit an agenda to the Supreme People's Assembly. The president has the power to promulgate ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly and the SAC decrees, decisions and directives, and to issue orders. Orders of the President of SAC take precedence over the regular laws passed by

3564-490: The State Affairs is elected by the Supreme People's Assembly . The position is held by the general secretary of the Workers’ Party of Korea (WPK), who leads the ruling political party of North Korea and serves as the supreme leader of North Korea. The term of the president is the same as that of the Supreme People's Assembly and has no term limits. The current president is Kim Jong Un , who took office on 29 June 2016 and

3645-413: The State Affairs is the same as the term of the Supreme People's Assembly, which is usually five years. The constitution does not set a term limit for the president. The president may not be elected as a deputy to the Supreme People's Assembly. The Supreme People's Assembly has the power to recall the president. The constitution does not set other qualifications for the president of the State Affairs. As

3726-401: The State, or causes a failure of, or a significant disruption to, an essential service or infrastructure. The Premier declared a state of emergency on 11 November 2019 in response to the 2019–2020 New South Wales bushfires . It was the fifth time that a state of emergency had been declared in that state since 2006 and it lasted for seven days. Subsequent declarations were made on 19 December for

3807-421: The Supreme People's Assembly. The State Affairs Commission supervises the execution of these orders. The president of the State Affairs represents North Korea in its foreign relations as its head of state, can conclude major treaties, and can appoint and recall North Korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries. Foreign countries address the credentials and recall of their ambassadors to North Korea to

3888-483: The approval of an amendment to the 1972 constitution that made the National Defence Commission into a separate institution from the Central People's Committee. The amendment expanded the chairman's powers to become the head of the highest military leadership institution in North Korea. The 1992 constitutional amendment no longer required the president to also be the chairman of the National Defence Commission and

3969-597: The body. In 1998, two years after the death of Kim Il Sung, the National Defence Commission was empowered as the supreme defence body, and in line with the Songun ideology , the supreme political authority of state and legal framework for Kim Jong Il's personal dictatorship . After the 7th Congress of the Workers Party of Korea , the constitution was amended in June 2016 that reformed the National Defence Commission into

4050-545: The contemporary State Affairs Commission, with the amended text stipulating the body's control over national policy. Article 106 of the Constitution of North Korea defines the State Affairs Commission as the supreme state organ of policy direction of state sovereignty. Article 109 of the Constitution states that the SAC's powers are to: In practice, SAC supervises the Cabinet of North Korea . It also directly supervises

4131-462: The declaration of war, martial law nor state of emergency. The State of Emergency can be proclaimed by the President of India , when they perceive grave threats to the nation, albeit through the advice of the Union Council of Ministers . Part XVIII of the Constitution of India gives the President the power to overrule many provisions, including the ones guaranteeing fundamental rights to

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4212-517: The end of the National Reorganization Process , restricts abuse of the state of emergency by requiring any signatory nation declaring such a state to inform the other signatories of its circumstances and duration, and what rights are affected. State-of-emergency legislation differs in each state of Australia. With regard to emergency management, regions (usually on a local government area basis) that have been affected by

4293-409: The first vice president, vice president, and members of the State Affairs Commission, who are then elected by the Supreme People's Assembly. The president can also propose for their recall by the Supreme People's Assembly. The president also has the power to appoint or dismiss important state officials. However, the constitution does not state who these important state officials are. The president of

4374-583: The garrison assist in "maintenance of public order or disaster relief". Since 1997, a State of Emergency has never been declared. However, emergency measures have been used in varying degrees over the years during British rule and after the establishment of the Special Administrative Region. A few notable mentions are as follow: On 4 October 2019, Carrie Lam , the Chief Executive of Hong Kong S.A.R., invoked Section 2(1) of

4455-1035: The invocation 185–151 with support from the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party and opposition from the Conservative Party and the Bloc Québécois . Prime Minister Trudeau previously considered invoking it at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020, but faced unanimous disapproval from all thirteen provincial and territorial premiers at the Council of the Federation . Egyptians lived under an Emergency Law (Law No. 162 of 1958) from 1967 to 2012, except for an 18-month break in 1980 and 1981. The emergency

4536-525: The law, and estimates of political prisoners run as high as 30,000. The emergency rule expired on 31 May 2012, and was put back in place in January 2013. Following the 2013 coup d'état , the Egyptian interim president announced a one-month state of emergency across the country on 14 August 2013 and ordered the Egyptian Armed Forces to help the Interior Ministry enforce security. The announcement made on state TV followed deadly countrywide clashes between supporters of deposed President Mohamed Morsi and

4617-454: The movement of or prevent entry of any person in the emergency area, "and to give any other direction that the authorized officer considers is reasonably necessary to protect public health." The current constitution of Brazil allows the president to declare two states, in order to "preserve or establish peace and order, threatened by grave and imminent institutional instability or severe natural disasters". The first, and less severe state

4698-403: The movement of vessels or aircraft, delegate authority, and other listed powers, under "Cap. 245 Public Order Ordinance". Although the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison may not interfere in internal Hong Kong affairs, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government may invoke Article 14 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and request permission of the Central People's Government to have

4779-403: The official English translation for the position was changed to president of the State Affairs [ sic ]. However, in the Korean-language title, the word 위원장, meaning "chairman", was replaced neither by the word 주석 (used for the office of president of North Korea held by Kim Il Sung between 1972 and 1994) nor by the word 대통령 (used by the president of South Korea ). According to

4860-414: The person uses the face covering for physical safety while performing an activity connected with their profession or employment. Any person defying the new regulation face possible criminal prosecution. The government's motive in doing so is to end months of social unrest and riots, however, did not declare a "State of Emergency". The new regulation took effect at 00:00 HKT on 5 October 2019. Offenders risked

4941-420: The power to declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order, and can organize a national defence committee during wartime. The president of the State Affairs Commission can exercise the right to grant special pardon. State of emergency A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for

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5022-465: The president the power to lead the overall affairs of the state and appoint important state officials. The president also has the power to appoint diplomatic representatives and conclude treaties with other countries. The president can declare a state of emergency , a state of war or a mobilization order and direct the country's national defence during times of war. The president also has absolute control over North Korea's nuclear arsenal. The president of

5103-417: The president, although customarily the task of receiving them is delegated to the chairman of the SPA Standing Committee. The president of the State Affairs is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of North Korea . As commander-in-chief, the president has command of the entire armed forces. The president additionally has "monolithic command" over the nuclear forces of North Korea . The president has

5184-441: The safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state before, during, or after a natural disaster , civil unrest , armed conflict , medical pandemic or epidemic or other biosecurity risk. Under international law , rights and freedoms may be suspended during a state of emergency, depending on the severity of the emergency and a government's policies. Democracies use states of emergency to manage

5265-404: The same constitution regulates "state of siege" ( état de siège ). Finally, the Act of 3 April 1955 allows the proclamation, by the Council of Ministers, of the "state of emergency" ( état d'urgence ). The distinction between article 16 and the 1955 Act concerns mainly the distribution of powers: whereas in article 16, the executive power basically suspend the regular procedures of the Republic,

5346-409: The security forces. A six-month state of emergency was issued by the Ethiopian government on 2 November 2021, following the rebel advance during the Tigray war , which went into effect 5 November 2021. Three main provisions concern various kind of "state of emergency" in France: Article 16 of the Constitution of 1958 allows, in time of crisis, "extraordinary powers" to the president. Article 36 of

5427-424: The so-called extra-parliamentary opposition (see German student movement for details). During a state of war or turmoil which threatens national security or unity, and which the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress believes is beyond the control of the local government, the Standing Committee can invoke Article 18 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and declare a "State of Emergency" in Hong Kong; thus,

5508-446: The state in ten days or it is automatically cancelled. Further, the state of siege has to be revised by the congress every 30 days, unless it was raised as response to a war, in which case the government is free to set it to last until the end of the war. Since the end of the military dictatorship in 1985, and the formation of the sixth Brazilian Republic , neither state has ever been raised. The federal government of Canada can use

5589-416: The state. Despite the 1998 constitutional amendment effectively making the chairman of the National Defence Commission the highest office in North Korea, it did not have the status of head of state. The president of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly was designated as the country's head of state from 1998 until 2019. On 9 April 2009, the powers of the chairman of the National Defence Commission

5670-479: The supreme commander of the armed forces. This allowed Kim Jong Il , who was Kim Il Sung's designated successor, to be elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission on 9 April 1993. Prior to his election, Kim Jong Il was elected as first vice chairman of the National Defence Commission on 24 May 1990 and became the supreme commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 1991. Following Kim Il Sung's death on 8 July 1994 , another constitutional amendment

5751-416: The three ministries that are not under the Cabinet, namely the Ministry of Defence , Ministry of State Security and the Ministry of Social Security as well as the Korean People's Army , mainly the General Staff Department of the Korean People's Army and General Political Bureau of the Korean People's Army . The Supreme Guard Command which is responsible for the top leadership and government protection

5832-557: The whole or in any part or parts of the State. The state of disaster addresses matters beyond public health issues and is intended to deal with emergencies such as natural disasters, explosions, terrorism or sieges, and it can also be used to deal with 'a plague or an epidemic'. The Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 gives the Chief Health Officer extensive powers to take action 'to investigate, eliminate or reduce public health risks', including power to detain, restrict

5913-417: Was approved on 5 September 1998 which further expanded the powers of the chairman of the National Defence Commission. The amendment enshrined Kim Il Sung as North Korea's eternal president and abolished the position. While it is not stated by the amended constitution, the National Defence Commission became the de facto highest leadership institution in the country with its chairman holding the highest office of

5994-493: Was created in 1972 as sub-committee for defence and security affairs of the Supreme People's Committee, the later was headed by the President of the DPRK Kim Il Sung and exercised similar powers within the constitutional framework of the 1972 Constitution of North Korea . The National Defence Commission was separated from the Supreme People's Committee in 1992 and Kim Jong Il was officially designated as chair of

6075-629: Was declared in Australia owing to the risks to human health posed by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic , after the National Security Committee met the previous day. The Biosecurity Act 2015 specifies that the governor-general of Australia may declare such an emergency if the Health Minister is satisfied that "a listed human disease is posing a severe and immediate threat, or is causing harm, to human health on

6156-463: Was expanded through another constitutional amendment. The amendment designated the chairman as the supreme leader of the country. The chairman was given the power to direct all state affairs and conclude important treaties with foreign countries. The chairman can also appoint or dismiss important national defence officials, grant special pardons, declare a state of emergency and a state of war and issue mobilization order. After his election as chairman of

6237-573: Was imposed during the Six-Day War , and reimposed following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat . The law was continuously extended every three years since 1981. Under the law, police powers were extended, constitutional rights suspended and censorship was legalized. The law sharply circumscribed any non-governmental political activity: street demonstrations , non-approved political organizations, and unregistered financial donations were formally banned. Some 17,000 people were detained under

6318-437: Was re-elected in April 2014. On 29 June 2016, a constitutional amendment was approved by the Supreme People's Assembly that created the State Affairs Commission to replace the National Defence Commission as the highest leadership institution in North Korea. The amendment also created the position of chairman of the State Affairs Commission . Kim Jong Un was elected as chairman of the State Affairs Commission on 29 June 2016 and

6399-481: Was re-elected on 11 April 2019. On 11 April 2019, the constitution was amended to make the chairman of the State Affairs Commission the head of state of North Korea. Another constitutional amendment on 29 August of the same year gave the chairman the power to promulgate the ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly and the decrees and decisions of the State Affairs Commission and appoint North Korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries. In February 2021,

6480-446: Was re-elected on 11 April 2019. The position was first established as the chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Central People's Committee (Korean: 중앙인민위원회 국방위원회 위원장) on 28 December 1972. At that time, the National Defence Commission was a commission subordinate to the Central People's Committee, which was the highest leadership institution in North Korea from 1972 until 1998. The 1972 North Korean constitution stated that

6561-895: Was the August 1991 attempted coup in the Soviet Union (USSR) where the coup leaders invoked a state of emergency; the failure of the coup led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Derogations by states having ratified or acceded to binding international agreements such as the ICCPR , the American and European Conventions on Human Rights and the International Labor Conventions are monitored by independent expert committees, regional Courts and other State Parties. The Constitution of Argentina , which has been amended several times, has always allowed for

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