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34-658: Federal Law No. 161-ФЗ " On State and Municipal Unitary Enterprises " (amended July 13, 2015), defines the legal status of unitary enterprises in Russia. The State Duma passed this law on October 11, 2002, and President Putin signed it on November 14, 2002. The assets of unitary enterprises belong to the federal government , to a Russian federal subject , or to a municipality. A unitary enterprise holds assets under economic management (for both state and municipal unitary enterprises) or under operative management (for state unitary enterprises only), but has limited property rights over

68-771: A State Duma deputy cannot hold office in any other representative body of state power or bodies of local self-government. The office as deputy of the State Duma is a full-time and professional position. Thus, deputies to the State Duma may not be employed in the civil service or engage in any activities for remuneration other than teaching, research or other creative activities. 1 (1993) ( members ) 2 (1995) 3 (1999) 4 (2003) 5 (2007) 6 (2011) 7 (2016) ( members ) 8 (2021) ( members ) 9 (2026 or before) 55°45′28″N 37°36′57″E  /  55.7579°N 37.6158°E  / 55.7579; 37.6158 Duma A duma ( Russian : дума )

102-610: A five-party State Duma was formed. The State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia . They are: The State Duma adopts decrees on issues relating to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The legal framework that is used to elect Duma differed over the years. Save to parliamentary election of 2007 and election of 2011 the mixed system of parallel voting

136-570: A strong boost for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which became the first political party of Russia and elected 157 seats: a Communist, Gennady Seleznyov , was elected as Speaker of the State Duma. The "presidential party" Our Home – Russia won 55 seats. During the second half of the 1990s, the Duma became an important forum for lobbying by regional leaders and businessmen looking for tax breaks and legislative favors. The work of

170-522: A third of the duma. Under the reign of Catherine II , reforms to local government led to city dumas being established in Russian cities. Under the reign of Alexander II, several reforms were enacted during the 1860s and 1870s. These included the creation of local political bodies known as zemstvos . All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation

204-576: Is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term boyar duma is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were formed across Russia. The first formally constituted state duma was the Imperial State Duma introduced to the Russian Empire by Emperor Nicholas II in 1905. The Emperor retained an absolute veto and could dismiss

238-678: Is also related to the Russian verb dumat′ ( думать ) meaning "to think". The term boyar duma ( боярская дума , boyarskaya duma ) is used to refer to the councils of boyars and junior boyars ( boyar scions ) which advised the prince on state matters during the times of Kievan Rus' and the Tsardom of Russia (then tsar). In 1711 Peter the Great transferred its functions to the Governing Senate . Contemporary sources always refer simply to "the boyars" or to "the duma", but never to

272-550: Is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia ( parliament ), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia . Under Russia's 1993 constitution, there are 450 deputies of the State Duma (Article 95), each elected to a term of four years (Article 96); this was changed to a five-year term in late 2008. In previous elections of 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2003 one half of the deputies were elected by

306-494: Is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia , the upper house being the Federation Council . It was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. The Duma headquarters are located in central Moscow , a few steps from Manege Square . Its members are referred to as deputies. The State Duma replaced the Supreme Soviet as a result of the new constitution introduced by Boris Yeltsin in

340-410: Is then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava , which consists of several members elected by the duma. Under Alexander III , however, by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to

374-544: Is used for the distribution of party-list. Bills of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless another procedure is envisaged by the Constitution. All bills are first approved by the State Duma and are further debated and approved (or rejected) by the Federation Council. Relatively few roll call votes have been published that identify individual deputies' votes. The votes of individuals are recorded only if

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408-603: The Civic Platform , were able to get one seat. In 2008, after the adoption of amendments to the Constitution , the term of the State Duma was increased from four to five years. A 2016 exposé by Dissernet showed that one in nine members of the State Duma had obtained academic degrees with theses that were substantially plagiarized and likely ghostwritten. In 2018, it became known that the State Duma building will be reconstructed. In March 2019 it became known that

442-509: The Soviet system of government was abolished and a new Constitution was introduced and approved by a referendum . The new Charter transformed the Russian Federation into a federal semi-presidential republic, with a bicameral parliament composed by the State Duma and the Federation Council . In the December 1993 elections pro-Yeltsin parties won 175 seats in the Duma versus 125 seats for

476-414: The "boyar duma". Originally there were ten to twelve boyars and five or six okolnichies . By 1613 the duma had increased to twenty boyars and eight okolnichies . Lesser nobles, "duma gentlemen" ( dumnye dvoriane ) and secretaries, were added to the duma and the number of okolnichies rose in the latter half of the 17th century. In 1676, the number of boyars increased to 50 – by then they constituted only

510-594: The 2011 elections the term length is 5 years. The history of the duma dates back to the boyar dumas of Kievan Rus' and Muscovite Russia as well Tsarist Russia. The State Duma of the Russian Empire was founded in 1905 after the violence and upheaval in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and was Russia's first elected parliament. The first two attempts by Tsar Nicholas II (1868–1918) to make it active were ineffective. Subsequently, each of these Dumas

544-481: The State Duma at any time for a suitable reason. Nicholas dismissed the First State Duma (1906) within 75 days; elections for a second Duma took place the following year. The Russian Provisional Government dissolved the last Imperial State Duma (the fourth Duma) in 1917 during the Russian Revolution . Since 1993, the State Duma ( Государственная дума , Gosudarstvennaya Duma ) has functioned as

578-586: The State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power. Just before the creation of the Duma in May 1906, the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws . It stated in part that the Tsar's ministers could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying responsible government at the executive level. Furthermore,

612-589: The Tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished. At this first meeting of the Duma members proposed that political prisoners should be released, trade unions given rights and land reform be introduced. Nicholas II rejected these suggestions and dissolved the assembly in July, 1906. The imperial State Duma was elected four times: in 1906, twice in 1907, and in 1912. The State Duma (Russian: Государственная дума, Gosudarstvennaya Duma , common abbreviation: Госдума, Gosduma ) in Russia

646-482: The aftermath of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 , and approved in a nationwide referendum . In the 2007 and 2011 Russian legislative elections a full party-list proportional representation with 7% electoral threshold system was used, but this was subsequently repealed. The legislature's term length was initially 2 years in the 1993–1995 elections period, and 4 years in 1999–2007 elections period; since

680-504: The assets. The term "unitary" specifies the assets as indivisible, i.e., they may not be distributed among the participants in any way. Property granted to a unitary enterprise can be sold or otherwise alienated only with the consent of the state or municipal property owner. The existence of unitary enterprises is a legacy of the Soviet era, when the state owned the means of production. The managers of state enterprises often have close ties to

714-522: The enterprises themselves work on the basis of commercial accounts and of commercial legislation. They come under ministerial responsibility but are off-budget. They may be auxiliary to a ministry's activity, such as a printing house under the Ministry of Education or a production facility for police equipment under the Ministry of Internal Affairs . Unitary enterprises have a distinct legal status, different from regular market-sector corporations. Some of

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748-619: The governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894 municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in Caucasia. Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905 , on 6 August 1905, Sergei Witte issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the subsequent October Manifesto , Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic civil liberties , provide for broad participation in

782-483: The largest federal state unitary enterprises include Russian Post , Air Traffic Management Corporation  [ ru ] and All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company , while large non-federal unitary enterprises include Moscow Metro , Mosgortrans and Saint Petersburg Metro . This Russia -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . State Duma Opposition (102) Vacant seats (1) The State Duma

816-640: The leading committees, such as those for defense, foreign affairs, or budget, attracted a good deal of media attention and lobbying activity. In the early 2000s, following the 1999 parliamentary elections , the pro-presidential Unity party and the Communist Party were the leading forces in the State Duma. After the 2003 elections , a dominant-party system was established with the newly formed pro-presidential United Russia party dominating. In all subsequent elections, United Russia has always received an absolute majority of seats (more than 226). During

850-413: The left bloc. The balance of power lay with the sixty-four deputies of the ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia . Only parties that won more than five percent of the vote were given party-list seats: eight passed the threshold in 1993. In addition to those eight parties, a pool of thirty-five deputies was entitled to form a registered group to reflect regional or sectoral interests. Business

884-1047: The lower legislative house of the Russian Federation . The Russian word is inherited from the Proto-Slavic word *duma which is of disputed origin. Its origin has many proposed theories that provide convincing evidence to support each proposed origin. Mladenov, Stender-Petersen: From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke”), akin to Proto-Slavic *duti (“to blow, to inflate”), *dymъ (“smoke”), perhaps originally meaning “breath, spirit”. Compare Ancient Greek θῡμός (thūmós, “soul, emotion”), occasionally also “thought, mind”. Vaillant: Contracted from hypothetical *douma < *do- + *umъ (“mind”) + *-a. Compare *douměti (“to comprehend”) (whence Russian надоу́мить (nadoúmitʹ, “to advise”)). Machek: From an inversion of root *mewHdʰ-, otherwise yielding Proto-Slavic *myslь (“thought”), Ancient Greek μῦθος (mûthos, “word, fable”). Also thought to be derived from Proto-Germanic *dōmaz . The word

918-439: The presidency of Vladimir Putin , the State Duma became increasingly referred to as a rubber stamp , with there being a shift to electoral authoritarianism . After the 2007 elections , a four-party system was formed with a United Russia , Communist Party , Liberal Democratic Party and A Just Russia . Other parties could not get enough votes to go to the State Duma. Only in 2016 elections , two other parties, Rodina and

952-674: The previous Russian Imperial autocratic system. Furthermore, the Duma was later to have an important effect on Russian history, as it was one of the contributing factors in the February Revolution of 1917, the first of two that year, which led to the abolition of the Tsarist autocracy in Russia and the overthrow of the Tsardom . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis ,

986-578: The repair will begin in May 2019 and will end in September 2020. During this period, the State Duma was temporarily housed in the House of Unions . In addition, a draft of a new conference room, which would be an amphitheatre , was presented. After the 2021 elections , in addition to the four main parties, the New People party was also elected to the State Duma. Thus, for the first time since 1999,

1020-407: The state agencies which established them, a situation that can lead to legal and political problems. A unitary enterprise is independent in economic issues and obliged only to give its profits to the state. Unitary enterprises have no right to set up subsidiaries, but they can, with the owner's consent, open branches and representation offices. Though government entities own the unitary enterprises,

1054-415: The voting is open and the electronic method is used. While not all votes are officially roll call votes, every time a deputy electronically votes a computer registers the individual deputy's vote. Any Russian citizen who is age 21 or older is eligible to participate in the election may be elected deputy to the State Duma. However, that same person may not be a deputy to the Federation Council. In addition,

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1088-464: Was dissolved after only a few months. The third Duma was the only one to last until the end of its five-year term. After the 1907 electoral reform, the third Duma, elected in November 1907, was largely made up of members of the upper classes, as radical influences in the Duma had almost entirely been removed. The establishment of the Duma after the 1905 Revolution was to herald significant changes to

1122-592: Was governed by a steering committee, the Duma Council, consisting of one person from each party or group. The most important task was dividing up the chair positions in the Duma's twenty-three committees, which was done as part of a power-sharing "package" deal. Despite the fact that the Russian Constitution states that the State Duma is elected for four years, it was decided to elect the first State Duma for two years. The 1995 election resulted in

1156-469: Was used to elect Duma. The system was restored back in February 2014 from a party-list proportional representation system enacted in 2003 with an increased threshold of 7% which was lowered this time to 5%. According to the law adopted in 2014 the Russian territory is divided into constituencies which are used for elections of single candidates per constituency. However, a single "united" constituency

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