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48-487: The village of Prácheň is an administrative part of Kamenický Šenov. Kamenický Šenov is located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Česká Lípa and 40 km (25 mi) west of Liberec . It lies in the Central Bohemian Uplands . The highest point is the hill Česká skála at 629 m (2,064 ft) above sea level. The brook Šenovský potok originates in the municipal territory and flows through

96-409: A change in pronunciation relative to a segment that is adjacent to the affected segment or at a distance, and may involve a change relative to a preceding or a following segment. As with assimilation, anticipatory dissimilation is much more common than lag dissimilation, but unlike assimilation, most dissimilation is triggered by non-contiguous segments. Also, while many kinds of assimilation have

144-552: A grammatical paradigm start to conflate in a way that is not easily remedied through re-wording , the forms may dissimilate. For example, in modern Korean the vowels /e/ and /ɛ/ are merging for many people in the capital Seoul, and concurrently the second-person pronoun 네 /ne/ ' your ' is shifting to 니 /ni/ to avoid confusion with the first-person pronoun 내 /nɛ/ ' my ' . Similarly, it appears that English she , historically heo , may have acquired its modern sh form through dissimilation from he , though it

192-697: A modern New Synagogue. Mateřinka is a theatre festival held biennially in June. The city is home to FC Slovan Liberec , a football club founded in Liberec which plays in the Czech First League , the top tier. Slovan Liberec is one of the most successful clubs in the Czech Republic, having won three league titles. There is also SK VTJ Rapid Liberec. It plays in one of the lowest divisions. The ice hockey team HC Bílí Tygři Liberec play in

240-472: A recreational place for the residents of Liberec, but it was originally designed to protect the city from floods and as a water reservoir for industrial use. It is also important as a biotope with the occurrence of protected animals. Liberec has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). The annual average temperature is 8.3 °C (46.9 °F), the hottest month in July is 18.0 °C (64.4 °F), and

288-545: A relatively old case of phonetic dissimilation has been artificially undone in the spelling is English colonel , whose standard pronunciation is [ˈkɝnəl] (with the r sound) in North-American English, or [ˈkɜːnəl] in RP . It was formerly spelt coronel and is a borrowing from French co r onne l , which arose as a result of dissimilation from Italian co l onne ll o . There are several hypotheses on

336-568: A self-governing city. Reichenberg became a rich industrial city without representative buildings. In the late 19th century, a spectacular collection of representative buildings was created, mostly in the neo-Renaissance style: the city hall , the opera house , the North Bohemian Museum, the Old Synagogue, and others. A representative villa district and a forest with a botanical garden and a zoo were created. Until 1918,

384-505: A series of harshly suppressed serf uprisings. In the 18th century, Reichenberg flourished. The number of inhabitants tripled and the cloth industry was very successful. The Battle of Reichenberg between Austria and Prussia occurred nearby in 1757 during the Seven Years' War , but the town continued to develop. During the 19th century, the town became the centre of textile industry in the entire Austria-Hungary . In 1850, it became

432-550: A single effect, breathy voiced vowels, and attribute it to one rather than both of the consonants, as they assume the breathiness on the other syllable to be a long-distance coarticulatory effect, thus replicating the historical change in the Greek word. If Ohala is correct, one might expect to find dissimilation in other languages with other sounds that frequently cause long-distance effects, such as nasalization and pharyngealization . Dissimilation, like assimilation , may involve

480-502: A state of disrepair, after which it was insensitively reconstructed and used by a glass manufacturer. The castle has not been used since 1997 and is gradually deteriorating. A notable building is the F. X. Šalda Theatre. It was built in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1881–1883. A valuable element is the curtain with the theme Triumph of Love, made by Gustav Klimt , Ernst Klimt and Franz von Matsch . The North Bohemian Museum

528-407: Is twinned with: Dissimilation In phonology , particularly within historical linguistics , dissimilation is a phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become less similar or elided. In English , dissimilation is particularly common with liquid consonants such as /r/ and /l/ when they occur in a sequence. The phenomenon is often credited to horror aequi ,

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576-609: Is a general public science library, aiming at general education in the region. Founded in 1900, based on the decision of the municipal council to establish a municipal library. It has an exceptional collection of Germano-Slavica and Sudetica (periodicals and books in German language from Bohemia). New building was completed in 2000 on the site of the Old Synagogue, which was burnt down by the Nazis in November 1938. Its building comprises also

624-654: Is from 1352. Starting in 1278, the area was owned by the noble Bieberstein family. Reichenberg suffered from the passing through of troops during the Hussite Wars , then was burned down in 1469 during a battle with the army of King George of Poděbrady . After the Biebersteins died out, the Frýdlant estate, which included Reichenberg, was bought by the Redern family in 1558. The Rederns contributed significantly to

672-684: Is mostly associated with the city's dominant Ještěd Tower . Since the end of the 19th century, the city has been a conurbation with the suburb of Vratislavice nad Nisou and the neighbouring city of Jablonec nad Nisou . Liberec is made up of 32 city parts and one self-governing borough (Vratislavice nad Nisou): In the early 1990s, some parts became independent municipalities: Stráž nad Nisou (formerly Liberec XXVI-Stráž nad Nisou and Liberec XXVII-Svárov), Dlouhý Most (formerly Liberec XXXVI-Dlouhý Most), Jeřmanice (formerly Liberec XXXVII-Jeřmanice) and Šimonovice (formerly Liberec XXXVIII-Minkovice and Liberec XXXIX-Šimonovice). The oldest known names of

720-529: Is only in operation during the summer tourist season and on weekends in some months out of season. The Secondary Glassmaking School in Kamenický Šenov was founded in 1856 and is the oldest vocational school of its kind in the world. The history of glass making in the town is presented in Glass Museum Kamenický Šenov. It is located in a historic house, built around 1770. The main landmark of

768-659: The Beneš decrees . The region was then resettled with Czechs. The largest employers with headquarters in Liberec and at least 1,000 employees are: The Liberec-Jablonec agglomeration was defined as a tool for drawing money from the European Structural and Investment Funds . It is an area that includes the cities of Liberec and Jablonec nad Nisou and their surroundings, linked to the cities by commuting and migration. It has about 227,000 inhabitants. Liberec city transport provides bus and tram lines. The first tram

816-891: The Czech Extraliga , the national top tier. It plays in Home Credit Arena . Liberec has hosted two European Luge Championships , having done so in 1914 and 1939 . In 2009 , it hosted the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . The Ski Jumping World Cup always comes to Liberec in January. The World Karate Championships took place in May 2011. In 2015, Liberec hosted the 2015 World Mountain Bike Orienteering Championships . Motorcycle speedway takes place at

864-537: The Czech Republic . It has about 108,000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in the country. It lies on the Lusatian Neisse River, in a basin surrounded by mountains. The city centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone . Liberec was once home to a thriving textile industry and hence nicknamed the " Manchester of Bohemia ". For many Czechs , Liberec

912-400: The 11th or 12th century, a settlement named Habersdorf, which was the predecessor of Liberec, was established on the trade route from Bohemia to Lusatia by Czech settlers and German colonizers. In the 13th century, a second settlement named Reichenberg was established near the first one. The two settlements later merged. The first written mention of Liberec under its German name Reichenberg

960-582: The 1935 election, despite its important democratic mayor, Karl Kostka ( German Democratic Freedom Party ). The final change came in Summer 1938, after the radicalization of the terror of the SdP, whose death threats forced Kostka and his family to flee to Prague. In September 1938, the Munich Agreement awarded the city to Nazi Germany . In 1939, it became the capital of Reichsgau Sudetenland . Most of

1008-662: The Pavlovický Stadion. It was built in 1930. The most important event that was run on it was the semi-final of the Under-21 World Championship in 2019. The team Start Gniezno Liberec race at the stadium. The main landmark and one of the symbols of the city is the Ještěd Tower on the Ještěd mountain,which is used as a transmitter, observation tower and hotel. It was built in 1966–1973 according to

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1056-606: The castle and contributed to the construction of the town hall. When the Redern family was forced to leave Reichenberg after the Battle of White Mountain (1620), it was acquired by Albrecht von Wallenstein . After his death it belonged to the Gallas and Clam Gallas families, who did not care much about the town. The prosperous local industry was interrupted by the Thirty Years' War and a great plague in 1680. The crises resulted in

1104-435: The cause of dissimilation. According to John Ohala , listeners are confused by sounds with long-distance acoustic effects. In the case of English /r/ , rhoticization spreads across much of the word: in rapid speech, many of the vowels may sound as if they had an r . It may be difficult to tell whether a word has one source of rhoticity or two. When there are two, a listener might wrongly interpret one as an acoustic effect of

1152-420: The character of a sound law , few dissimilations do; most are in the nature of accidents that befall a particular lexical item. Anticipatory dissimilation at a distance (by far the most common): Anticipatory dissimilation from a contiguous segment (very rare): Lag dissimilation at a distance (fairly common): Lag dissimilation from a contiguous segment (very rare): When, through sound change , elements of

1200-413: The city are German, Reychinberch (1352) and Reychmberg (1369), meaning "rich/resourceful mountain" ( reicher Berg in modern German). It was also spelled Reichenberg (1385–1399) and Rychmberg (1410). The Czech equivalent originated as a distortion: Rychberk (1545), Libercum (1634), Liberk (1790), and finally Liberec (1845). In Czech, words starting with "R" were often dissimilated into "L". Since then,

1248-471: The city centre there are two tracks as a memorial; in the past trams were used also on the central place in front of the city hall. The European route E442 passes through Liberec. A private international airport is located in Liberec XX-Ostašov. Technical University of Liberec was founded in 1953 as " University of Mechanical Engineering in Liberec". After the number of fields has grown, in 1995,

1296-641: The city was known as Liberec in Czech and as Reichenberg in German. Liberec is located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Prague . Most of the municipal territory lies in the Zittau Basin . In the northeast, the territory extends into the Jizera Mountains and to the eponymous protected landscape area. In the west, the territory extends into the Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge and includes

1344-649: The city was part of Austria-Hungary , seat of the Reichenberg district, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia . After the end of World War I, Austria-Hungary fell apart and the Czechs of Bohemia joined newly established Czechoslovakia on 29 October 1918 whilst the Germans wanted to stay with Austria to form reduced German Austria on 12 November 1918, both citing Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points and

1392-406: The city's Jewish and Czech population fled to the rest of Czechoslovakia or were expelled. The important synagogue was burned down. Henlein himself confiscated a villa in Liberec that had belonged to a Jewish businessman, which remained Henlein's home until 1945. After World War II, the city again became a part of Czechoslovakia and nearly all of the city's German population was expelled following

1440-601: The city. It is a restaurant with a 25 m (82 ft) high observation tower, built in the style of a medieval castle. It was built in 1900–1901 and its look is inspired by the watchtower of the Nuremberg Castle . The most visited tourist destinations in the city are the Liberec Zoo, iQ Landia (a science centre) and Centrum Babylon (an entertainment centre which includes a large water park , amusement park, casino, shopping court and hotel). The Liberec Zoo

1488-418: The coldest month is −1.2 °C (29.8 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 845.3 millimetres (33.28 in), of which July is the wettest with 107.1 millimetres (4.22 in), while April is the driest with only 41.3 millimetres (1.63 in). The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 14 January 1987 to 36.2 °C (97.2 °F) on 31 July 1994. In

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1536-460: The design by Franz Neumann . It has three towers; the highest of them is 61 m (200 ft) high. In the summer season, the interiors and one of the towers are open to the public. Since 2024, it has been protected as a national cultural monument. The Liberec Castle was built in several stages, the oldest part was built in the Renaissance style in 1582–1583. After World War II, it was in

1584-550: The design by the architect Karel Hubáček . It is the most important monument in the city, protected as a national cultural monument since 2006. The building has won many architectural awards and a poll for the most important Czech building of the 20th century. Among the most valuable buildings of the city centre is the Liberec City Hall . It was built in the Neo-Renaissance style in 1888–1893, according to

1632-400: The development of the settlement, as they built new buildings, modernized the settlement and laid the foundation of the textile industry. In 1577, Reichenberg was promoted to a town by Emperor Rudolf II . He gave the town the coat of arms it still uses today. From 1600, the town was administered by Kateřina of Redern, who obtained the right to trade in salt for the town, had a chapel added to

1680-670: The doctrine of self-determination . Liberec was declared the capital of the German-Austrian province of German Bohemia . Czechs however argued that these lands, though German-settled since the Middle Ages, were historically an integral part of the Duchy and Kingdom of Bohemia. On 16 December 1918, the Czechoslovak Army entered Liberec and the whole province remained part of Bohemia. The Great Depression devastated

1728-522: The economy of the area with its textile, carpet, glass and other light industry. The high number of unemployed people, hunger, fear of the future and dissatisfaction with the Prague government led to the flash rise of the populist Sudeten German Party (SdP), founded by Konrad Henlein , born in the suburbs of Liberec. The city became the centre of Pan-German movements and later of the Nazis , especially after

1776-545: The first n . In English, r -deletion occurs when a syllable is unstressed and /r/ may drop out altogether, as in "deteriate" for deteriorate and "tempature" for temperature, a process called haplology . When the /r/ is found in /bru/ , it may change to /j/ . ( e.g. , Febyuary → February, which has been explained by phonotactic factors or alternatively by morphological analogy with more common sequences such as January . Cf. nucular , which may have arisen through an analogous process) An example where

1824-474: The highest point of Liberec and of the entire Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge, the mountain Ještěd at 1,012 m (3,320 ft) above sea level. Liberec is situated on the Lusatian Neisse River. The largest body of water is Harcov Reservoir (also called Liberec Dam). The reservoir is located inside the built-up area on the Lusatian Neisse's tributary, the stream of Harcovský potok. Today it serves mainly as

1872-404: The other, and so mentally filter it out. This factoring out of coarticulatory effects has been experimentally replicated. For example, Greek pakhu- ( παχυ- ) ' thick ' derives from an earlier * phakhu- . When test subjects are asked to say the * phakhu- form in casual speech, the aspiration from both consonants pervades both syllables, making the vowels breathy . Listeners hear

1920-490: The principle that language users avoid repetition of identical linguistic structures. When an /r/ sound occurs before another in the middle of a word in rhotic dialects of English, the first tends to drop out, as in "beserk" for berserk, "suprise" for surprise, "paticular" for particular , and "govenor" for governor – this does not affect the pronunciation of government, which has only one /r/ , but English government tends to be pronounced "goverment", dropping out

1968-557: The rapid growth of Kamenický Šenov and the inhabitants began to get rich. The town has a long history of glass works . It is also known for the manufacture of chandeliers , operated by the Preciosa company. The I/13 road (part of the European route E442 ), which connects Liberec with Ústí nad Labem , passes through the town. Kamenický Šenov is connected with Česká Kamenice by a short railway line. Historic trains run on it. It

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2016-566: The town centre is the Church of the Birth of Saint John the Baptist. It is a Baroque building, built in 1715–1718. Panská skála is a national nature monument and a symbol of the town. It is a basalt rock, locally known as the "stone organ pipes". Kamenický Šenov is twinned with: Liberec Liberec ( Czech: [ˈlɪbɛrɛts] ; German : Reichenberg ) is a city in

2064-453: The town proper. The first written mention of Kamenický Šenov is from 1352, as a village called Sonov founded by immigrant Sorbs . The village belonged to the Česká Kamenice estate, therefore it began to be called Kamenický Šenov. In the 17th century, the local glassmakers are first mentioned, and during the 17th and 18th centuries there was a massive boom in glass refining and in glass trade. The glass industry significantly contributed to

2112-453: The university was renamed. It is known especially for its research in the field of textile engineering. It has about 9,000 students in 6 faculties (Mechanical Engineering, Textile Engineering, Arts and Architecture, Mechatronics Informatics and Inter-Disciplinary Studies, Science-Humanities and Education, and Economics), and it also comprises Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation. Regional Research Library in Liberec

2160-511: Was established in 1876 by the Verein der Naturfreunde ("Society of Friends of Nature") and is the oldest one in the Czech Republic. It was originally located on the site of the North Bohemian Museum, but was moved in 1895 due to the construction of the museum. In 1996–2000, it was completely rebuilt. Today it comprises nine glasshouses for visitors with a total area of 4,002 m (43,080 sq ft) and more than 8,000 exotic plants. Liberec

2208-535: Was founded in 1873 as the first arts and crafts museum in the Czech lands . The current museum building dates from 1898. It was designed by the architect Friedrich Ohmann and built by Hans Grisebach in the romantic-historicist style. The building has a 41 m (135 ft) high tower, which is a replica of the Liberec City Hall tower. Liberecká výšina is a significant landmark of the eastern part of

2256-446: Was founded in 1904 and is the oldest one in the territory of the former Czechoslovakia. Today it has an area of almost 14 ha (35 acres) and keeps more than 160 species. The symbol of the zoo and the main attraction are the white tigers . However, since this is a bred form of the mainland Asian tiger and not a separate species, it is planned to end their breeding after the death of the last individual. The Botanical Garden Liberec

2304-554: Was used in Liberec in 1897. Liberec shares the 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge tramway line which connects it to its neighbouring Jablonec nad Nisou. There are also two city lines with 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge . The first connects Horní Hanychov (next to the cable car to Ještěd ) and Lidové Sady via Fügnerova. The second connects Dolní Hanychov and Lidové Sady via Fügnerova (only during workdays). There are also four historical trams. In

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