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123-455: Highway 201 , better known by its official names of Stoney Trail and Tsuut'ina Trail , is a 101-kilometre (63 mi) freeway that encircles Calgary , Alberta. It serves as a bypass for the congested routes of 16 Avenue N and Deerfoot Trail through Calgary ( Highways 1 and 2 , respectively). At its busiest point near Beddington Trail in north Calgary, the six-lane freeway carried nearly 70,000 vehicles per day in 2023, and forms part of

246-481: A CTrain extension. On October 12, 2011, 96 Avenue was opened from Stoney Trail west to 60 Street NE, accessible only from the south. The diamond interchange at McKnight Boulevard will be upgraded into a partial cloverleaf interchange when required. The project included a large cloverstack interchange at 16 Avenue NE. On March 2, 2009, the Alberta Government announced construction would be proceeding on

369-663: A dual highway ) in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn . It then rapidly constructed the first nationwide system of such roads. The first North American freeways (known as parkways) opened in the New York City area in the 1920s. Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway , the Preston By-pass ( M6 ), until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature an extensive network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel, or both. Many have

492-466: A median separates the opposite directions of traffic. This strip may be as simple as a grassy area, or may include a crash barrier such as a " Jersey barrier " or an "Ontario Tall Wall" to prevent head-on collisions . On some freeways, the two carriageways are built on different alignments; this may be done to make use of available corridors in a mountainous area or to provide narrower corridors through dense urban areas . Control of access relates to

615-560: A trumpet interchange only accessing 11th Street to the north of the Stoney Trail began in 2019, and was completed by 2023. No schedule has been set for constructing the other half of the interchange which would connect to a future 11th Street south of Stoney Trail to service undeveloped industrial land bounded to the east by Deerfoot Trail, north by Stoney Trail, west by the CPKCR right-of-way, and south by Country Hills Boulevard. During

738-442: A 90 degree corner to head straight south along the eastern edge of the city. It passes though interchanges at Country Hills Boulevard, Airport Trail and McKnight Boulevard before entering a free flowing combination interchange at Highway 1. From there it continues straight south along flat terrain passing through several more interchanges at 17th Avenue, Peigan Trail, Glenmore Trail and 114th Avenue before intersecting Highway 22X in

861-707: A cloverleaf and trumpet interchange when it opened in 1937, and until the Second World War , boasted the longest illuminated stretch of roadway built. A decade later, the first section of Highway 401 was opened, based on earlier designs. It has since gone on to become the busiest highway in the world. The word freeway was first used in February 1930 by Edward M. Bassett . Bassett argued that roads should be classified into three basic types: highways, parkways , and freeways. In Bassett's zoning and property law -based system, abutting property owners have

984-430: A combination interchange where Stoney Trail makes another 90 degree turn to begin heading west. After passing an interchange at 52nd street Stoney Trail reaches the combination Interchange at Deerfoot Trail (Highway 2) that marks the starting and ending point for the ring road. Despite being a relatively new highway, some sections of Stoney Trail have seen upgrades since they opened, including lane additions. Planning for

1107-507: A decade by the future prospect of their homes along 37 Street, adjacent to the proposed detour, being demolished. The section of the Southwest Calgary Ring Road passing through the exchanged reserve land was renamed to Tsuut’ina Trail and opened in fall 2020. On 28 August 2020, Costco opened its first store on First Nations land at 12905 Buffalo Run Blvd, becoming the first tenant at The Shops at Buffalo Run in

1230-620: A freeway, specialized pedestrian footbridges or tunnels may also be provided. These structures enable pedestrians and cyclists to cross the freeway at that point without a detour to the nearest road crossing. Access to freeways is typically provided only at grade-separated interchanges , though lower-standard right-in/right-out (left-in/left-out in countries that drive on the left) access can be used for direct connections to side roads. In many cases, sophisticated interchanges allow for smooth, uninterrupted transitions between intersecting freeways and busy arterial roads . However, sometimes it

1353-434: A larger number of guide signs than other roads, and the signs themselves are physically larger. Guide signs are often mounted on overpasses or overhead gantries so that drivers can see where each lane goes. Exit numbers are commonly derived from the exit's distance in miles or kilometers from the start of the freeway. In some areas, there are public rest areas or service areas on freeways, as well as emergency phones on

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1476-499: A legal status which limits the types of vehicles that can use a highway, as well as a road design that limits the points at which they can access it. Major arterial roads will often have partial access control , meaning that side roads will intersect the main road at grade, instead of using interchanges, but driveways may not connect directly to the main road, and drivers must use intersecting roads to access adjacent land. At arterial junctions with relatively quiet side roads, traffic

1599-494: A live artillery projectile was uncovered by summer floods . In 1996 Harvey Barracks and Currie Barracks (both part of the former CFB Calgary ) were decommissioned and troops stationed at these facilities were reassigned to a base in Edmonton. The Black Bear Crossing area of Harvey Barracks became a neighbourhood within the nation when homeless band members took residence in the 180 vacant Canadian Army housing units en masse as

1722-527: A milepost system but does not use milepost markers. In Europe and some other countries, motorways typically have similar characteristics such as: Two-lane freeways , often undivided, are sometimes built when traffic volumes are low or right-of-way is limited; they may be designed for easy conversion to one side of a four-lane freeway. (For example, most of the Bert T. Combs Mountain Parkway in eastern Kentucky

1845-447: A motorway is understood as a public road with dual carriageways and at least two lanes each way. All entrances and exits are signposted and all interchanges are grade separated. Central barrier or median present throughout the road. No crossing is permitted, while stopping is permitted only in an emergency. Restricted access to motor vehicles, prohibited to pedestrians, animals, pedal cycles, mopeds, agricultural vehicles. The minimum speed

1968-777: A national-level or even international-level (e.g. European E route ) system of route numbering . There are several international standards that give some definitions of words such as motorways, but there is no formal definition of the English language words such as freeway , motorway , and expressway , or of the equivalent words in other languages such as autoroute , Autobahn , autostrada , autocesta, autoput , that are accepted worldwide—in most cases these words are defined by local statute or design standards or regional international treaties. Descriptions that are widely used include: One green or blue symbol (like [REDACTED] ) appears at motorway entry in countries that follow

2091-600: A number of patterns. The actual pattern is determined by a number of factors including local topology, traffic density, land cost, building costs, type of road, etc. In some jurisdictions feeder/distributor lanes are common, especially for cloverleaf interchanges ; in others, such as the United Kingdom, where the roundabout interchange is common, feeder/distributor lanes are seldom seen. Motorways in Europe typically differ between exits and junctions. An exit leads out of

2214-624: A park and where intersecting streets crossed over bridges. The Southern State Parkway opened in 1927, while the Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by the Northern State Parkway (opened 1931) and the contiguous Grand Central Parkway (opened 1936). In Germany, construction of the Bonn-Cologne Autobahn began in 1929 and was opened in 1932 by Konrad Adenauer , then

2337-457: A private venture, was the world's first limited-access roadway. It included many modern features, including banked turns , guard rails and reinforced concrete tarmac . Traffic could turn left between the parkway and connectors, crossing oncoming traffic, so it was not a controlled-access highway (or "freeway" as later defined by the federal government's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ). Modern controlled-access highways originated in

2460-609: A reduction in deaths in a range from 20% to 50% on those sections. Speed, in Europe, is considered to be one of the main contributory factors to collisions. Some countries, such as France and Switzerland, have achieved a death reduction by a better monitoring of speed. Tools used for monitoring speed might be an increase in traffic density; improved speed enforcement and stricter regulation leading to driver license withdrawal; safety cameras; penalty point; and higher fines. Some other countries use automatic time-over-distance cameras (also known as section controls ) to manage speed. Fatigue

2583-722: A referendum by the Nation in 2009, and the City of Calgary announced that alternative plans would put the ring road on municipal and provincial lands only. Negotiations to locate the road on the reserve resumed in 2011. On October 24, 2013, members of the Tsuut'ina Nation voted in favour of accepting the offer from the Province of Alberta in a referendum to exchange 1.73 square kilometres (428 acres) of nation territory for an expansion of 8.7 square kilometres (2,160 acres) of Crown land . The Nation

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2706-541: A separate roadway or altogether eliminates it. In some parts of the world, notably parts of the US , frontage roads form an integral part of the freeway system. These parallel surface roads provide a transition between high-speed "through" traffic and local traffic. Frequent slip-ramps provide access between the freeway and the frontage road, which in turn provides direct access to local roads and businesses. Except on some two-lane freeways (and very rarely on wider freeways),

2829-510: A similar system of express and local lanes for a maximum width of 21 lanes on a 2-mile (3.2 km) segment between Interstate 805 and California State Route 56 . In Mississauga , Ontario, Highway 401 uses collector-express lanes for a total of 18 lanes through its intersection with Highway 403 / Highway 410 and Highway 427 . These wide freeways may use separate collector and express lanes to separate through traffic from local traffic, or special high-occupancy vehicle lanes , either as

2952-411: A special restriction on the innermost lane or a separate roadway, to encourage carpooling . These HOV lanes , or roadways open to all traffic, can be reversible lanes , providing more capacity in the direction of heavy traffic, and reversing direction before traffic switches. Sometimes a collector/distributor road , a shorter version of a local lane, shifts weaving between closely spaced interchanges to

3075-567: A steep excavated cut to meet Highway 1 in another large free flowing combination interchange. After passing though the Highway 1 interchange, 8 lanes of Stoney Trail cross the Bow River on a pair of high bridges before passing through an interchange at Nose Hill Drive and ascending a long hill past another interchange at Tuscany Boulevard/Scenic Acres Link and then a large modified cloverleaf interchange at Crowchild Trail (Highway 1A). From here

3198-473: A straight alignment with only two significant corners at the NE and SE edges of the city and has no hills or stream crossing along its length as it does not intersect any valleys. The interchanges on the east section tend to be more spaced apart than on the west section. Shortly after passing through the interchange at Deerfoot Trail, Stoney Trail passes though another interchange at Metis Trail . It then bends around

3321-507: A very large free flowing combination Interchange. Here the highway turns west exiting the Tsuu T'ina Reservation, once again becoming Stoney Trail. After passing an interchange at 69th Street/Discovery Ridge Boulevard Stoney Trail reaches a directional T interchange with Highway 8 where the ring road once again turns north and ascends Coach Hill passing through 3 interchanges (17th Avenue, Bow Trail and Old Banff Coach Road ) before dropping down

3444-531: A year ahead of the full extension to Deerfoot Trail. An interchange at Country Hills Boulevard was added to the northwest ring road project in January 2005 to replace the original signalized intersection built when this segment of the ring road was built in the 1990s. The original project scope had this remaining as a signalized intersection. The interchange opened to traffic in September 2008. A new interchange

3567-453: Is a type of highway that has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow—ingress and egress—regulated. Common English terms are freeway , motorway , and expressway . Other similar terms include throughway or thruway and parkway . Some of these may be limited-access highways , although this term can also refer to a class of highways with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following

3690-457: Is also a right away for a major free flowing interchange at the NE corner of the ring that will connect to a future bypass of Airdrie . The Alberta Ministry of Transportation and Economic Corridors' 2024 Construction Program shows a full interchange at Airport Trail is currently in the detailed designed phase and will be constructed within the next couple of years. Going clockwise: Controlled-access highway A controlled-access highway

3813-515: Is considered as a risk factor more specific to monotonous roads such as motorways, although such data are not monitored/recorded in many countries. According to Vinci Autoroutes , one third of accidents in French motorways are due to sleepy driving. Tsuu T%27ina 145 The reserve is located in the Calgary Region , bordering the City of Calgary to the northeast, east and southeast,

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3936-735: Is controlled mainly by two-way stop signs which do not impose significant interruptions on traffic using the main highway. Roundabouts are often used at busier intersections in Europe because they help minimize interruptions in flow, while traffic signals that create greater interference with traffic are still preferred in North America. There may be occasional interchanges with other major arterial roads. Examples include US 23 between SR 15 's eastern terminus and Delaware, Ohio , along with SR 15 between its eastern terminus and I-75 , US 30 , SR 29 / US 33 , and US 35 in western and central Ohio. This type of road

4059-655: Is necessary to exit onto a surface road to transfer from one freeway to another. One example in the United States (notorious for the resulting congestion) is the connection from Interstate 70 to the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( Interstate 70 and Interstate 76 ) through the town of Breezewood, Pennsylvania . Speed limits are generally higher on freeways and are occasionally nonexistent (as on much of Germany's Autobahn network). Because higher speeds reduce decision time, freeways are usually equipped with

4182-450: Is not lower than 50 km/h [31 mph] and the maximum speed is not higher than 130 km/h [81 mph] (except Germany where no speed limit is defined). Motorways are designed to carry heavy traffic at high speed with the lowest possible number of accidents. They are also designed to collect long-distance traffic from other roads, so that conflicts between long-distance traffic and local traffic are avoided. According to

4305-431: Is provided with separate carriageways for the two directions of traffic). Principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control (interchanges or junctions controlled by traffic lights). Other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads. In this view, CARE's definition stands that

4428-407: Is sometimes called an expressway . Freeways are usually limited to motor vehicles of a minimum power or weight; signs may prohibit cyclists , pedestrians and equestrians and impose a minimum speed. It is possible for non-motorized traffic to use facilities within the same right-of-way, such as sidewalks constructed along freeway-standard bridges and multi-use paths next to freeways such as

4551-480: Is specially sign-posted as a motorway and is reserved for specific categories of road motor vehicles." Urban motorways are also included in this definition. However, the respective national definitions and the type of roads covered may present slight differences in different EU countries. The first version of modern controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. The Long Island Motor Parkway on Long Island , New York , opened in 1908 as

4674-545: Is the result of several changes, including infrastructure safety and road user behavior (speed or seat belt use), while other matters such as vehicle safety and mobility patterns have an impact that has not been quantified. Motorways are the safest roads by design. While accounting for more than one quarter of all kilometres driven, they contributed only 8% of the total number of European road deaths in 2006. Germany's Federal Highway Research Institute provided International Road Traffic and Accident Database (IRTAD) statistics for

4797-408: Is two lanes, but work has begun to make all of it four-lane.) These are often called Super two roads. Several such roads are infamous for a high rate of lethal crashes; an outcome because they were designed for short sight distances (sufficient for freeways without oncoming traffic, but insufficient for the years in service as two-lane road with oncoming traffic). An example of such a "Highway to Hell"

4920-508: The Bow River valley and crosses the river. After exiting the valley it passes though an interchange at Chaparral Boulevard/Sun Valley Drive before meeting Macleod Trail at a free flowing combination interchange. From here the highway continues west though two more interchanges (6th Street/Sheriff King St and Spruce Meadows Drive/James Mckevitt Road) before reaching a left hand exit for Highway 22X where Stoney Trail curves north. From here

5043-494: The CANAMEX Corridor which connects Calgary to Edmonton and Interstate 15 in the United States via Highways 2 , 3 , and 4 . The official starting point of the ring is at Deerfoot Trail in southeast Calgary, with exit numbers increasing as the freeway proceeds clockwise. West of Deerfoot, it crosses the Bow River and Macleod Trail before turning north and becoming Tsuut'ina Trail as it crosses Fish Creek into

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5166-629: The Dartford Crossing (the furthest downstream public crossing of the River Thames ) or where it was not economic to build a motorway alongside the existing road such as the former Cumberland Gap . The A1 is a good example of piece-wise upgrading to motorway standard—as of January 2013, the 639-kilometre-long (397 mi) route had five stretches of motorway (designated as A1(M)), reducing to four stretches in March 2018 with completion of

5289-485: The Municipal District of Foothills No. 31 to the south and Rocky View County to the west and north. It is bound by Tsuut'ina Trail to the east, 146 Avenue SW to the south and Highway 22 and Wintergreen Road (Range Road 52) to the west, while Highway 8 is generally within 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of the reserve's northern boundary. The Hamlet of Bragg Creek is adjacent to the southwest corner of

5412-639: The Rocky Mountain foothills the west section of Stoney Trail intersects several hills and valleys with many stream crossings, broad sweeping curves and moderately steeps hills as it navigates its way though rolling terrain. Alberta Transportation defines the interchange between Stoney Trail and Deerfoot Trail (Highway 2) in Southern Calgary as the starting and ending point of the ring road with exits numbered clockwise. Starting from this interchange Stoney Trail heads west and immediately dips into

5535-867: The Suncoast Trail along the Suncoast Parkway in Florida . In some US jurisdictions, especially where freeways replace existing roads, non-motorized access on freeways is permitted. Different states of the United States have different laws. Cycling on freeways in Arizona may be prohibited only where there is an alternative route judged equal or better for cycling. Wyoming , the second least densely populated state, allows cycling on all freeways. Oregon allows bicycles except on specific urban freeways in Portland and Medford . In countries such as

5658-675: The Tsuutʼina Nation . North of the Elbow River , the name reverts to Stoney Trail as the highway bends west to a split from Highway 8 . It turns north across Highway 1 and a second crossing of the Bow River near Canada Olympic Park to Crowchild Trail , winding through the hills of northwest Calgary to Deerfoot Trail and the southern end of the Queen Elizabeth II Highway . Turning south, the ring again intersects Highway 1, crosses Glenmore Trail , and curves west at

5781-538: The United Kingdom new motorways require an Act of Parliament to ensure restricted right of way. Since upgrading an existing road (the "King's Highway") to a full motorway will result in extinguishing the right of access of certain groups such as pedestrians, cyclists and slow-moving traffic, many controlled access roads are not full motorways. In some cases motorways are linked by short stretches of road where alternative rights of way are not practicable such as

5904-424: The United Kingdom , do not distinguish between the two, but others make a distinction; for example, Germany uses the words Kreuz ("cross") or Dreieck ("triangle") for the former and Ausfahrt ("exit") for the latter. In all cases one road crosses the other via a bridge or a tunnel, as opposed to an at-grade crossing . The inter-connecting roads, or slip-roads , which link the two roads, can follow any one of

6027-467: The Vienna convention , the motorway qualification implies that walking and parking are forbidden. A fully controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals , intersections or property access . They are free of any at-grade crossings with other roads, railways, or pedestrian paths, which are instead carried by overpasses and underpasses . Entrances and exits to

6150-490: The shoulder at regular intervals. In the United States, mileposts usually start at the southern or westernmost point on the freeway (either its terminus or the state line). California , Ohio and Nevada use postmile systems in which the markers indicate mileage through the state's individual counties. However, Nevada and Ohio also use the standard milepost system concurrently with their respective postmile systems. California numbers its exits off its freeways according to

6273-466: The 21 km (13 mi) northeast portion of the freeway began in 2007 and opened to traffic on November 2, 2009, connecting the Deerfoot Trail interchange to 17 Avenue SE (formerly Highway 1A). In December 2005, Calgary had announced it was in talks with the province to expedite construction, and on February 22, 2007 Alberta's Ministry of Infrastructure and Transportation awarded a contract to

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6396-501: The A1(M) through North Yorkshire . The most frequent way freeways are laid out is by building them from the ground up after obstructions such as forestry or buildings are cleared away. Sometimes they deplete farmland, but other methods have been developed for economic, social and even environmental reasons. Full freeways are sometimes made by converting at-grade expressways or by replacing at-grade intersections with overpasses; however, in

6519-540: The Calgary and Edmonton ring roads began in the 1970s when Alberta developed some restricted development areas in a corridor of land then mostly outside the developed civic areas for future infrastructure, including high-speed ring-road systems. This land is also known as the Transportation and Utility Corridor (TUC), as land set aside for future road and utility purposes. Land acquisition started in 1974, and by

6642-484: The Government of Alberta announced a plan to replace the existing eastbound Stoney Trail bridge over the Bow River in south Calgary, widen the westbound bridge and build a new, stand-alone pedestrian bridge. The project will increase the number of lanes to four in each direction — currently the eastbound crossing has two lanes, while the westbound has three. In January 2021 PCL Construction won a $ 48 million contract for

6765-814: The Harvey Barracks. The land was ceded back to the nation in 1996 when the lease expired. As of 2014 the casino is exempt from province wide anti-smoking legislation and caters to smoking gamblers. As well, the facility provides clean air for non smoking gamblers via a $ 2 million air filtration system. According to gambling researcher Gary Smith, the Grey Eagle Casino's proximity to nearby Mount Royal University might cause for concern as an addictive influence among susceptible students. Students might be tempted to spend their leisure time there or enticed to eat there. However, representatives from Grey Eagle and Mount Royal Vice President Duane Anderson, said that

6888-522: The Nenshi and Big Plume negotiated tentative agreements to ensure the security of greater access safety services such as emergency medical services , police, and fire. Chief Whitney mentions that Nenshi's negotiations has warmed relationships and influenced the nation's decision to resume negotiations. The city agreed to provide utilities such as water to support the expansion of the Grey Eagle Casino to serve as water works and possible extension throughout

7011-626: The Stoney Trail Group public-private partnership consortium (P3) for construction of the project's first stage, and maintenance of the northwest and northeast sections of the ring road for 30 years following completion. Major interchanges along the northeast route include Métis Trail (which serves as an alternate link to the CrossIron Mills shopping area north of the city) Country Hills Boulevard , McKnight Boulevard , and 16 Avenue NE (Highway 1). A partial cloverleaf interchange

7134-548: The TUC map created uncertainty in the future positioning of the southwest leg of the freeway. In 2013, a land acquisition agreement was signed by Alberta with the Tsuut'ina Nation, and construction began in 2016. The northwest quadrant of the ring road was the first to be constructed. In the mid-1990s, the province of Alberta built the first segment around the Bow River Bridge connecting Highway 1 with Crowchild Trail. This

7257-581: The Taza development. Taza will have an area of over 4.9 square kilometres (1,200 acres) and is situated adjacent to Calgary's southwestern border. Taza is planned to consist of three villages: Taza Park. Taza Crossing, and Taza Exchange. Taza Exchange is the first to open and is the location of The Shops at Buffalo Run. In July 2023, the UCP government signed an agreement with the Tsuu Tʼina pledging $ 30 million for

7380-402: The Tsuut'ina authorities under the leadership of Chief Roy Whitney took the initiative and founded an ordnance disposal company entitled the "Wolf's Flat Ordnance Disposal Corp". In the 1950s, three Tsuut'ina citizens, a grandmother and her grandchildren, were injured while berry picking. Her grandchild examined an explosive which detonated. The accident prompted the foundation of the service which

7503-412: The Tsuut'ina community in the future. In 2013 Tsuut'ina Police and Calgary Police commenced a professional relationship to cooperate in a joint effort to protect the bordering growing communities. They will share expertise and improve communications. Sgt. Steve Burton, the liaison, will help share his knowledge of criminal psychology as he learns about the Tsuut'ina community. The Tsuut'ina nation and

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7626-409: The US, any at-grade intersection that ends a freeway often remains an at-grade intersection. Often, when there is a two-lane undivided freeway or expressway, it is converted by constructing a parallel twin corridor, and leaving a median between the two travel directions. The median-side travel lane of the old two-way corridor becomes a passing lane. Other techniques involve building a new carriageway on

7749-484: The United States, allow for limited exceptions: some movable bridges , for instance the Interstate Bridge on Interstate 5 between Oregon and Washington , do require drivers to stop for ship traffic. The crossing of freeways by other routes is typically achieved with grade separation either in the form of underpasses or overpasses . In addition to sidewalks (pavements) attached to roads that cross

7872-712: The Vienna Convention. Exits are marked with another symbol: [REDACTED] . The definitions of "motorway" from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical. In the European Union , for statistical and safety purposes, some distinction might be made between motorway and expressway . For instance a principal arterial might be considered as: Roads serving long distance and mainly interurban movements. Includes motorways (urban or rural) and expressways (road which does not serve properties bordering on it and which

7995-475: The acquisition of lands on the reserve to build a portion of the Calgary ring road, Stoney Trail. The Glenmore Reservoir , which is one of Calgary's sources of drinking water, is a major cause of traffic problems. The ring road connects from about the Sarcee Trail–Glenmore Trail intersection to Alberta Highway 22X , alleviating traffic congestion in the south. The route of this ring road cuts across

8118-413: The area, stating that there was no danger of exposure to asbestos. The area grew into a neighbourhood housing 800 residents and was served by the Tsuut'ina Police. However, in 2006, Health Canada declared the buildings unfit to live in, citing asbestos contamination, and the tribal council ordered the buildings evacuated. The housing units were demolished in 2009. Alberta Transportation had long pursued

8241-425: The bridge structure in 2011 towards a phased opening in 2012–2013. The McKenzie Lake Boulevard / Cranston Boulevard intersection was upgraded to a modified diamond interchange; work on this interchange began 2010 and by fall 2011 the bridge structure had been erected. The interchange design is a modified diamond and integrates into the nearby cloverstack interchange at Deerfoot Trail. A partial cloverleaf interchange

8364-793: The bridge. The Queen Elizabeth II Bridge / Dartford tunnel at London Orbital is an example of this. London Orbital or the M25 is a motorway surrounding London , but at the last River Thames crossing before its mouth, motorway rules do not apply. (At this crossing the London Orbital is labeled A282 instead.) A few of the more common types of junction are shown below: There are many differences between countries in their geography, economy, traffic growth, highway system size, degree of urbanization and motorization, etc.; all of which need to be taken into consideration when comparisons are made. According to some EU papers, safety progress on motorways

8487-423: The casino had not had a significant influence since opening in 2007. The concern of the expanded casino's influence upon Mount Royal University's student body remains. Mount Royal University's student wellness centre provides information and assistance for students with addictive vices such as gambling. The Grey Eagle Casino began a major expansion, including construction of a hotel, in 2012. However, residents of

8610-492: The common European definition, a motorway is defined as "a road, specially designed and built for motor traffic, which does not serve properties bordering on it, and which: (a) is provided, except at special points or temporarily, with separate carriageways for the two directions of traffic, separated from each other, either by a dividing strip not intended for traffic, or exceptionally by other means; (b) does not cross at level with any road, railway or tramway track, or footpath; (c)

8733-429: The construction of a flyover at 80th Avenue NE to connect to a new neighbourhood east of Stoney Trail. The single lane flyover will not be open for regular road traffic and will only be used by transit, emergency vehicles and active transportation . The Calgary ring road is designed with expansion in mind. All sections of the highway are designed to be support a future 8 to 10 lanes without major interchange rebuilds while

8856-407: The corner of the reserve bordering the reservoir. Opposition to the proposed road came from the environmental community, which did not want major infrastructure built through land considered valuable to a fragile ecosystem. There were discussions on and off regarding commencement of this project since the early 1990s. The land swap necessary to build the ring road through the reserve was rejected in

8979-517: The early 1920s in response to the rapidly increasing use of the automobile , the demand for faster movement between cities and as a consequence of improvements in paving processes, techniques and materials. These original high-speed roads were referred to as " dual highways " and have been modernized and are still in use today. Italy was the first country in the world to build controlled-access highways reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Motorway"),

9102-414: The east side of the bridge structure from the west side. As of December 2011, construction of the interchange had started with grading of the interchange ramps and piling installation. 52 Street interchange was completed with the rest of the project on November 22, 2013. At 88 Street SE, Stoney Trail intersects with 22X with a hybrid interchange. An existing intersection at 88 Street SE was removed. Grading

9225-521: The extension opened in 2013, the City officially renamed this portion of 22X as part of Stoney Trail, and the province designated it as part of Highway 201. Highway 22X continues west of Macleod Trail as Spruce Meadows Trail, while 22X continues east of Stoney Trail toward Gleichen . An interchange was constructed at Sun Valley Boulevard / Chaparral Boulevard, upgraded from the existing intersection. The original project schedule from June 2010 had interchange construction starting in 2010 with construction of

9348-476: The federal government settled on compensation for the flooding caused by the creation of the Glenmore Reservoir in 1930. The federal government compensated the nation with $ 20 million in 2013. The compensation was divided by half for the greater community and $ 5,500 for each member of the tribe. In 2007, the Tsuut'ina constructed the Grey Eagle Casino outside city limits on land formerly occupied by

9471-485: The first built in the world, connecting Milan to Lake Como and Lake Maggiore , and now parts of the A8 and A9 motorways, was devised by Piero Puricelli and was inaugurated in 1924. This motorway, called autostrada , contained only one lane in each direction and no interchanges. The Bronx River Parkway was the first road in North America to utilize a median strip to separate the opposing lanes, to be constructed through

9594-412: The first half of the 20th century. Italy was the first country in the world to build controlled-access highways reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924, A8 , connecting Milan to Varese . Germany began to build its first controlled-access autobahn without speed limits (30 kilometres [19 mi] on what is now A555 , then referred to as

9717-504: The highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads (ramps), which allow for speed changes between the highway and arterials and collector roads . On the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety, while increasing traffic capacity and speed. Controlled-access highways evolved during

9840-452: The highway follows the western edge of the city passing through interchanges at 162nd Avenue and Fish Creek Boulevard before crossing Fish Creek itself on a pair of bridges carrying 8 lanes of traffic. At this point Stoney Trail enters the Tsuu T'ina Nation Reservation and Highway 201's name changes to Tsuut'ina Trail to reflect this. The highway continues past a major new shopping development on

9963-402: The highway levels out and begins to make a broad turn through Northwest Calgary passing through interchanges at Country Hills Boulevard , Sarcee Trail, Shaganappi Trail and Beddington Trail before crossing West Nose Creek. It then climbs up a small hill, turns completely east and passes though interchanges at 14th Street, Harvest Hills Boulevard/Center Street and 11th Street before reaching

10086-600: The large free flowing combination interchange at Deerfoot Trail (Highway 2) which is one of the largest Interchanges in Western Canada by footprint area. The section of Stoney/Tsuut'ina Trail between Highway 22X and Highway 8 has an extremely wide median to allow for future expansion of up to 16 lanes if required. Unlike in West Calgary the terrain in East Calgary is flat and therefore Stoney Trail follows

10209-469: The mayor of Cologne . The German Autobahn became the first nationwide highway system. In Canada , the first precursor with semi-controlled access was The Middle Road between Hamilton and Toronto , which featured a median divider between opposing traffic flow, as well as the nation's first cloverleaf interchange . This highway developed into the Queen Elizabeth Way , which featured

10332-400: The motorway system, whilst a junction is a crossing between motorways or a split/merge of two motorways. The motorway rules end at exits, but not at junctions. However, on some bridges, motorways, without changing appearance, temporarily end between the two exits closest to the bridge (or tunnel), and continue as dual carriageways . This is in order to give slower vehicles a possibility to use

10455-419: The nation is designated as Tsuut'ina Trail. The final 4 km connecting Fish Creek Boulevard to Highway 22X opened one year later, on October 2, 2021. The southwest leg extended Stoney Trail from Macleod Trail to Highway 8, continuing west towards the next section that at the time was under construction. The west leg, connecting Highway 8 to Highway 1 on the west side of Calgary, began construction in 2019 and

10578-493: The nation suffered a housing shortage in 1998. Initially they were denied permission by both the Tsuut'ina tribal authorities and by the Department of National Defence whose lease was still effective. There were concerns that asbestos had been used in the insulation of the housing units and there was still unexploded ordnance in the vicinity of the neighbourhood. The Department of National Defence later relinquished control of

10701-498: The neighbourhood of Mahogany back to Deerfoot Trail, completing the ring. The freeway's "Stoney" name is derived from the Nakoda First Nation , one of several major thoroughfares in the region that bear Indigenous names. Construction first began in northwest Calgary as an expressway in the 1990s, incrementally extending clockwise towards Deerfoot Trail before two public–private partnership (P3) projects completed

10824-487: The neighbouring Lakeview community raised concern for potential increases in traffic. In 2014, the Grey Eagle Casino underwent a renovation, and a new hotel/conference facility and event centre were added. Northern portions of Tsuut'ina land were leased by the Department of National Defence and used to train Canadian Army personnel in live fire operations between 1901–1996. The Harvey Barracks camp, "Camp Harvey",

10947-523: The northeast and southeast sections in 2009 and 2013, respectively. After decades of struggling to acquire right of way from the adjacent Tsuutʼina Nation for the southwest portion of the road, Alberta finally struck a CA$ 275 million deal in 2013 with the Nation that included a transfer of Crown land and other compensation, allowing completion of the southwest quadrant in 2021. A final short segment between Highways 1 and 8 opened in 2023, some 70 years after Calgary city planners had first presented plans for

11070-439: The other. Other methods involve constructing a service drive that shortens the long driveways (typically by less than 100 metres (330 ft)). An interchange or a junction is a highway layout that permits traffic from one controlled-access highway to access another and vice versa, whereas an access point is a highway layout where traffic from a distributor or local road can join a controlled-access highway. Some countries, such as

11193-467: The project was finished in 2009. This interchange opened in July 2009, when the segment from Sarcee Trail to Harvest Hills Boulevard was opened a few months ahead of the full extension to Deerfoot Trail. Originally, Alberta Transportation intended only to construct a flyover at Shaganappi Trail, with no connections to the northwest ring road when the project was initiated but was upgraded to an interchange when

11316-427: The project was finished in 2009. This interchange opened in July 2009 when the segment from Sarcee Trail to Harvest Hills Boulevard was opened a few months ahead of the full extension to Deerfoot Trail. At Sarcee Trail a signalized intersection was initially constructed, but upgraded to an interchange when the project was completed. The segment from Country Hills Boulevard to Sarcee Trail was opened on November 25, 2008,

11439-722: The project with the addition of three additional interchanges at Crowchild Trail, Country Hills Boulevard and Scenic Acres Link. In addition to increasing costs, the project was delayed and the full extension to Deerfoot Trail was not opened until November 2, 2009, although some sections were opened earlier. The portion of the ring road between Harvest Hills Boulevard and Deerfoot Trail opened to traffic on November 2, 2009. 30,000 to 40,000 vehicles were expected to use this segment daily. Actual peak traffic volumes exceeded 40,000 vpd between Crowchild Trail and Country Hills Boulevard in 2010. The northwest ring road opened on November 2, 2009, with traffic signals at Harvest Hills Boulevard but grading

11562-471: The project. The Alberta government first estimated the project would cost a total of $ 70 million, but later said the total estimated cost – which includes engineering and utility relocations – has decreased to $ 60 million. Construction on the project started in April 2021 and was expected to be completed in fall 2023 but was delayed to early 2024. In 2023 the city of Calgary began

11685-477: The rate is higher than the risk on urban roads. Speeds are higher on rural roads and autobahns than urban roads, increasing the severity potential of a crash. According to ETSC, German motorways without a speed limit, but with a 130 km/h (81 mph) speed recommendation, are 25% more deadly than motorways with a speed limit. Germany also introduced some 130 km/h (81 mph) speed limits on various motorway sections that were not limited. This generated

11808-541: The remaining portion of the East Freeway from 17 Avenue SE to Highway 22X, as well as improvements to the existing Highway 22X roadway between that location and just east of the Macleod Trail ( Highway 2A ) interchange. This portion, like the northeastern portion, was built as a P3 . Three firms bid on the contract: Chinook Partnership, SEConnect and SE Calgary Connector Group. The winning bid of $ 769 million

11931-492: The reservation serviced by a small half-diamond interchange at 130th Avenue and a larger combination interchange at Anderson Road . It then veers away from the edge of the city cutting through a corner of the reservation and passing a small interchange for 90th Avenue. It then descends across a wide causeway to cross the Elbow River on a 10 lane bridge before meeting Glenmore Trail and Sarcee Trail and two smaller roads in

12054-673: The reserve within Rocky View County across Highway 8. In the 2011 Census , Tsuut'ina had a population of 1,777 living in 540 of its 565 total dwellings. Statistics Canada subsequently amended the 2011 census results to a population of 2,052 living in 630 of its 655 total dwellings. With a land area of 283.18 km (109.34 sq mi), it had a population density of 7.2/km (18.8/sq mi) in 2011. Throughout his term as Calgary mayor, Naheed Nenshi met frequently with former Chiefs Roy Whitney, Sandford Big Plume, to discuss matters of mutual assistance with growth. In 2011,

12177-643: The rights of light , air and access to highways, but not parkways and freeways; the latter two are distinguished in that the purpose of a parkway is recreation, while the purpose of a freeway is movement. Thus, as originally conceived, a freeway is simply a strip of public land devoted to movement to which abutting property owners do not have rights of light, air or access. Freeways, by definition, have no at-grade intersections with other roads, railroads or multi-use trails . Therefore, no traffic signals are needed and through traffic on freeways does not normally need to stop at traffic signals. Some countries, such as

12300-485: The ring road. Stoney Trail encircles all of Calgary. The northern and southern sections create a northern and eastern bypass link between Highway 1 ( Trans-Canada Highway ) and Deerfoot Trail (Highway 2). Most of the highway is 6 lanes except for several short 8 lane sections in West Calgary and a 4 lane section in Northeast Calgary. Due to the western side of the city being located in the outer limits of

12423-463: The route would bisect prime agricultural and scenically aesthetic land. He also said that the vague wording of previous attempted agreements contributed to reluctance in the past to agree on negotiations. Chief Roy Whitney anticipated the road would bring development along the route that could benefit the Nation including the Grey Eagle Casino resort development. Residents of Calgary's Lakeview neighbourhood were also relieved as they were troubled for over

12546-539: The section between Highway 22X and Highway 8 is designed to hold a future 16 lanes in a express-collector arrangement as the Tsuut'tina reservation will prevent another freeway from being built farther from the city in that area. Several incomplete or graded interchanges such as at Highway 22X W (the current free flowing interchange is designed to accommodate a future south leg), 96th Avenue, 11th Street, 36th Street (north), Airport Trail and 130th Avenue are designed to be easily built into full interchanges when required. There

12669-432: The side of a divided highway that has a lot of private access on one side and sometimes has long driveways on the other side since an easement for widening comes into place, especially in rural areas. When a third carriageway is added, sometimes it can shift a directional carriageway by 20–60 metres (50–200 ft) (or maybe more depending on land availability) as a way to retain private access on one side that favors over

12792-504: The summer of 2021 a 14 kilometre section of Stoney Trail in East Calgary between Airport Trail and 17 Ave E was widened from 4 to 6 lanes. Between 2021 and 2023 the City of Calgary twinned the overpasses at the Shaganappi Trail and Harvest Hills Blvd/Center Street interchanges to increase through lane capacity on the connecting roads from a total of 3 to 6 lanes in response to new development north of Stoney Trail. In late 2020,

12915-411: The terminus of the freeway since 2009, was upgraded to a partial cloverleaf interchange. On October 1, 2020, the northern section of the southwest leg of Stoney Trail opened. This extended the total length by 9 km, from Glenmore Trail to Fish Creek Boulevard. This section was built on the Tsuut'ina Nation, and was brought with many delays. Construction began in 2016, and the segment that goes through

13038-513: The time the ring road projects were initiated, Alberta had acquired 97% of the lands. The Calgary TUC failed to include a corridor in southwest Calgary between Glenmore Trail and Highway 22X. The City of Calgary is bounded along 37 Street SW by the Tsuut'ina Nation. The developed areas of Calgary had already reached 37 Street SW around the Glenmore Reservoir inhibiting the ability of the government to impose an RDA. The missing link in

13161-406: The year 2010, comparing overall fatality rates with motorway rates (regardless of traffic intensity): The German autobahn network illustrates the safety trade-offs of controlled access highways. The injury crash rate is very low on autobahns, while 22 people died per 1,000 injury crashes—although autobahns have a lower rate than the 29 deaths per 1,000 injury accidents on conventional rural roads,

13284-443: Was European route E4 from Gävle to Axmartavlan , Sweden. The high rate of crashes with severe personal injuries on that (and similar) roads did not cease until a median crash barrier was installed, transforming the fatal crashes into non-fatal crashes. Otherwise, freeways typically have at least two lanes in each direction; some busy ones can have as many as 16 or more lanes in total. In San Diego, California , Interstate 5 has

13407-416: Was a 1.5-square-kilometre (380-acre) parcel. The Tsuut'ina Nation resumed sovereignty of Harvey Barracks in 2006 after the Government of Canada conducted de-mining operations for 15 years to dispose of unexploded ordnance , such as artillery projectiles, mortar shells, hand grenades, and live cartridges. Altogether 49 square kilometres (12,000 acres) of land were returned to the Tsuu T'ina Nation. In 1986,

13530-478: Was a right-in-right-out access south of Stoney Trail into the Panorama Hills neighbourhood at 14th Street. Planning for the construction of a right-in-right-out access north of Stoney Trail at 14th Street was announced in 2014 and completed the following year. The City of Calgary began construction of a full interchange at the 14th Street location in 2019 which was completed by September 2021. Construction on

13653-518: Was added. The full interchange opened to traffic in the fall of 2009. Following the completion of the Crowchild Trail interchange, the only remaining traffic signals were at the intersection with Nose Hill Drive. Aecom was retained in the spring of 2010 to plan, design and administer construction of this interchange to be open in the fall of 2012. Design and public information delays caused Alberta Transportation to revise its expectations and it

13776-418: Was also completed for a future interchange at 130 Avenue. A similar partial cloverleaf interchange was constructed at a slightly realigned 114 Avenue SE. The interchange fully opened on November 22, 2013. Partial cloverleaf interchanges were constructed at Glenmore and Peigan Trails. Peigan Trail was also extended from 52 Street to Stoney Trail as a result. The existing 17 Avenue SE intersection, which had been

13899-619: Was announced on January 28, 2005, for Crowchild Trail as part of an upgrade to the $ 250 million project. Plans to extend the CTrain resulted in changes to the design of the interchange. The Crowchild Interchange was constructed along a pre-existing portion of Stoney Trail, and the design was modified to be free-flowing and to include an LRT bridge to allow for the CTrain to be extended west to Tuscany station . The Crowchild interchange fully opened to traffic on September 28, 2011. In January 2005, an interchange at Tuscany Boulveard/Scenic Acres Link

14022-482: Was announced that construction of the interchange would commence in early 2011 and be completed in the fall of 2013. However, the tender process was slow to be initiated and it was not until November 17, 2011 that Alberta Transportation announced the Nose Hill Drive interchange would be built by Acciona Infrastructure Canada at a cost of $ 67 million and be opened to traffic in the fall of 2014. Construction of

14145-418: Was built at Métis Trail, a north–south expressway. The City of Calgary opened the extension of Métis Trail between 80 and 96 Avenues NE on October 29, 2011. Right-in/right-out ramps to 60 Street NE from eastbound Stoney Trail were completed on November 22, 2019. Grading has been completed for a future interchange at 60 Street NE that will be completed when required, and may also be future right of way for

14268-425: Was compensated with $ 66 million with relocation assistance and $ 275 million. Chief Roy Whitney signed the accord with Premier Alison Redford on November 27, 2013. Utilities such as a high pressured gas line and electronic Enmax substation were rerouted along the road route. The decision was difficult as considerations such as relocation troubled the community. Also, according to tribe spokesperson Peter Manywounds,

14391-507: Was completed for a future possible interchange. On November 25, 2009, the province announced construction of the Harvest Hills Boulevard Interchange to be opening in fall 2010. The cost of the interchange project was $ 14 million. The interchange opened to traffic in 2010. A signalized intersection was initially constructed at Beddington Trail and Symons Valley Road, but it was upgraded to an interchange when

14514-400: Was constructed at 52 Street SE. The original project schedule from June 2010 had this interchange fully opening in the fall of 2013 with traffic on the new structure in the summer of 2012 with construction starting in 2011. The revised project schedule of June 2011 still indicated a fall 2013 opening, the only significant difference is the temporary constructions detour road has been shifted to

14637-452: Was held the day before including speeches from government officials, including Premier Danielle Smith and Calgary Mayor Jyoti Gondek. The completion and opening of this leg marked the completion of Highway 201 that now completely encircles the city of Calgary. When the northwest section of Stoney Trail opened in 2009, grading was prepared for future A4 partial cloverleaf interchanges at 14 Street NW and 11th Street NE. For many years there

14760-405: Was named after an honoured elder. The company is expected to flourish as land leases for military bases across North America expire. The company has gained a worldwide reputation and serves countries which suffer from unexploded ordnance on their lands. After decades of extensive ordnance clearance by the company and the Government of Canada, occasionally live ordnance is still discovered. In 2013,

14883-485: Was originally sechduled to be completed in Fall 2023. The project was delayed to a completion date of April 2024. By the beginning of October 2023, a portion of this leg from Bow Trail SW to Highway 1 was opened for use. On December 19, 2023, the last remaining leg of Stoney Trail was fully completed many months ahead of the anticipated completion date and only about 1–2 months delayed from the original. A ribbon cutting ceremony

15006-581: Was submitted by Chinook Roads Partnership. Chinook Roads Partnership will also be responsible for maintenance of this portion of the Ring Road, as well as maintenance of Deerfoot Trail between Highway 22X and Highway 2A for 30 years after construction completion. Construction on the southeast leg began in the spring of 2010, and was opened on November 22, 2013, almost two months behind schedule. The southeast extension of Stoney Trail also resulted in upgrades to Highway 22X between Stoney and Macleod Trails. When

15129-406: Was subsequently extended to Country Hills Boulevard. In 2003, the province announced plans for a 17-kilometre (11 mi) extension east to Deerfoot Trail. The original design was limited in scope and incorporated two interchanges, one flyover and two signalized intersections with completion scheduled in 2007 at a cost of $ 250 million. In January 2005, the province announced an increase in scope of

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