Misplaced Pages

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68-413: The HSTS Policy is communicated by the server to the user agent via an HTTP response header field named Strict-Transport-Security . HSTS Policy specifies a period of time during which the user agent should only access the server in a secure fashion. Websites using HSTS often do not accept clear text HTTP, either by rejecting connections over HTTP or systematically redirecting users to HTTPS (though this

136-688: A binary protocol , where headers are encoded in a single HEADERS and zero or more CONTINUATION frames using HPACK (HTTP/2) or QPACK (HTTP/3), which both provide efficient header compression. The request or response line from HTTP/1 has also been replaced by several pseudo-header fields, each beginning with a colon ( : ). A core set of fields is standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC   9110 and 9111 . The Field Names , Header Fields and Repository of Provisional Registrations are maintained by

204-512: A carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF) character sequence. The end of the header section is indicated by an empty field line, resulting in the transmission of two consecutive CR-LF pairs. In the past, long lines could be folded into multiple lines; continuation lines are indicated by the presence of a space (SP) or horizontal tab (HT) as the first character on the next line. This folding was deprecated in RFC 7230. HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 instead use

272-498: A "HSTS preloaded list", which is a list that contains known sites supporting HSTS. This list is distributed with the browser so that it uses HTTPS for the initial request to the listed sites as well. As previously mentioned, these pre-loaded lists cannot scale to cover the entire Web. A potential solution might be achieved by using DNS records to declare HSTS Policy, and accessing them securely via DNSSEC , optionally with certificate fingerprints to ensure validity (which requires running

340-452: A "Reading Mode" that strips unnecessary formatting from pages to improve their legibility. Edge also has a new feature called vertical tabs which allow users to move tabs on the left side of the screen. Preliminary support for browser extensions was added in March 2016, with build 14291, three extensions were initially supported. Microsoft indicated that the delay in allowing extensions and

408-587: A "pre-loaded" list of HSTS sites. Unfortunately this solution cannot scale to include all websites on the internet. See limitations , below. HSTS can also help to prevent having one's cookie-based website login credentials stolen by widely available tools such as Firesheep . Because HSTS is time limited, it is sensitive to attacks involving shifting the victim's computer time e.g. using false NTP packets. The initial request remains unprotected from active attacks if it uses an insecure protocol such as plain HTTP or if

476-560: A 14% share, slightly behind Safari's 16% share. As of September 2022 , Edge is used by 11% of PCs worldwide. Microsoft Edge is the default web browser, replacing Internet Explorer 11 and Internet Explorer Mobile . As its development and release is dependent on the model of Windows as a service , it is not included in Windows Enterprise Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC) builds. Microsoft initially announced that Edge would support

544-717: A Microsoft browser was available on the Mac platform. The last time a Microsoft browser was available on the Mac platform was Internet Explorer for Mac , which was withdrawn in January 2006. On June 18, 2019, IAmA post on Reddit , an Edge developer stated that it was theoretically possible for a Linux version to be developed in the future, but no work had actually started on that possibility. On June 19, 2019, Microsoft made Edge available on old Windows versions for testing. On August 20, 2019, Microsoft made its first beta build of Edge available for Windows and macOS. August 2019 also saw

612-455: A Web browser, will automatically upgrade to HTTPS without making an HTTP request, thereby preventing any HTTP man-in-the-middle attack from occurring. The HSTS specification was published as RFC 6797 on 19 November 2012 after being approved on 2 October 2012 by the IESG for publication as a Proposed Standard RFC . The authors originally submitted it as an Internet Draft on 17 June 2010. With

680-484: A best effort not to write it to disk (i.e not to cache it). The request that a resource should not be cached is no guarantee that it will not be written to disk. In particular, the HTTP/1.1 definition draws a distinction between history stores and caches. If the user navigates back to a previous page a browser may still show you a page that has been stored on disk in the history store. This is correct behavior according to

748-637: A beta version of Edge for Linux would be available in preview form in October 2020. This comes after the company announced in November 2019 that a Linux version would be developed and confirmed in May 2020 that the Linux version was in development. The first preview build for Linux was released on October 20, 2020. Full support for the new Edge on older Windows versions was scheduled to end on January 15, 2022, but

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816-423: A browser or proxy to not use the cache contents merely based on "freshness criteria" of the cache content. Another common way to prevent old content from being shown to the user without validation is Cache-Control: max-age=0 . This instructs the user agent that the content is stale and should be validated before use. The header field Cache-Control: no-store is intended to instruct a browser application to make

884-416: A cumulative monthly security update which replaced Edge Legacy with the new Chromium-based Edge. EdgeHTML is the proprietary browser engine originally developed for Edge. It is a fork of MSHTML (Trident) with all legacy code of older versions of Internet Explorer removed, with the majority of its source code rewritten to support web standards and interoperability with other modern browsers. EdgeHTML

952-603: A few weeks after release, showed that user uptake of Edge was low, with only 2% of overall computer users using the new browser. Among Windows 10 users, usage peaked at 20% and then dropped to 14% through August 2015. In October 2015, a security researcher published a report outlining a bug in Edge's "InPrivate" mode, causing data related to visited sites to still be cached in the user's profile directory, theoretically making it possible for others to determine sites visited. The bug gained mainstream attention in early February 2016, and

1020-488: A greatly reduced ability to intercept requests and responses between a user and a web application server while the user's browser has HSTS Policy in effect for that web application. The most important security vulnerability that HSTS can fix is SSL-stripping man-in-the-middle attacks , first publicly introduced by Moxie Marlinspike in his 2009 BlackHat Federal talk "New Tricks For Defeating SSL In Practice". The SSL (and TLS ) stripping attack works by transparently converting

1088-572: A header over an HTTPS connection (HSTS headers over HTTP are ignored). For example, a server could send a header such that future requests to the domain for the next year (max-age is specified in seconds; 31,536,000 is equal to one non-leap year) use only HTTPS: Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000 . When a web application issues HSTS Policy to user agents, conformant user agents behave as follows: The HSTS Policy helps protect web application users against some passive ( eavesdropping ) and active network attacks . A man-in-the-middle attacker has

1156-598: A list of strings sent and received by both the client program and server on every HTTP request and response. These headers are usually invisible to the end-user and are only processed or logged by the server and client applications. They define how information sent/received through the connection are encoded (as in Content-Encoding ), the session verification and identification of the client (as in browser cookies , IP address, user-agent ) or their anonymity thereof (VPN or proxy masking, user-agent spoofing), how

1224-479: A secure HTTPS connection into a plain HTTP connection. The user can see that the connection is insecure, but crucially there is no way of knowing whether the connection should be secure. At the time of Marlinspike's talk, many websites did not use TLS/SSL, therefore there was no way of knowing (without prior knowledge) whether the use of plain HTTP was due to an attack, or simply because the website had not implemented TLS/SSL. Additionally, no warnings are presented to

1292-400: A time earlier than the response time. Notice that no-cache is not instructing the browser or proxies about whether or not to cache the content. It just tells the browser and proxies to validate the cache content with the server before using it (this is done by using If-Modified-Since, If-Unmodified-Since, If-Match, If-None-Match attributes mentioned above). Sending a no-cache value thus instructs

1360-636: A validating resolver to avoid last mile issues). Junade Ali has noted that HSTS is ineffective against the use of phony domains; by using DNS-based attacks, it is possible for a man-in-the-middle interceptor to serve traffic from an artificial domain which is not on the HSTS Preload list, this can be made possible by DNS Spoofing Attacks, or simply a domain name that misleadingly resembles the real domain name such as www.example.org instead of www.example.com . Even with an HSTS preloaded list, HSTS cannot prevent advanced attacks against TLS itself, such as

1428-571: A web page that makes multiple HTTP requests to selected domains, for example, if twenty browser requests to twenty different domains are used, theoretically over one million visitors can be distinguished (2) due to the resulting requests arriving via HTTP vs. HTTPS; the latter being the previously recorded binary "bits" established earlier via HSTS headers. Depending on the actual deployment there are certain threats (e.g. cookie injection attacks) that can be avoided by following best practices. List of HTTP header fields HTTP header fields are

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1496-504: A web server responds with Cache-Control: no-cache then a web browser or other caching system (intermediate proxies) must not use the response to satisfy subsequent requests without first checking with the originating server (this process is called validation). This header field is part of HTTP version 1.1, and is ignored by some caches and browsers. It may be simulated by setting the Expires HTTP version 1.0 header field value to

1564-554: A weight to use in content negotiation . For example, a browser may indicate that it accepts information in German or English, with German as preferred by setting the q value for de higher than that of en , as follows: Accept-Language: de; q=1.0, en; q=0.5 The standard imposes no limits to the size of each header field name or value, or to the number of fields. However, most servers, clients, and proxy software impose some limits for practical and security reasons. For example,

1632-472: Is accessible from the browser's offline error page and can also be accessed by entering edge://surf into the address bar. The game features three game modes (classic, time trial, and slalom), has character customization, and supports keyboard, mouse, touch, and gamepad controls. Its gameplay has been compared to the 1991 Microsoft video game SkiFree . In 2021, Surf was updated with limited-time seasonal theming resembling SkiFree . Instead of surfing,

1700-679: Is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , but not under the GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed. Microsoft Edge Microsoft Edge (or simply nicknamed Edge ) is a proprietary cross-platform web browser created by Microsoft . Released in 2015 along with both Windows 10 and Xbox One , it was initially built with Microsoft's own proprietary browser engine , EdgeHTML , and their Chakra JavaScript engine . Later on, it

1768-409: Is not required by the specification). The consequence of this is that a user-agent not capable of doing TLS will not be able to connect to the site. The protection only applies after a user has visited the site at least once, relying on the principle of " trust on first use ". The way this protection works is that when a user entering or selecting an HTTP (not HTTPS) URL to the site, the client, such as

1836-524: Is the X-REQUEST-ID http header?" , authored by Stefan Kögl at Stack Exchange, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , but not under the GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed. As of this edit , this article uses content from "Why does ASP.NET framework add the 'X-Powered-By:ASP.NET' HTTP Header in responses?" , authored by Adrian Grigore at Stack Exchange, which

1904-631: Is written in C++ . The rendering engine was first released as an experimental option in Internet Explorer 11 as part of the Windows 10 Preview 9926 build. EdgeHTML is meant to be fully compatible with the WebKit layout engine used by Safari and other browsers. Microsoft stated their original acceptance criteria: "Any Edge–WebKit differences are bugs that we're interested in fixing." A review of

1972-514: The BEAST or CRIME attacks introduced by Juliano Rizzo and Thai Duong. Attacks against TLS itself are orthogonal to HSTS policy enforcement. Neither can it protect against attacks on the server - if someone compromises it, it will happily serve any content over TLS. HSTS can be used to near-indelibly tag visiting browsers with recoverable identifying data ( supercookies ) which can persist in and out of browser " incognito " privacy modes. By creating

2040-464: The Chromium source code, using the same browser engine as Google Chrome but with enhancements developed by Microsoft. It was also announced that there will be versions of Edge available for older Windows versions, including Windows 7 and Windows 8 . x , and macOS , plus that all versions will be updated on a more frequent basis. According to Microsoft executive Joe Belfiore , the decision for

2108-580: The HTML5test . Chrome 44 and Firefox 42 scored 479 and 434 respectively, while Internet Explorer 11 scored 312. In August 2015, Microsoft released Windows 10 Build 10532 to insiders, which included Edge 21.10532.0. This beta version scored 445 out of 555 points on the HTML5test. In July 2016, with the release of Windows 10 Build 14390 to insiders, the HTML5 test score of the browser's development version

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2176-464: The IANA . Additional field names and permissible values may be defined by each application. Header field names are case-insensitive. This is in contrast to HTTP method names (GET, POST, etc.), which are case-sensitive. HTTP/2 makes some restrictions on specific header fields (see below). Non-standard header fields were conventionally marked by prefixing the field name with X- but this convention

2244-589: The New Xbox Experience Update . On November 18, 2015, the update was to Mobile. Finally, on November 19, 2015, the update was also made available as part of the Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 4. In November 2017, Microsoft released ports of Edge for Android and iOS . The apps feature integration and synchronization with the desktop version on Windows PCs. Due to platform restrictions and other factors, these ports do not use

2312-452: The URI for the initial request was obtained over an insecure channel . The same applies to the first request after the activity period specified in the advertised HSTS Policy max-age (sites should set a period of several days or months depending on user activity and behavior). Google Chrome , Mozilla Firefox , and Internet Explorer / Microsoft Edge address this limitation by implementing

2380-1078: The Apache 2.3 server by default limits the size of each field to 8,190 bytes, and there can be at most 100 header fields in a single request. Must not be used with HTTP/2. Connection: Upgrade Mandatory since HTTP/1.1. If the request is generated directly in HTTP/2, it should not be used. Host: en.wikipedia.org Only trailers is supported in HTTP/2. Must not be used with HTTP/2. Must not be used in HTTP/2. DNT: 0 (Do Not Track Disabled) X-Forwarded-For: 129.78.138.66, 129.78.64.103 X-Forwarded-Host: en.wikipedia.org Must not be used with HTTP/2. X-Correlation-ID, Correlation-ID When using HTTP/2, servers should instead send an ALTSVC frame. Must not be used with HTTP/2. Permanent Must not be used with HTTP/2. Must not be used in HTTP/2 Timing-Allow-Origin: <origin>[, <origin>]* If

2448-529: The Canary, Dev, and Beta channels the "Microsoft Edge insider channels". As a result, Edge updates were decoupled from new versions of Windows. Major versions of Edge Stable are now scheduled for release every 4 weeks, closely following Chromium version releases. In May 2020, an update to Microsoft Edge added Surf , a browser game where players control a surfer attempting to evade obstacles and collect powerups. Similar to Google Chrome's Dinosaur Game , Surf

2516-425: The HTTP/1.0 spec, has the same purpose. It, however, is only defined for the request header. Its meaning in a response header is not specified. The behavior of Pragma: no-cache in a response is implementation specific. While some user agents do pay attention to this field in responses, the HTTP/1.1 RFC specifically warns against relying on this behavior. As of this edit , this article uses content from "What

2584-661: The Hub, a sidebar providing functionality similar to Internet Explorer's Downloads manager and Favorites Center. Edge features a built-in PDF reader, and supports WebAssembly . Until January 2021, Edge also featured an integrated Adobe Flash Player (with an internal whitelist allowing Flash applets on Facebook websites to load automatically, bypassing all other security controls requiring user activation). Edge does not support legacy technologies such as ActiveX and Browser Helper Objects , instead it uses an extension system based on

2652-412: The best battery performance. Edge sends the images that the users view online to Microsoft servers by default, although Microsoft has stated that it encrypts images before transfer. In an August 2015 review of Windows 10 by Dan Grabham of TechRadar , Microsoft Edge was praised for its performance, despite not being in a feature-complete state at launch. Andrew Cunningham of Ars Technica praised

2720-599: The browser for being "tremendously promising" and "a much better browser than Internet Explorer ever was" but criticized it for its lack of functionality on launch. Thom Holwerda of OSNews criticized Edge in August 2015 for its hidden URL bar, lack of user friendliness, poor design and a tab system that is "so utterly broken it should never have shipped in a final release". He described the browser's implemented features as "some sort of cosmic joke", saying that "infuriating doesn't even begin to describe it". Data from August 2015,

2788-430: The browser. These pre-release builds were known as "Edge Preview". Every major release of Windows included an updated version of Edge and its render engine. On April 8, 2019, Microsoft announced the introduction of four preview channels: Canary , Dev , Beta , and Stable and launched the Canary and Dev channels that same day with the first preview builds, for those channels, of the new Edge. Microsoft collectively calls

HTTP Strict Transport Security - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-405: The change came after CEO Satya Nadella told the team in 2017 that the product needed to be better and pushed for replacing its in-house rendering engine with an open source one. On April 8, 2019, the first builds of the new Edge for Windows were released to the public. On May 20, 2019, the first preview builds of Edge for macOS were released to the public, marking the first time in 13 years that

2924-673: The conversion to an Internet Draft, the specification name was altered from "Strict Transport Security" (STS) to "HTTP Strict Transport Security", because the specification applies only to HTTP . The HTTP response header field defined in the HSTS specification however remains named "Strict-Transport-Security". The last so-called "community version" of the then-named "STS" specification was published on 18 December 2009, with revisions based on community feedback. The original draft specification by Jeff Hodges from PayPal , Collin Jackson, and Adam Barth

2992-430: The cross-browser WebExtension API. Internet Explorer 11 remained available alongside Edge for compatibility until 2023, when it was removed. It did not use the Edge engine as was previously announced. In Windows 11 , Edge became the only browser available from Microsoft. However, it includes an "Internet Explorer mode", aimed at fixing compatibility issues; it provides the legacy MSHTML browser engine and supports

3060-413: The desktop and mobile versions of Windows. Microsoft officially unveiled "Spartan" during a Windows-focused keynote on January 21, 2015. It was described as a separate product from Internet Explorer, its final name was not announced. "Spartan" was first made publicly available as the default browser of Windows 10 Technical Preview build 10049, released on March 30, 2015. The new engine used by "Spartan"

3128-529: The engine in the beta Windows 10 build by AnandTech found substantial benchmark improvements over MSHTML (Trident), particularly its new Chakra JavaScript engine performance, which had come up to par with that of Google Chrome. Other benchmarks focusing on the performance of the WebGL API found EdgeHTML to perform much better than Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox . Codenamed " Anaheim ", on December 6, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to base Edge on

3196-598: The first beta release of Edge in Windows 10 Build 10049—had drastically better JavaScript performance due to the new Chakra than MSHTML (Trident) 7 using the older Chakra in Internet Explorer 11 , with similar performance to Google Chrome 41 and Mozilla Firefox 37. In the SunSpider benchmark, Edge performed faster than other browsers, while in other benchmarks it operated slower than Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Opera . Later benchmarks conducted with

3264-484: The legacy MSHTML browser engine and supports the legacy ActiveX and BHO technologies. In February 2023, according to StatCounter , Microsoft Edge became the third most popular browser in the world, behind Apple Safari and Chrome, while as of December 2023 Edge is second most popular PC/desktop web browser with Safari sliding to 3rd place. In the United States, Edge is the third most popular, where it has

3332-421: The legacy ActiveX and BHO technologies. Edge integrates with Microsoft's online platforms to provide voice control, search functionality, and dynamic information related to searches within the address bar. Users can make annotations to web pages that can be stored to and shared with OneDrive , and can save HTML and MHTML pages to their computers. It also integrates with the "Reading List" function and provides

3400-520: The legacy MSHTML (Trident) browser engine for backward compatibility , but later said that, due to "strong feedback", Edge would use a new engine, while Internet Explorer would continue to provide the legacy engine. The developer toolset of the EdgeHTML-based versions featured an option to emulate the rendering behaviour ("document mode") of Internet Explorer versions 5 to 11. Favorites, reading list, browsing history and downloads are viewed at

3468-551: The original browser (now referred to as Microsoft Edge Legacy ). Edge is also available on older Windows versions until early 2023, as well as Linux . Although it was created as the successor to Internet Explorer (IE), Internet Explorer 11 remained available alongside Edge for compatibility until 2023, when it was removed. In Windows 11 , Edge is the only browser available from Microsoft (for compatibility with Google Chrome ). However, it includes an "Internet Explorer mode," aimed at fixing compatibility issues; it provides

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3536-565: The player skis down a mountain while being chased by a yeti . In December 2014, writing for ZDNet , technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was developing a new web browser codenamed " Spartan ". She said that "Spartan" would be treated as a new product separate from Internet Explorer, with Internet Explorer 11 retained alongside it for compatibility. In early January 2015, The Verge obtained further details surrounding "Spartan" from sources close to Microsoft, including reports that it would replace Internet Explorer on both

3604-437: The preview program for the next version of Microsoft Edge. They released version 20.10512 to Mobile users. 6 days later followed by version 20.10525 for desktop users. The preview received multiple updates. On November 5, 2015, Microsoft released version 25.10586 as the final release for Edge's second public release for desktop users. On November 12, 2015, the update was rolled out to both desktop users and Xbox One users as part of

3672-538: The removal of Microsoft Edge Legacy's support for the EPUB file format. At Microsoft Ignite, Microsoft released an updated version of the Edge logo. The new Edge was released on January 15, 2020, and was gradually rolled out to all Windows 10 users. The new Edge was also rolled out to Windows users via Windows Update . Windows Vista and earlier were not supported at the time Edge started supporting older Windows versions. On September 22, 2020, Microsoft announced that

3740-493: The same layout engine as the desktop version and instead use OS-native WebKit -based engines. In April 2018, Edge added tab audio muting. In June 2018, support for the Web Authentication specifications were added to Windows Insider builds, with support for Windows Hello and external security tokens. Microsoft stopped supporting Microsoft Edge Legacy on March 9, 2021. On April 13, 2021, Microsoft released

3808-502: The same time. A new feature "Workspaces" was introduced, which basically lets the user create different spaces for various things. These workspaces are also collaborative, users can invite friends or colleagues and seamlessly have completely separate workspace for collaboration. Microsoft Edge Legacy's release cadence was tied to the Windows release cycle and used the Windows Insider Program to preview new versions of

3876-521: The server should handle data (as in Do-Not-Track ), the age (the time it has resided in a shared cache ) of the document being downloaded, amongst others. In HTTP version 1.x, header fields are transmitted after the request line (in case of a request HTTP message) or the response line (in case of a response HTTP message), which is the first line of a message. Header fields are colon-separated key-value pairs in clear-text string format, terminated by

3944-516: The small number was due to security concerns. As of December 2022, there are more than 9,000 extensions—called add-ons —available for Edge. On February 7, 2023, Microsoft announced a major overhaul to Edge, revamping the user interface with Fluent Design , along with adding a Bing Chat (later known as Microsoft Copilot ) button, which replaces the Discover button. Microsoft also added compatibility for split screen i.e. 2 tabs can be viewed at

4012-449: The specification. Many user agents show different behavior in loading pages from the history store or cache depending on whether the protocol is HTTP or HTTPS. The Cache-Control: no-cache HTTP/1.1 header field is also intended for use in requests made by the client. It is a means for the browser to tell the server and any intermediate caches that it wants a fresh version of the resource. The Pragma: no-cache header field, defined in

4080-471: The user during the downgrade process, making the attack fairly subtle to all but the most vigilant. Marlinspike's sslstrip tool fully automates the attack. HSTS addresses this problem by informing the browser that connections to the site should always use TLS/SSL. The HSTS header can be stripped by the attacker if this is the user's first visit. Google Chrome , Mozilla Firefox , Internet Explorer , and Microsoft Edge attempt to limit this problem by including

4148-524: The version included in 10122 showed significant performance improvement compared to both IE11 and Edge back in 10049. According to Microsoft's benchmark result, this iteration of Edge performed better than both Chrome and Firefox in Google's Octane 2.0 and Apple's Jetstream benchmark. Edge originally lacked support for open media standards such as WebM and Opus , but these were later added in Edge 14.14291. In July 2015, Edge scored 377 out of 555 points on

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4216-413: Was ported to Android and iOS as a fork of Google 's Chromium open-source project . In late 2018, Microsoft announced it would completely rebuild Edge as a Chromium -based browser with Blink and V8 engines, which allowed the browser to be ported to macOS . The new Edge was publicly released in January 2020, and on Xbox platforms in 2021. Microsoft has since terminated security support for

4284-628: Was 460 out of 555 points. Chrome 51 scored 497, Firefox 47 scored 456, and Safari 9.1 scored 370. In June 2017, Edge 17 had scored 492/555 on HTML5test . In June 2016, Microsoft published benchmark results to prove the superior power efficiency of Edge in comparison to all other major web browsers. Opera questioned the accuracy and provided their own test results where Opera came out on top. Independent testing by PC World confirmed Microsoft's results. However, tests conducted by Linus Sebastian in June 2017 instead showed that, at that time, Chrome had

4352-531: Was available in Windows builds as part of Internet Explorer 11, Microsoft later announced that Internet Explorer would be deprecated on Windows and would not use the "Spartan" engine. On April 29, 2015, during the Build Conference keynote, it was announced that "Spartan" would officially be known as Microsoft Edge. The browser's logo and branding were designed to maintain continuity with the branding of Internet Explorer. The Project "Spartan" branding

4420-461: Was deprecated in June 2012 because of the inconveniences it caused when non-standard fields became standard. An earlier restriction on use of Downgraded- was lifted in March 2013. A few fields can contain comments (i.e. in User-Agent, Server, Via fields), which can be ignored by software. Many field values may contain a quality ( q ) key-value pair separated by equals sign , specifying

4488-523: Was later extended to January 15, 2023. On April 29, 2022, Microsoft announced integrated VPN support for Microsoft Edge, coming in line with this privacy feature with Chrome and Firefox. There will be a free version of the integrated Edge VPN available but is limited to 1 GB of data transfer. Initial release of the Chromium-based version Early benchmarks of the EdgeHTML engine—included in

4556-484: Was published on 18 September 2009. The HSTS specification is based on original work by Jackson and Barth as described in their paper "ForceHTTPS: Protecting High-Security Web Sites from Network Attacks". Additionally, HSTS is the realization of one facet of an overall vision for improving web security, put forward by Jeff Hodges and Andy Steingruebl in their 2010 paper The Need for Coherent Web Security Policy Framework(s) . A server implements an HSTS policy by supplying

4624-451: Was used in versions released after Build 2015. On June 25, 2015, Microsoft released version 19.10149 for Windows 10 Mobile which included the new brand. On June 28, 2015, version 20.10158 followed for the desktop versions, also including the updated branding. On July 15, 2015, Microsoft released version 20.10240 as the final release to Insiders. The same version was rolled out to consumers on July 29, 2015. On August 12, 2015, Microsoft started

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