Oberleutnant Ludwig Franz Stigler (21 August 1915 – 22 March 2008) was a German fighter pilot and fighter ace in World War II .
105-630: Stigler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Franz Stigler (1915–2008), Luftwaffe pilot who escorted an American bomber back to safety in 1943 George Stigler (1911–1991), Nobel Prize–winning U.S. economist, associated with the Stigler Commission and Stigler diet ; father of Stephen Stigler James W. Stigler , American psychologist, researcher, entrepreneur and author Michael Stigler (born 1992), American track and field athlete Stephen Stigler (born 1941), professor at
210-565: A Brigadegeneral in Germany at the time. As of 1970, the first generation senior Bundesluftwaffe officers started going into retirement. Steinhoff, who had advanced in career to Inspector of the Air Force , had defined a small group of second generation leaders, among them Krupinski, Rall, Gerhard Limberg and Friedrich Obleser . At first, Barkhorn was also a member of this inner circle. However, Rall, who succeeded Steinhoff as Inspector of
315-514: A Fieseler Fi 156 Storch heading for the front lines. His Bf 109 F-4/R1 ( Werknummer 13388—factory number) took a hit from anti-aircraft artillery , resulting in a forced landing near Morosow. Although the damage to the aircraft was only minor, Barkhorn was severely injured in his lower leg and had to be flown out. He was taken to a makeshift hospital installed at the Olympiapark Berlin . During his convalescence, Barkhorn
420-638: A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter, on 30 November. On 24 January 1942, having been withdrawn from the Eastern Front, II. Gruppe arrived in Jesau near Königsberg , present-day Kaliningrad in Russia, for a period of recuperation and replenishment. In Jesau, the Gruppe received many factory new Bf 109 F-4 aircraft. On 14 April, II. Gruppe received orders to move to Pilsen , present-day Plzeň in
525-493: A NATO military formation under Allied Air Forces Central Europe based in Ramstein Air Base . He retired from active service on 30 September 1975. On 6 January 1983, Barkhorn was driving his wife Christl and their friend Reichsfreiherr Walter von Loë on a wintry highway close to the interchange Frechen , near Cologne , when they were involved in a serious car accident which was not Barkhorn's fault. Christl
630-401: A Polikarpov I-16 fighter. The following day, he was credited with the destruction of a DB-3 bomber, his third aerial victory. On 5 August, II. Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Soltsy , west of Lake Ilmen , in support of the 16th Army and Army Group North . In the following days, Barkhorn flew many ground support , combat air patrols and Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber escort missions to
735-536: A Bf 109's did – prior to crash landing, slammed shut on his neck. On 4 May, JV 44 surrendered to U.S. forces at Maxglan , near Salzburg . Barkhorn and other pilots were taken to a makeshift prisoner of war camp near Bad Aibling . Five days later, a U.S. officer was looking for JV 44 pilots and Barkhorn, Krupinski, Karl-Heinz Schnell , Erich Hohagen and Waldemar Wübke stepped up. The men were then taken to Heidelberg , Wiesbaden-Erbenheim and flown to England for interrogation near London. In June, Barkhorn
840-550: A Bf 109 B. His last flight was his 615th in total. Upon completion of his training, he was posted to 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) in Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), named after the World War I fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen , on 10 January 1940. At the time, the squadron was based at Frankfurt-Rebstock Airfield and commanded by Hauptmann Henning Strümpell. The squadron
945-865: A German youth movement. From 1925 to 1929, Barkhorn attended the Volksschule (primary school) in Königsberg and then the Wilhelms-Gymnasium , a secondary school , where he graduated with his Abitur (diploma) in early 1937. On 1 April 1937, Barkhorn started his compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service) with Arbeitsdienstabteilung 6/12, a labor service department, in Mehlkehmen, present-day Kalinino in Kaliningrad Oblast. His Reichsarbeitsdienst ended on 30 September. A month later, on 1 November, Barkhorn joined
1050-492: A LaGG-3 fighter shot down north of Tuapse . Later that day, he claimed three further LaGG-3 fighters destroyed. On 19 December 1942, Barkhorn had raised his score to 101 victories. That day, he became the 32nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. Barkhorn came to respect the Soviet pilots. On one occasion he was involved in a forty-minute dogfight with a LaGG-3. "Sweat was pouring off me just as though I had stepped out of
1155-648: A damaged plane 11 times). His brother, August, who was also a pilot, was killed in the crash of a Junkers Ju 88 in August 1940. As a member of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27) in North Africa as well as Europe , and of the Jagdverband (JV) 44 jet fighter squadron, the aircraft Stigler flew in combat were the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Messerschmitt Me 262 . In North Africa, Stigler flew in
SECTION 10
#17327795527321260-583: A forward airfield at Sobolewo . For the invasion, II. Gruppe of JG 52 was subordinated to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). The Geschwader was part of the VIII. Fliegerkorps commanded by Generaloberst Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen which supported the northern wing of Army Group Centre . On 22 June, the German forces launched
1365-630: A higher command position in the Bundesluftwaffe was unfulfilled, asked to be released from active service in early 1974. This request was initially refused until in February 1975 his retirement process was initiated. On 16 April 1975, he requested that the authorities spare him from a personal handout of his retirement papers. His last position was Chief of Staff of the Second Allied Tactical Air Force (2 ATAF),
1470-474: A mission to Dover - Dungeness . On 6 March, II. Gruppe was ordered to Maldegem , where they were joined by Walter Krupinski , someone Barkhorn had befriended during training, having completed his training with the Ergänzungsgruppe . Until 24 March, Barkhorn flew further combat air patrols, mostly in the area of Ostend to Calais followed by a shipping escort mission on 27 March. On 15 April,
1575-870: A relatively poor performance. His next attempt, flown on 16 November was even worse, scoring only 10 out 100 hits on the target. Training in Schleißheim ended on 23 November with an aerial gunnery training on the Bf ;109 and a navigation flight on the He ;51. On 1 December, he was posted to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg, a supplementary training unit based at Merseburg . There, he received further training, particularly in formation flying . He made his last two flights in Merseburg on 7 January 1940, both aerial gunnery training on
1680-547: A statement by his commander and mentor Gustav Rödel ; "If I hear of one of you shooting a man in a parachute, I'll shoot you myself!". Stigler motioned to Brown to land his airplane in neutral Sweden because of the extensive damage. However, Brown didn't understand and decided to keep flying towards England. Stigler escorted the B-17 and its crew to the North Sea coast, protecting it from German anti-aircraft gunners (who recognized
1785-419: A wounded B-17 flown by Brown. Lining up to finish the bomber and shoot it down, he noticed the tail gunner never moved the guns. Upon further inspection of the airplane, he saw through large holes in the fuselage a frantic crew trying to save the lives of their fellow airmen, and decided not to fire. Stigler is quoted as saying "and for me it would have been the same as shooting at a parachute ", in reference to
1890-654: Is Kaliningrad in Kaliningrad Oblast , the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea . He was the third of four children of Stadtbauoberinspektor Tiefbautechniker im Straßenbau ( inspector for road construction) Wilhelm and his wife Therese. Barkhorn had two brothers, Helmut and Dieter, and a sister Meta. The four children were all members of the Bündische Jugend ,
1995-435: Is named after its original discoverer List of examples of Stigler's law See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Stigler Stiegler , a surname Stig (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Stigler . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding
2100-612: The Jagdbombergeschwader 31 "Boelcke" (JaboG 31—Fighter-Bomber Wing 31), initially equipped with the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak . During this timeframe, Barkhorn was promoted to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) on 28 April 1958, effective as of 12 May 1958. Because Barkhorn had been separated from his family for more than two years, he requested to be transferred to a position located in southern Germany on 13 October 1958. This request
2205-557: The Schwarm made up of Oberleutnant Ferdinand Vögl, the commander of 4. Staffel , Oberfeldwebel Karl-Heinz Bendert , Oberfeldwebel Erwin Sawallisch and Stigler. At the time, most of the aerial victories claimed by II. Gruppe were allegedly achieved by pilots of 4. Staffel , of which 63 out 66 claims were attributed to these four pilots alone. In comparison, the claims filed by Vögl, Bendert, Sawallisch and Stigler far exceeded
SECTION 20
#17327795527322310-498: The Gruppe flew missions against Shlisselburg , Mga and Leningrad . II. Gruppe ' s subordination to JG 27 ended on 20 October and they came under the command of the Stab of JG 52. Barkhorn was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 November 1941. He claimed his tenth and last aerial victory in 1941 on a meteorological reconnaissance mission ( Wetterflug ) over an I-61, an early German designation for
2415-489: The Gruppe moved again, this time to Raversijde . On 27 April, II. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield near Katwijk aan Zee , west-northwest of Leiden , where they received the new Bf 109 F variant. On 24 May, the Gruppe returned again to Raversijde. During this time, Barkhorn flew many training and patrol missions on the Bf 109 F-2 until 20 April when he received the Front Flying Clasp of
2520-503: The Gruppe moved to Kamary, an airfield in the western parts of Vitebsk. Barkhorn flew many combat missions during this period without claiming a further aerial victory. On 16 July, he was tasked with shuttling a Bf 109 back to Werneuchen in Germany for repairs, a task normally given to junior pilots. Ten days later, he returned to the Eastern Front. By this time, II. Gruppe had advanced to Andrejewka airfield near Smolensk . On 28 July, Barkhorn claimed his second aerial victory over
2625-523: The Gruppe was led by Hauptmann Horst-Günther von Kornatzki. Barkhorn conducted many training flights with 4. Staffel at Nordholz and Stade . Shortly after 18 August, he was transferred to 6. Staffel . His new Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) was Oberleutnant Werner Lederer. Lederer commanded the Staffel until 6 October when he was transferred and replaced by Oberleutnant Rudolf Resch . Flying from Peuplingues on 27 September, Barkhorn for
2730-445: The Gruppe . On 27 October, Stigler was transferred to Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 1 . Command of 11. Staffel was then passed to Oberleutnant Karl Kohl while command of the Gruppe went to Oberleutnant Peter Werfft . On 20 December 1943, Stigler met a B-17 bomber nicknamed Ye Olde Pub and its American pilot Charles "Charlie" Brown for the first time. Stigler had shot down two B-17s earlier that day and he soon caught up to
2835-564: The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ). In late September, following his convalescence, Barkhorn returned to his 4. Staffel . By this time II. Gruppe , having made several relocations, had been based at Maykop since 21 September. On 2 October, he logged his first brief maintenance flight after returning to the front. On 7 October, Barkhorn, with Unteroffizier Werner Quast as his wingman, claimed
2940-812: The Percival Provost , a propeller driven trainer aircraft . The pilots completed their refresher training on 23 March. Barkhorn then advanced to the de Havilland Vampire jet aircraft. Barkhorn, Krupinski and Wehnelt completed this training in May 1956. In June, the pilots trained on the Hawker Hunter for ten weeks. On 18 June 1956, Barkhorn, Krupinski and Wehnelt received the RAF aircrew brevet from Air Vice-Marshal George Philip Chamberlain in Stanford Park . Following his return to Germany, Barkhorn
3045-476: The airfield at Garz on the island of Usedom . On 6 December, Barkhorn made a crash landing in a Heinkel He 51 biplane fighter and sustained minor injuries. The pilots for the first time flew a mock combat against one of the other pilots in January 1939. In February, the students returned to Dresden where theoretical training was emphasized. Prior to completing his training, Barkhorn was given home leave in
3150-513: The 200 mark on 30 November 1943. This achievement earned him a named reference in the Wehrmachtbericht on 2 December. That day, he also became an "ace-in-a-day" for the fourth time in combat near Tuzla Island . On 28 December, he yet again became an "ace-in-a-day", taking his total number of aerial victories to 222. The following day, he claimed II. Gruppe ' s 2,500th aerial victory in total. On 23 January 1944, Barkhorn became
3255-640: The AIRBALTAP, Allied Forces Baltic Approaches at the headquarters in Karup , Denmark. On 10 September 1969, with the permission of the President of Germany , he was given the temporary rank of Brigadegeneral ( brigadier general ), the official promotion followed on 14 May 1970, effective as of 1 April. In February 1972, Barkhorn was informed that his assignment to AIRBALTAP would have to be extended until 1 October 1973 because there were no vacant positions for
Stigler - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-434: The Air Force in 1971, attested that Barkhorn lacked the toughness and ability to work under pressure required for a higher command position in the Bundesluftwaffe . In early 1973, Rall had promised Barkhorn command of the 1st Luftwaffe Division, an offer that was later withdrawn. Following his assignment to AIRBALTAP, Barkhorn was promoted to Generalmajor ( major general ) on 1 October 1973. Barkhorn, whose aspiration for
3465-467: The Bf 109 G-14 and the Fw ;190 A, the Geschwaderstab was equipped with Fw 190 D-9 in February. Barkhorn led this unit until the end-March 1945. During his ten weeks tenure as Geschwaderkommodore of JG 6, he did not claim any aerial victories. He had difficulties adjusting to the Fw 190 D-9. He later stated that he would have needed 50 more flights to master
3570-574: The Czech Republic, as a company commander. In June 1940, Barkhorn fell ill and was diagnosed with scarlet fever . He was sent to a hospital in Wildenschwert , present-day Ústí nad Orlicí in the Czech Republic. By July, he had fully recovered and on 1 July was posted to the 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), a squadron of II. Gruppe . This squadron was commanded by Oberleutnant Johannes Steinhoff while
3675-404: The Czech Republic, for relocation to the Eastern Front. While II. Gruppe was based at Jesau, Barkhorn was appointed Staffelkapitän of 4. Staffel of JG 52 on 1 March 1942. He succeeded Steinhoff in this capacity who had been given command of II. Gruppe of JG 52. The unit then moved to Wien-Schwechat on 24 April before flying to Zürichtal, present-day Solote Pole, a village near
3780-638: The Dutch North Sea coast. On 15 January 1941, the Gruppe moved to Ypenburg Airfield where they stayed until 10 February. Barkhorn's 6. Staffel also used a forward airfield at Haamstede . From this airfield, Barkhorn flew many escort missions for German shipping. On 10 February, II. Gruppe moved to Berck-sur-Mer . From this airfield, the Gruppe again patrolled the English Channel and missions to England. Barkhorn flew two more patrols on 12 February. Three days later, he participated on
3885-484: The Eastern Front where it was based at Tschenstochau , present-day Częstochowa in southern Poland. On or near 23 January, Barkhorn took command of JG 6, the Geschwaderstab had just moved from Schroda , present-day Środa Wielkopolska, to Sorau , present-day Żary. At the time, the Geschwaderstab was equipped with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-8 and A-9. While the three groups of JG 6 were equipped with
3990-481: The English Channel. Floating in a small inflatable dinghy for two hours, he was rescued by the Seenotdienst , the German air-sea rescue service. Barkhorn flew again on 2 November. This was also the last day of operations for II. Gruppe before it relocated to Germany again. That day, II. Gruppe had also lost its commanding officer, Hauptmann Wilhelm Ensslen, who had led the Gruppe since 26 August and
4095-761: The Federal Republic of Germany. Born in the Weimar Republic in 1919, Barkhorn joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 and completed his training in 1939. Barkhorn flew his first combat missions during the " Phoney War " and then the Battle of Britain without shooting down any aircraft. Flying with Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), he claimed his first victory in July 1941 and his total rose steadily against Soviet Air Forces . In March 1942, Barkhorn
4200-667: The German pilot who let them live that day, and eventually the two pilots, along with the Pub crew, met face to face, half a century later. Between 1990 and 2008, Brown and Stigler became close friends and remained so until their deaths within several months of each other in 2008. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims , researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 26 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. All of his aerial victories were claimed over
4305-862: The Luftwaffe in Silver ( Frontflugspange in Silber ). II. Gruppe was withdrawn from the Channel on 9 June and headed east. In preparation of Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union, II. Gruppe of JG 52, without a period of replenishment in Germany, was ordered to airfields close to the German-Soviet demarcation line . While the Gruppenstab (group headquarters unit) and 4. Staffel were based at Suwałki in northeastern Poland, 5. and 6. Staffel were transferred to
Stigler - Misplaced Pages Continue
4410-523: The Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte , a failed attempt to gain air superiority during the stagnant stage of the Battle of the Bulge . In this attack, Jagdgeschwader 6 (JG 6—6th Fighter Wing) lost its Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander), Oberstleutnant Johann Kogler, who was taken prisoner of war . Following Operation Bodenplatte, JG 6 relocated from the Western Front to
4515-633: The RAF. At first, Ralph von Rettberg had been considered for training in England. Von Rettberg reconsidered and Krupinski then suggested to give the now vacant training position to Günther Rall . Rall however was already scheduled for a training in the U.S.. In consequence, the vacant training position was given to Barkhorn. The three pilots were welcomed by the German ambassador in the UK, Hans von Herwarth . Training began at RAF Feltwell on 19 January 1956 on
4620-592: The Reich . Barkhorn selected Leutnant Hans Waldmann 's 4. Staffel which was officially assigned to the II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing), at the time under the command of Hauptmann Hans-Ekkehard Bob , and later by Hauptmann Herbert Kutscha . Two days later, II. Gruppe was moved to Huși . On 30 May, Barkhorn was credited with shooting down two Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters. The following day, he claimed his 273rd aerial victory and
4725-925: The Swords was made at the Führerhauptquartier (Führer Headquarter) on 24 March. Barkhorn took an overnight train to the Führerhauptquartier from the Anhalter Bahnhof in Berlin. On the train he met fellow JG 52 pilots Krupinski, Wiese and Hartmann, who were to receive the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross. At the Führerhauptquartier they joined Kurt Bühligen , Horst Ademeit , Reinhard Seiler , Hans-Joachim Jabs , Dr. Maximilian Otte , Bernhard Jope and Hansgeorg Bätcher from
4830-760: The University of Chicago, known for Stigler's law of eponymy ; son of George Stigler William G. Stigler (1891–1952), American politician in Oklahoma Other uses [ edit ] Stigler, Oklahoma , a city Haskell County Stigler Regional Airport , owned by the city of Stigler Stigler Commission , convened in 1961 to study the measurement of inflation in the United States Stigler diet , an optimization problem regarding recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) Stigler's law of eponymy , which states that no scientific discovery
4935-793: The Western Allies in May 1945 and was released later that year. After the war, Barkhorn joined the German Air Force of the Bundeswehr , serving until 1975. On 6 January 1983, Barkhorn was involved in a car crash with his wife Christl. She died instantly and Barkhorn died five days later on 11 January. Barkhorn was born on 20 March 1919 in Königsberg in the Free State of Prussia of the Weimar Republic . Today it
5040-564: The Western Allies on the Western Front or in North Africa and include five four-engined heavy bombers . It is likely that this list is short as following his encounter with Ye Olde Pub , Stigler claimed he lost his appetite for pursuing the Knight's Cross and stopped claiming individual victories. Further, upon surrendering to the allies, his log book was confiscated and never returned making it difficult to track his previous victories. Gerhard Barkhorn World War II Gerhard " Gerd " Barkhorn (20 March 1919 – 11 January 1983)
5145-512: The accident. The diamond formation was forbidden after the accident. Barkhorn had found out that pilots of JaboG 31 had also practiced this formation flying their F-104 G fighter bombers. On 1 January 1963, Barkhorn was transferred to the Führungsstab der Luftwaffe (German Air Staff), a department of the Federal Ministry of Defense. In 1964, Barkhorn was posted to the staff of Luftwaffen-Erprobungskommando (Air Force Test Command). From October 1964 until November 1965, Barkhorn headed
5250-410: The aircraft. It is unclear whether Barkhorn flew the Fw 190 D-9 in combat. Nevertheless, on 11 February, he was presented the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant "1,100" ( Frontflugspange in Gold mit Anhänger "1,100" ). Shortly after 23 March, Barkhorn was relieved of command. His wingman later stated that Barkhorn was forced to leave out of medical reasons. At the time he
5355-1159: The attack on Kupiansk , a preliminary operation to Case Blue , the strategic summer offensive in southern Russia. That day, Barkhorn for the first time became " ace-in-a-day ", claiming five Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighters shot down, taking his total to 26 aerial victories. Barkhorn again became an "ace-in-a-day" on 19 July, flying four missions that day, he shot down six Soviet fighters taking his total to 51 aerial victories. His claims that day include two Hawker Hurricanes , three LaGG-3s and an I-16 shot down. The following day, he increased his total number of aerial victories to 56, again an "ace-in-a-day" achievement. With Leutnant Waldemar Semelka as his wingman, Barkhorn shot down five LaGG-3 fighters. On 22 July, II. Gruppe moved to an airfield named Nowy Cholan, approximately 200 kilometers (120 miles) northeast of Rostov-on-Don . On 24 July, Barkhorn transferred to an airfield named Nikolajewskaja, approximately 15 minutes flying time closer to front lines. During this day, Barkhorn claimed three further aerial victories, increasing his total to 64. The following day, he flew on an escort mission for
SECTION 50
#17327795527325460-775: The attack on the Soviet Union which opened the Eastern Front . That day, Barkhorn flew five combat missions in support of the invasion. On his third mission, he was credited with a ground victory over a Polikarpov I-15 fighter aircraft during a strafing attack on a Soviet airfield. Barkhorn claimed his first aerial victory by shooting down a Red Air Force Ilyushin DB-3 bomber on 2 July, flying his 120th combat sortie. That day, II. Gruppe claimed 19 aerial victories in combat near Barysaw . The next day, II. Gruppe moved further east to an airfield at Sloboda, east of Minsk where they stayed for two days. The Gruppe then moved to Lyepyel where they supported Panzergruppe 2 and 3 in their advance to Vitebsk and Polotsk . On 12 July,
5565-440: The bomber force, and the Flak officer Fritz Petersen , all destined to receive the Oak Leaves. The travelers assumed that they were heading for the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia but the train was heading for the Berghof in Berchtesgaden . On the train, all of them got drunk on cognac and champagne. Supporting each other and unable to stand, they arrived at Berchtesgaden. Major Nicolaus von Below , Hitler's Luftwaffe adjutant,
5670-427: The combat area near Shimsk and Veliky Novgorod . He claimed the destruction of an I-18 fighter, an early German designation for a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter, on 19 August. The next day, II. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield at Spasskaya Polist, south of Chudovo and north of Lake Ilmen. Two days later, Barkhorn escorted a Focke-Wulf Fw 189 aerial reconnaissance aircraft to Chudovo on his first mission of
5775-433: The crew of a severely damaged B-17 bomber . He escorted the plane to safety over enemy lines. The story was kept secret for many years, but in 1990 the two pilots finally reunited and were close friends until their deaths in 2008. Stigler died in Canada, where he moved after the war. Stigler was born on 21 August 1915 in Amberg , Bavaria . His father was a World War I pilot/observer. Stigler began flying gliders when he
5880-511: The day. On his second mission that day, he claimed a Vultee V-11 attack aircraft, but the victim was actually an Ilyushin Il-2 attack aircraft. On 25 August, Barkhorn was credited with two aerial victories, a Polikarpov I-153 fighter on his first mission of the day and later an I-18 fighter. On 27 August, Barkhorn's Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe was upgraded to Gold ( Frontflugspange in Gold ). On 2 September, II. Gruppe moved to Lyuban , staying there until end-September. From there,
5985-441: The engines of his aircraft flamed out as he was approaching an enemy bomber formation and he was forced to make an emergency landing. As he approached the airfield, his jet was attacked by several prowling North American P-51 Mustang fighters. Barkhorn managed to land his burning plane though he received a slight wound as a result of this action when the cockpit canopy – which on the Me 262 A, flipped open to starboard, like
6090-524: The fighter bomber F-104 G. This event was to be celebrated at the Nörvenich Air Base on 20 June 1962. The day before, the aerobatics team of the Bundesluftwaffe , led by their flight instructor Captain Jon Speer from the USAF, practiced the diamond formation for the celebration. Flying too fast and too low, the four F-104 F Starfighters crashed near Balkhausen, present-day part of Kerpen . The pilots Speer, Bernd Kuebart (brother of Jörg Kuebart ), Wolf von Stürmer and Hein Frye were all killed in
6195-426: The first German pilot to fly 1,000 combat missions. At the time, Barkhorn's regular wingman was Heinz Ewald . The main German fighter unit covering the Crimea and Kuban was his II. Group of JG 52 and in the three months between December 1943 and 13 February 1944 the unit claimed 350 victories, of which 50 were claimed by Barkhorn personally. On 13 February 1944, he reached 250 aerial victories. Barkhorn
6300-517: The first time had enemy contact on a combat air patrol across the English Channel during the Battle of Britain . Near Maidstone and Chatham , the flight encountered Royal Air Force (RAF) fighters. He flew many fighter escort missions to England, on 29 September he participated on a mission providing protection for bombers from II. Gruppe of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) targeting London . On 4 October, he helped escort bombers from I. Gruppe of LG 2, and again on
6405-430: The following day. Barkhorn flew two further missions in support of I. Gruppe of LG 2 on 5 October and three days later, he escorted II. Gruppe of LG 2 and fighter bombers to London. On 10 October, he flew a courier mission, taking documents to Rouen, Beaumont and Cherbourg, before returning to Peuplingues. On 11 and 12 October, Barkhorn flew two further missions to London. On 23 October 1940, for his service he
SECTION 60
#17327795527326510-522: The military service in the Nazi German Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (cadet) at the Air War School Klotzsche in Dresden . He started his flight training in March 1938 at the Luftkriegsschule 2 at Gatow . His classmates at Gatow included Julius Meimberg and Egon Mayer . On 4 March, he made his maiden flight on a Heinkel He 72 biplane trainer. Until 25 March, accompanied by his flight instructor, he flew up to nine times daily, flights of up to 60 minutes. His first solo flight, his 68th in total,
6615-488: The number of aerial victories claimed by other units of JG 27 and raised significant doubt within the Luftwaffe. This Schwarm of JG 27 was prevented from flying together after 59-kill ace Hans-Arnold Stahlschmidt reported that he saw them shooting into the dunes of the desert during a mission in which they claimed 12 aerial victories. On 15 May 1943, Stigler was injured when his Bf 109 G-6 ( Werknummer 15371—factory number) suffered engine failure and he
6720-416: The person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stigler&oldid=1123329620 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Franz Stigler He is best known for his role in a December 1943 incident in which he spared
6825-459: The psychological damage and combat stress on Barkhorn became apparent; sitting in his cockpit he became overcome with anxiety, and even when flying with friendly aircraft behind him he felt intense fear. It took several weeks for him to overcome this condition. Barkhorn claimed his 275th victory on 14 November. Over the next few weeks Barkhorn added another 26 victories, scoring his 301st and final aerial victory on 5 January 1945. On 1 January 1945,
6930-471: The rank of Major , then followed by his oath of allegiance . The first three Bundesluftwaffe pilots to receive jet aircraft training were Steinhoff, Barkhorn's former squadron commander during World War II, Dietrich Hrabak and Kurt Kuhlmey . All three of them were trained by the United States Air Force (USAF) in the USA. Barkhorn, along with Krupinski and Herbert Wehnelt, belonged to the second batch of pilots which were sent to England and were trained by
7035-444: The shower", he recalled: despite having a faster aircraft he was simply unable to get a bead on the Russian pilot. On 9 January 1943, Barkhorn claimed his 105th aerial victory. His victims included Lieutenant Vasiliyev, and Hero of the Soviet Union Podpolkovnik Lev Shestakov of the 236 IAP Fighter Regiment. Barkhorn strafed their Yakovlev Yak-1 fighters until they caught fire. Both pilots survived. On 11 January 1943, Barkhorn
7140-402: The silhouette of his Bf 109 and held fire). Once they were over water, Stigler saluted Brown, then left to return to base. Stigler never spoke of the incident as he could have been court-martialed and executed. Stigler moved to Canada in 1953 and became a successful businessman. Brown told his commanding officers, who chose to keep the incident secret. Years later, in 1990, Brown searched for
7245-449: The six-man Bundesluftwaffe contingent of the Tripartite Kestrel Evaluation Squadron at RAF West Raynham , Norfolk, England. The squadron's mission was to evaluate the military capabilities of the V/STOL Kestrel, the Hawker Siddeley P.1127 and forerunner of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier V/STOL aircraft. The squadron consisted of military pilots and ground staff from three nations: Britain, USA and West Germany. In addition to being one of
7350-418: The squadron pilots, Barkhorn also served as one of the squadron's two deputy commanders. During one mission on 13 October 1963, he crash-landed a Hawker Siddeley Kestrel FGA.1, XS689 , No. 9, at RAF West Raynham, when he apparently cut thrust one meter above ground, wiping out the undercarriage. A Luftwaffe Experte with 301 aerial victories, he is said to have commented, " Drei hundert und zwei [302]!" as he
7455-437: The summer. Effective as of 1 August 1939, Barkhorn was promoted to Oberfähnrich (rank equivalent to master sergeant ) and at the same time to the officer rank of Leutnant ( second lieutenant ) on 27 August. His training in Dresden ended that day. World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland and Barkhorn was selected for specialized fighter pilot training. That day, Barkhorn
7560-561: The time, II. Gruppe was based at Anapa located on the northern coast of the Black Sea near the Sea of Azov and was fighting in the Battle of the Caucasus . During his absence, Steinhoff as commander of II. Gruppe had been replaced by Hauptmann Helmut Kühle. On 28 April, Barkhorn claimed his 121st aerial victory, a LaGG-3 fighter. Barkhorn's 157 aerial victory, claimed on 23 August,
7665-672: The urban settlement Kirovske in the Crimea . There, II. Gruppe participated in Operation Trappenjagd , a German counterattack during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula , launched on 8 May. On 16 May, II. Gruppe relocated to Artyomovsk, present-day Bakhmut where JG 52 supported the German forces fighting in the Second Battle of Kharkov . On 22 June, German forces launched Operation Fridericus II,
7770-432: Was killed in action . Ensslen was replaced by Hauptmann Erich Woitke . On 5 November, II. Gruppe moved to München Gladbach , present-day Mönchengladbach, for a period of rest and replenishment. On 3 December 1940, Barkhorn was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class ( Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse ). On 22 December, II. Gruppe was ordered to Leeuwarden Airfield where they were tasked with flying fighter patrols along
7875-496: Was 12, and in 1933, he piloted a biplane . He flew for Deutsche Luft Hansa (the predecessor of Lufthansa ) before joining the Luftwaffe in 1940. In the Luftwaffe, Stigler became an instructor pilot. One of his students was Gerhard Barkhorn , who went on to down over 300 planes in combat. Stigler himself flew 487 combat missions, downing 28 planes while himself being shot down 17 times (he bailed out six times and landed in
7980-469: Was a German military aviator who was a renowned wing commander in the Luftwaffe during World War II . As a fighter ace , he was the second most successful fighter pilot of all time after fellow pilot Erich Hartmann . Other than Hartmann, Barkhorn is the only fighter ace to ever exceed 300 claimed victories. Following World War II, he became a high-ranking officer in the German Air Force of
8085-415: Was also II. Gruppe ' s 2,000th aerial victory in total. From 4 to 30 August, Barkhorn temporarily led I. Gruppe of JG 52. The acting commander of I. Gruppe , Hauptmann Johannes Wiese had fallen ill on 1 August and needed to be replaced during his recovery. Barkhorn was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of JG 52 on 1 September 1943. He replaced Kühle who
8190-558: Was also given carte blanche with respect to staffing and began recruiting his pilots. On 31 March, JV 44 had relocated to Munich-Riem . Galland and Steinhoff, who had also joined JV 44, drove to Bad Wiessee where Barkhorn and Krupinski were recovering. Both pilots accepted Galland's offer and joined JV 44. Barkhorn found flying the Me ;262 over the western front difficult and he did not score any victories in it. On 21 April 1945, he flew his 1,104th and last mission. One of
8295-532: Was appointed squadron leader of 1. Staffel of the Waffenschule der Luftwaffe 30 (WaSLw 30—Air Force Weapons School 30). Based at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base , the training unit was commanded by Krupinski and later became the Jagdbombergeschwader 33 (JaboG 33—Fighter-Bomber Wing 33). On 1 July 1957, Barkhorn succeeded Krupinski as commander of the weapons school which was then moved to Büchel Air Base . From 1 April 1957 to 31 December 1962, he commanded
8400-565: Was appointed squadron leader of 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 52 and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in August 1942. He was given command of II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 52 in September 1943. Barkhorn was awarded the second highest decoration in the Wehrmacht when he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for 250 aerial victories. Barkhorn flew 1,104 combat sorties and
8505-469: Was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class ( Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse ). On 27 October, Barkhorn flew a further mission, escorting bombers of LG 2 to England. Two days later, on his 38th combat mission, Barkhorn encountered Supermarine Spitfires over the English Channel. His Bf 109 E-7 ( Werknummer 5922—factory number) took numerous hits, forcing him to make an emergency landing in
8610-578: Was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ). Barkhorn claimed his 120th aerial victory on 27 February, four days later he went on home leave. During his vacation, he was presented the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross and married his fiancé, Christine Tischer, also known as Christl, in Tegernsee . The marriage produced three daughters, Ursula born 1943, Eva born 1945 and Dorothea born 1954. Barkhorn returned to his unit on 23 April. At
8715-478: Was credited with 301 victories on the Eastern Front piloting the Messerschmitt Bf 109 . In January 1945, he left JG 52 on the Eastern Front and joined Jagdgeschwader 6 (JG 6—6th Fighter Wing) as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander), defending Germany from Western Allied air attack. In April 1945, he joined Galland's Jagdverband 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) and surrendered to
8820-489: Was denied. On 28 September 1960, Barkhorn was promoted to Oberst (colonel). In May and June 1961, Barkhorn attended the 4. Staffel of the Waffenschule der Luftwaffe 10 (WaSLw 10—Air Force Weapons School 10) at Oldenburg Air Base . There, he was trained to fly the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter . In 1962, JaboG 31, under the command of Barkhorn, was the first unit to complete transition to
8925-468: Was flown on 29 March. In April and May, he learned to fly the Focke-Wulf Fw 44 and Bücker Bü 131 . On 1 June, he began learning aerobatics on the Gotha Go 145 . One of his flight instructors at the time was Franz Stigler who initially thought that Barkhorn was a bad pilot but later graduated him with good ratings. In December 1938, Barkhorn and the other flight students transferred from Dresden to
9030-494: Was forced to bail out near the Milo Airfield , Sicily. On 13 January 1944, Stigler was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 12. Staffel of JG 27. He succeeded Oberleutnant Werner Küffner who had been killed in action the day before. The Staffel was subordinated to IV. Gruppe of JG 27 under the command of Hauptmann Otto Meyer. On 13 May, Stigler was transferred and command of 12. Staffel
9135-535: Was given a military funeral , with many senior officers of the Bundesluftwaffe in attendance. Oberst Gert Overhoff, the Geschwaderkommodore of JaBoG 31 "Boelcke", carried his military decorations pillow. Generalleutnant Obleser, the Inspector of the Air Force, and Steinhoff gave a eulogy. According to US historian David T. Zabecki , Barkhorn claimed 301 victories in 1,100 combat missions. He
9240-720: Was helped from the jet. At the conclusion of the evaluation, Barkhorn then accompanied the American contingent to the U.S., where he assisted in that nation's continuing trials of six of the Kestrels that had been shipped to the U.S. and renamed the XV-6A. In April 1968, Barkhorn became a member of the Air Force Staff . He was then transferred to the Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force (4 ATAF) and
9345-568: Was posted to the Jagdfliegerschule Schleißheim , the fighter pilot school in Schleißheim . Training began on the He 51, on 10 October, training progressed to the Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun single-engine sport and touring aircraft. Barkhorn first flew the Messerschmitt Bf 109 on the morning of 21 October. His first aerial gunnery training was flown on the He 51 on 7 November, scoring 20 out of 100 hits,
9450-603: Was promoted to head of facility and service management. Following the decision of the Cabinet of Germany to rearm the Federal Republic of Germany , Barkhorn was approached by the Federal Ministry of Defense in late 1955. He accepted the offer, and on 2 January 1956 joined the newly created German Air Force , at the time referred to as the Bundesluftwaffe . On 19 June 1956, Barkhorn was again promoted to
9555-523: Was sent on home leave and married at Bad Wiessee on 10 September. Barkhorn, who was still recovering in Bad Wiessee at the time, attended the wedding and became Hartmann's best man. During his convalescence, Barkhorn had temporarily been replaced Hauptmann Helmut Lipfert until September, and by Hauptmann Heinrich Sturm until Barkhorn's return to II. Gruppe in October. Returning to his unit,
9660-482: Was shocked. After some sobering up, they were still intoxicated. Hartmann took a German officer's hat from a stand and put it on, but it was too large. Von Below became upset, told Hartmann it was Hitler's and ordered him to put it back. Barkhorn was sent on a propaganda tour in Germany, visited Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing) at Wunstorf Airfield and was promoted to Major (major) on 1 April 1944. He returned to his II. Gruppe in late April, which
9765-450: Was shot down by Soviet fighters and hospitalized for four months. On that day, Barkhorn was escorting Ju 87 dive bombers from III. Gruppe of Schlachtgeschwader 2 (SG 2—2nd Ground Attack Wing) headed by Major Hans-Ulrich Rudel on a ground support mission to the combat area at the Prut . Barkhorn claimed two P-39 fighters, an Il-2 ground attack aircraft and a Yak-9 fighter. He
9870-516: Was shot down nine times, bailed out once and was wounded twice. Author Spick states his total number of combat missions was 1,104. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims , researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 300 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. All of his aerial victories were claimed on the Eastern Front. The authors Daniel and Gabor Horvath compared Soviet enemy loss reports to Barkhorn's claims over Hungary. In
9975-542: Was subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 2 headed by Hauptmann Jürgen Roth. The Gruppe was equipped with the Bf 109 E and flew combat air patrols along Germany's western border during the " Phoney War " period of World War II. In total, Barkhorn flew on 22 such missions with JG 2. From 1 April until 30 June, Barkhorn was posted to Fliegerausbildungs-Regiment 10 (10th Aviators Training Regiment) based in Pardubitz , present-day Pardubice in
10080-665: Was suffering from severe physical and mental strain after four years of combat. Following the dismissal of Generalleutnant Adolf Galland as General der Jagdflieger (Inspector of Fighters), Galland was given the opportunity by Hitler to prove his ideas about the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. He had hoped that the Me 262 would compensate for the numerical superiority of the Allies . In consequence, Galland formed Jagdverband 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) at Brandenburg-Briest on 24 February 1945. Galland
10185-408: Was taken to Southampton and then with a ship to Cherbourg where he was interned in a prisoner of war camp near Foucarville . Barkhorn was released as a prisoner of war on 3 September 1945. He then returned to Tegernsee to be reunited with his family. There, he was also joined by his mother who had managed to escape from Königsberg . In October, Barkhorn's first employment as an auxiliary worker
10290-565: Was temporarily replaced by Semelka who was killed in action on 21 August. Command was then given to Leutnant Otto Leicher who was also killed in action. In consequence, Krupinski was transferred from 6. Staffel , taking command of 4. Staffel on 10 September. In July 1942, Barkhorn had destroyed 30 Soviet aircraft. While hospitalized, on 21 August 1942, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( Deutsches Kreuz in Gold ) and two days later
10395-546: Was the third pilot to reach this total, earning him a second named reference in the Wehrmachtbericht on 14 February. For several days, Barkhorn was grounded and did not fly any further combat missions. He claimed his next aerial victory on 25 February over a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber. On 2 March 1944, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern ). The presentation of
10500-453: Was then based at Chersonesus at Sevastopol . Barkhorn was credited with shooting down three Yakovlev Yak-7 fighters on 26 April, a further Yak-7 the following day, and again three Yak-7 fighters on 28 April. Barkhorn thus surpassed Walter Nowotny who at the time was credited with 256 aerial victories. On 25 May, Barkhorn was ordered to transfer one Staffel to the west in Defense of
10605-494: Was then given to Oberleutnant Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert . Stigler was then appointed Staffelkapitän of 8. Staffel of JG 27. He succeeded Oberleutnant Kurt Hammel who was transferred. On 15 August, 8. Staffel was renamed to 11. Staffel . When on 1 October, the Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe of JG 27, Major Ernst Düllberg , was transferred, Stigler temporarily assumed command of
10710-576: Was then shot down in his Bf 109 G-6 ( Werknummer 163195) by a P-39 fighter. Severely wounded in his right arm and leg, he made a forced landing near Iași . It had been his sixth mission of the day and he was attacking Soviet bombers when he was attacked from behind. Following immediate treatment at a field hospital in Huși, he was evacuated to Bad Wiessee for convalescence. With Barkhorn sidelined, Hartmann surpassed his total, taking his total to 301 aerial victories. Following this achievement, Hartmann
10815-570: Was thrown from the vehicle and killed instantly, while Barkhorn and von Loë were taken to a nearby hospital. Although Barkhorn had sustained severe internal injuries, he was still conscious when he arrived at the hospital. He asked the doctor about his wife, and learned that she had not survived the accident. Shortly afterwards, he fell into a coma. Von Loë died two days later. Barkhorn died on 11 January without regaining consciousness. On 14 January, Barkhorn and his wife were buried in Tegernsee. He
10920-492: Was transferred. Command of 4. Staffel was passed on to Leutnant Heinrich Sturm . On 5 September, he shot down Hero of the Soviet Union and Soviet fighter ace Nikolay Klepikov, an ace with 10 personal and 32 shared victories. This was offset by the loss of II. Gruppe ' s 173-victory ace Oberleutnant Heinz Schmidt . The two Lavochkin La-5s shot down by Barkhorn were his 165th and 166th aerial victories. Barkhorn reached
11025-669: Was with Linhof , a manufacturer of cameras, based in Munich . A year later, he found employment in Grünwald . His employment in Grünwald ended in 1949. Following a brief period of unemployment, he took a course at Volkswagen in November 1949. In December, he was hired by Auto Junk , a Volkswagen dealership in Trier , at first as head of technical field services. Four years later, Barkhorn
#731268