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78-544: [REDACTED] Look up strife in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Strife may refer to: Mythology [ edit ] Eris (mythology) , in Greek mythology the goddess of discord, whose name means 'strife' Bellona (goddess) , Roman counterpart of Eris, and a war goddess Enyalius , a son of Eris and god of strife Tano Akora , god of war, thunder and strife in

156-557: A rooster which now always announces the arrival of the sun in the morning, as a way of apologizing to Ares. The Chorus of Aeschylus ' Suppliants (written 463 BC) refers to Ares as Aphrodite's "mortal-destroying bedfellow". In the Illiad , Ares helps the Trojans because of his affection for their divine protector, Aphrodite; she thus redirects his innate destructive savagery to her own purposes. In one archaic myth, related only in

234-588: A Marvel Comics supervillain, particularly of the X-Men and related teams Strafe (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Strife . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strife&oldid=1239291797 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

312-534: A bird of evil omen and Ares and Hermes fulfilled her wish by choosing the woodpecker for her, a good omen for hunters. Sometimes poets and dramatists recounted ancient traditions, which varied, and sometimes they invented new details; later scholiasts might draw on either or simply guess. Thus while Phobos and Deimos were regularly described as offspring of Ares, others listed here such as Meleager , Sinope and Solymus were sometimes said to be children of Ares and sometimes given other fathers. The following

390-481: A coastal island in the Black Sea . Ares plays a central role in the founding myth of Thebes , as the progenitor of the water-dragon slain by Cadmus . The dragon's teeth were sown into the ground as if a crop and sprang up as the fully armored autochthonic Spartoi . Cadmus placed himself in the god's service for eight years to atone for killing the dragon. To further propitiate Ares, Cadmus married Harmonia ,

468-401: A daughter of Ares's union with Aphrodite. In this way, Cadmus harmonized all strife and founded the city of Thebes. In reality, Thebes came to dominate Boeotia 's great and fertile plain, which in both history and myth was a battleground for competing polities. According to Plutarch, the plain was anciently described as "The dancing-floor of Ares". In Homer's Odyssey , in the tale sung by

546-454: A form of Hestia ), Api and Papaios in Scythia's divine hierarchy. His cult object was an iron sword. The "Scythian Ares" was offered blood-sacrifices (or ritual killings) of cattle, horses and "one in every hundred human war-captives", whose blood was used to douse the sword. Statues, and complex platform-altars made of heaped brushwood were devoted to him. This sword-cult, or one very similar,

624-573: A limited role in Greek mythology . When he does appear, he is often humiliated. In the Trojan War , Aphrodite , protector of Troy, persuades Ares to take the Trojans' side. The Trojans lose, while Ares' sister Athena helps the Greeks to victory. Most famously, when the craftsman-god Hephaestus discovers his wife Aphrodite is having an affair with Ares, he traps the lovers in a net and exposes them to

702-403: A much later interpolated detail, Ares put the young soldier Alectryon , who was Ares companion in drinking and even love-making, by his door to warn them of Helios's arrival as Helios would tell Hephaestus of Aphrodite's infidelity if the two were discovered, but Alectryon fell asleep on guard duty. Helios discovered the two and alerted Hephaestus. The furious Ares turned the sleepy Alectryon into

780-550: A peaceful deity for you, once he has driven the enemy horde far from your country, and he will give rise to prosperity much prayed for." This Ares karpodotes ("giver of Fruits") is well attested in Lycia and Pisidia. Like most Greek deities, Ares was given animal sacrifice; in Sparta, after battle, he was given an ox for a victory by stratagem, or a rooster for victory through onslaught. The usual recipient of sacrifice before battle

858-627: A puppy to Enyalios before engaging in a hand-to-hand "fight without rules" at the Phoebaeum. The chthonic night-time sacrifice of a dog to Enyalios became assimilated to the cult of Ares. Porphyry claims, without detail, that Apollodorus of Athens (circa second century BC) says the Spartans made human sacrifices to Ares, but this may be a reference to mythic pre-history. A Thracian god identified by Herodotus ( c.  484 – c.  425 BC ) as Ares, through interpretatio Graeca ,

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936-459: A savage, dangerous, or militarized quality; but when Ares does appear in myths, he typically faces humiliation. In the Iliad, Zeus expresses a recurring Greek revulsion toward the god when Ares returns wounded and complaining from the battlefield at Troy : Then looking at him darkly Zeus who gathers the clouds spoke to him: "Do not sit beside me and whine, you double-faced liar. To me you are

1014-411: A thunderbolt. Ares had a romantic liaison with Eos , the goddess of the dawn . Aphrodite discovered them, and in anger she cursed Eos with insatiable lust for men. By a woman named Teirene he had a daughter named Thrassa , who in turn had a daughter named Polyphonte . Polyphonte was cursed by Aphrodite to love and mate with a bear, producing two sons, Agrius and Oreius , who were hubristic toward

1092-550: A warlike Aphrodite, on the Spartan acropolis. Gonzalez observes, in his 2005 survey of Ares' cults in Asia Minor, that cults to Ares on the Greek mainland may have been more common than some sources assert. Wars between Greek states were endemic; war and warriors provided Ares's tribute, and fed his insatiable appetite for battle. Ares' attributes are instruments of war: a helmet, shield, and sword or spear. Libanius "makes

1170-473: Is a list of Ares' offspring, by various mothers. Beside each offspring, the earliest source to record the parentage is given, along with the century to which the source dates. The nearest counterpart of Ares among the Roman gods is Mars , a son of Jupiter and Juno , pre-eminent among the Roman army's military gods but originally an agricultural deity. As a father of Romulus , Rome's legendary founder, Mars

1248-479: Is by necessity that they honor the oppressive Strife, by the plans of the immortals. But the other one gloomy Night bore first; and Cronus’ high-throned son, who dwells in the aether, set it in the roots of the earth, and it is much better for men. It rouses even the helpless man to work. For a man who is not working but who looks at some other man, a rich one who is hastening to plow and plant and set his house in order, he envies him, one neighbor envying his neighbor who

1326-463: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Eris (mythology) The name derives from the noun eris , with stem erid- , which means "strife, discord" and is of uncertain etymology; connections with the verb ὀρίνειν orínein "to raise, stir, excite" and the proper name Ἐρινύες Erinyes have been suggested. R. S. P. Beekes sees no strong evidence for this relation and excludes

1404-476: Is hastening toward wealth: and this Strife is good for mortals. Antoninus Liberalis , in his Metamorphoses , involves Eris in the story of Polytechnus and Aedon , who claimed to love each other more than Hera and Zeus. This angered Hera, so she sent Eris to wreak discord upon them. Eris is mentioned many times in Quintus Smyrnaeus ' Posthomerica , which covers the time period between the end of

1482-591: Is one of the Twelve Olympians , and the son of Zeus and Hera . The Greeks were ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for success in war but can also personify sheer brutality and bloodlust, in contrast to his sister Athena , whose martial functions include military strategy and generalship. An association with Ares endows places, objects, and other deities with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality. Although Ares' name shows his origins as Mycenaean , his reputation for savagery

1560-608: Is said to have persisted among the Alans . Some have posited that the " Sword of Mars " in later European history alludes to the Huns having adopted Ares. In some parts of Asia Minor, Ares was a prominent oracular deity , something not found in any Hellennic cult to Ares or Roman cult to Mars. Ares was linked in some regions or polities with a local god or cultic hero, and recognised as a higher, more prestigious deity than in mainland Greece. His cults in southern Asia Minor are attested from

1638-511: Is unleashed in the thirteenth month." Ares was held screaming and howling in the urn until Hermes rescued him, and Artemis tricked the Aloadae into slaying each other. In Nonnus 's Dionysiaca , in the war between Cronus and Zeus, Ares killed an unnamed giant son of Echidna who was allied with Cronus, and described as spitting "horrible poison" and having "snaky" feet. In the 2nd century AD Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis , when

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1716-665: The Iliad and the beginning of his Odyssey . Just as in the Iliad , the Posthomerica Eris is the instigator of conflict, does not take sides, shouts, and delights in the carnage of battle. Eris is also mentioned in the Dionysiaca of Nonnus . At the start of the epic confrontation between Zeus and Typhon , Nonnus has Nike (Victory) lead Zeus into battle, and Eris lead Typhon , and in another passage has Eris, with

1794-580: The Iliad , the word ares is used as a common noun synonymous with "battle." In the Classical period , Ares is given the epithet Enyalios , which seems to appear on the Mycenaean KN V 52 tablet as 𐀁𐀝𐀷𐀪𐀍 , e-nu-wa-ri-jo . Enyalios was sometimes identified with Ares and sometimes differentiated from him as another war god with separate cult, even in the same town; Burkert describes them as "doubles almost". In mainland Greece and

1872-561: The Achaeans but Aphrodite persuades him to side with the Trojans . During the war, Diomedes fights Hector and sees Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Diomedes calls for his soldiers to withdraw. Zeus grants Athena permission to drive Ares from the battlefield. Encouraged by Hera and Athena, Diomedes thrusts with his spear at Ares. Athena drives the spear home, and all sides tremble at Ares's cries. Ares flees to Mount Olympus , forcing

1950-690: The Akom religion . However, he protects others from strife and death Fiction and entertainment [ edit ] Strife (play) , a play by John Galsworthy, first produced in 1909 Strife (1996 video game) , a 1996 video game Strife (2015 video game) , a 2015 video game Cloud Strife , the protagonist in the Final Fantasy VII game Strife (Australian TV series) , a 2023 TV series Music [ edit ] Strife (band) , an American hardcore band "Strife" (song) , by Trivium, 2013 See also [ edit ] Stryfe ,

2028-527: The Iliad by the goddess Dione to her daughter Aphrodite, two chthonic giants, the Aloadae , named Otus and Ephialtes, bound Ares in chains and imprisoned him in a bronze urn, where he remained for thirteen months, a lunar year . "And that would have been the end of Ares and his appetite for war, if the beautiful Eriboea, the young giants' stepmother, had not told Hermes what they had done," she related. In this, [Burkert] suspects "a festival of licence which

2106-495: The Iliad . However, unlike Apollo, Athena and several other of the Olympians, Eris does not participate in active combat, nor take sides in the war. Her role in the Iliad is that of "the rouser of armies", urging both armies to fight each other. In Book 4, she is one of the divinities (along with Ares, Athena, Deimos ("Terror"), and Phobos ("Rout") urging the armies to battle, with head lowered at first, but soon raised up to

2184-666: The Peloponnese , only a few places are known to have had a formal temple and cult of Ares. Pausanias (2nd century AD) notes an altar to Ares at Olympia , and the moving of a Temple of Ares to the Athenian agora during the reign of Augustus , essentially rededicating it (2 AD) as a Roman temple to the Augustan Mars Ultor . The Areopagus ("mount of Ares"), a natural rock outcrop in Athens, some distance from

2262-503: The goddess or personification of the Greek war-cry, whose name Ares uses as his own war-cry. Ares's sister Hebe ("Youth") also draws baths for him. According to Pausanias , local inhabitants of Therapne , Sparta , recognized Thero , "feral, savage," as a nurse of Ares. Though Ares plays a relatively limited role in Greek mythology as represented in literary narratives, his numerous love affairs and abundant offspring are often alluded to. The union of Ares and Aphrodite created

2340-525: The "sister" of Ares . However, according to Hesiod 's Theogony , Eris is the daughter of Nyx (Night), being among the many children Nyx produced without a partner. These siblings of Eris include personifications—like Eris—of several "loathsome" ( στυγερός ) things, such as Moros ("Doom"), Thanatos ("Death"), the Moirai ("Fates"), Nemesis ("Indignation"), Apate ("Deceit"), and Geras ("Old Age"). Like her mother Nyx, Hesiod has Eris as

2418-466: The 5th century BC and well into the later Roman Imperial era, at 29 different sites, and on over 70 local coin issues. He is sometimes represented on coinage of the region by the "Helmet of Ares" or carrying a spear and a shield, or as a fully armed warrior, sometimes accompanied by a female deity. In what is now western Turkey, the Hellenistic city of Metropolis built a monumental temple to Ares as

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2496-597: The Acropolis, was supposedly where Ares was tried and acquitted by the gods for his revenge-killing of Poseidon 's son, Halirrhothius , who had raped Ares' daughter Alcippe . Its name was used for the court that met there, mostly to investigate and try potential cases of treason. Numismatist M. Jessop Price states that Ares "typified the traditional Spartan character", but had no important cult in Sparta; and he never occurs on Spartan coins. Pausanias gives two examples of his cult, both of them conjointly with or "within"

2574-532: The Archaic and Classical eras connects Ares and Aphrodite as complementary companions and ideal though adulterous lovers, their cult pairing and Aphrodite as warrior-protector is localised to Crete. In Africa, Maḥrem , the principal god of the kings of Aksum prior to the 4th century AD, was invoked as Ares in Greek inscriptions. The anonymous king who commissioned the Monumentum Adulitanum in

2652-513: The Cycle, describes events preceding those that occur in the Iliad , the second poem in the Cycle. According to a prose summary of the now lost Cypria , Eris, acting according to the plans of Zeus and Themis to bring about the Trojan War, instigates a nekios ('feud') between the three goddesses over "beauty" (presumably over who of the three was the most beautiful), while they were attending

2730-479: The Greek army by shouting: Zeus sent Strife to the swift ships of the Achaeans, gruesome Strife, holding in her hands a portent of war. And she stood by Odysseus’ black ship, huge of hull, that was in the middle so that a shout could reach to either end, both to the huts of Aias, son of Telamon, and to those of Achilles; for these had drawn up their shapely ships at the furthermost ends, trusting in their valor and

2808-455: The Greeks' association of Ares with the Thracians , whom they regarded as a barbarous and warlike people. Thrace was considered to be Ares's birthplace and his refuge after the affair with Aphrodite was exposed to the general mockery of the other gods. A late-6th-century BC funerary inscription from Attica emphasizes the consequences of coming under Ares's sway: Stay and mourn at

2886-554: The Seven Seas against Sinbad and his allies. The dwarf planet Eris was named after this Greek goddess in 2006. In 2019, the New Zealand moth species Ichneutica eris was named in honour of Eris. [REDACTED] Media related to Eris (mythology) at Wikimedia Commons Ares Ares ( / ˈ ɛər iː z / ; Ancient Greek : Ἄρης , Árēs [árɛːs] ) is the Greek god of war and courage. He

2964-562: The Trojans to fall back. Ares overhears that his son Ascalaphus has been killed and wants to change sides again, rejoining the Achaeans for vengeance, disregarding Zeus's order that no Olympian should join the battle. Athena stops him. Later, when Zeus allows the gods to fight in the war again, Ares attacks Athena to avenge his previous injury. Athena overpowers him by striking him with a boulder. Deimos ("Terror" or "Dread") and Phobos ("Fear") are Ares' companions in war, and according to Hesiod , are also his children by Aphrodite . Eris ,

3042-466: The aegis, and Kydoimos ("Tumult"), and Ker ("Fate"), on the shield. Similarly, the Hesiodic Shield of Heracles has Eris depicted on Heracles' shield, also with Phobos, Kydoimos and Ker, as well as other war-related personifications: Proioxis ("Pursuit"), Palioxis ("Rally"), Homados ("Tumult "), Phonos ("Murder"), and Androktasia ("Slaughter"). Here Eris is described as flying over

3120-429: The apple sacred to Ares", but "offers no further comment", nor connections to any aetiological myth. Apples are one of Aphrodites' sacred or symbolic fruits. Littlewood follows Artemidorus claim that to dream of sour apples presages conflict, and lists Ares alongside Eris and the mythological "Apples of Discord". Gods were immortal but could be bound and restrained, both in mythic narrative and in cult practice. There

3198-513: The archaic tradition represented by the Iliad and Odyssey . In Greek literature , Ares often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war and is the personification of sheer brutality and bloodlust ("overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, and man-slaughtering", as Burkert puts it), in contrast to his sister, the armored Athena , whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship. An association with Ares endows places and objects with

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3276-525: The bard in the hall of Alcinous , the Sun-god Helios once spied Ares and Aphrodite having sex secretly in the hall of Hephaestus , her husband. Helios reported the incident to Hephaestus. Contriving to catch the illicit couple in the act, Hephaestus fashioned a finely-knitted and nearly invisible net with which to snare them. At the appropriate time, this net was sprung, and trapped Ares and Aphrodite locked in very private embrace. But Hephaestus

3354-685: The battlefield, rejoicing as she watches the fighting she has roused. While in Book 5, she is described as raging unceasingly. Hesiod also associates Eris with war. In his Works and Days , he says that she "fosters evil war and conflict". And in his Theogony , has the Hysminai (Battles) and the Machai (Wars) as her children. In addition to the Eris who was the daughter of Nyx (Night), Hesiod, in his Works and Days , mentions another Eris. He contrasts

3432-509: The children of Eris, as given by Hesiod: Eris plays a crucial role in one important myth. She was the initiator of the quarrel between the three Greek goddesses, Hera , Athena , and Aphrodite , resolved by the Judgement of Paris , which led to Paris ' abduction of Helen of Troy and the outbreak of the Trojan War . As the story came to be told, all the gods were invited to the wedding of Peleus and Themis except Eris. She came anyway but

3510-531: The city's protector, not before the 3rd century BC. It is now lost, but the names of some of its priests and priestesses survive, along with the temple's likely depictions on coins of the province. A sanctuary of Aphrodite was established at Sta Lenika , on Crete , between the cities of Lato and Olus , possibly during the Geometric period . It was rebuilt in the late 2nd century BC as a double-sanctuary to Ares and Aphrodite. Inscriptions record disputes over

3588-536: The cup she is depicted as a normal woman in appearance apart from having wings and winged-sandals. From the later part of fifth-century BC, the upper section of a red-figure calyx krater depicts Eris with Themis facing each other, apparently in animated discussion, while the lower section depicts the Judgement of Paris , confirming Eris' role in the events as told in the Cypria . The classic fairy tale " Sleeping Beauty " references what appears to be Eris's role in

3666-468: The derivation from ἐρείδω ereídō "to prop, to support" due to the name's original ι- stem. Watkins suggested origin from a Proto-Indo-European root ere - meaning "to separate, to adjoin". The name gave several derivatives in Ancient Greek , including ἐρίζω erízō "to fight" and ἔρισμα érisma "object of a quarrel". In Homer 's Iliad , Eris is called (allegorically?)

3744-471: The form of a chimpanzee. Eris, the "Goddess of Discord and Chaos", is a recurring antagonist in the animated television series The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy , wherein she is depicted as a spoiled and wealthy woman that wields the "Apple of Discord". Similarly, Eris, the malevolent "Goddess of Discord and Chaos", is the main antagonist in the DreamWorks 2003 animated movie Sinbad: Legend of

3822-565: The goddess Venus , gave birth to Aeneas , the Trojan prince and refugee who "founded" Rome several generations before Romulus. In the Hellenization of Latin literature , the myths of Ares were reinterpreted by Roman writers under the name of Mars. Greek writers under Roman rule also recorded cult practices and beliefs pertaining to Mars under the name of Ares. Thus in the classical tradition of later Western art and literature ,

3900-563: The goddess of discord, or Enyo , the goddess of war, bloodshed, and violence, was considered the sister and companion of the violent Ares. In at least one tradition, Enyalius, rather than another name for Ares, was his son by Enyo. Ares may also be accompanied by Kydoimos , the daemon of the din of battle; the Makhai ("Battles"); the "Hysminai" ("Acts of manslaughter"); Polemos , a minor spirit of war, or only an epithet of Ares, since it has no specific dominion; and Polemos's daughter, Alala ,

3978-406: The gods Eros , Anteros , Phobos , Deimos , and Harmonia . Other versions include Alcippe as one of his daughters. Cycnus (Κύκνος) of Macedonia was a son of Ares who tried to build a temple to his father with the skulls and bones of guests and travellers. Heracles fought him and, in one account, killed him. In another account, Ares fought his son's killer but Zeus parted the combatants with

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4056-448: The gods and had a habit of eating their guests. Zeus sent Hermes to punish them, and he chose to chop off their hands and feet. Since Polyphonte was descended from him, Ares stopped Hermes, and the two brothers came into an agreement to turn Polyphonte's family into birds instead. Oreius became an eagle owl, Agrius a vulture, and Polyphonte a strix , possibly a small owl, certainly a portent of war; Polyphonte's servant prayed not to become

4134-504: The golden Apple of Discord , which may or may not have come from the Cypria . According to the first-century BC Roman mythographer Hyginus , all the gods had been invited to the wedding except Eris. Nevertheless, she came to the wedding feast, and when refused entrance, she threw an apple through the doorway, saying that it was for the "fairest", which started the quarrel. The satirist Lucian (fl. 2nd century AD) tells us that Eris's apple

4212-422: The head of Phobos ("Fear"): In the middle was Fear, made of adamant, unspeakable, glaring backward with eyes shining like fire. His mouth was full of white teeth, terrible, dreadful; and over his grim forehead flew terrible Strife, preparing for the battle-rout of men—cruel one, she took away the mind and sense of any men who waged open war against Zeus’ son [Heracles]. Eris also appears in several battle scenes in

4290-547: The heavens: And the Trojans were urged on by Ares, and the Achaeans by flashing-eyed Athene, and Terror, and Rout, and Strife who rages incessantly, sister and comrade of man-slaying Ares; she first rears her crest only a little, but then her head is fixed in the heavens while her feet tread on earth. She it was who now cast evil strife into their midst as she went through the throng, making the groanings of men to increase. She also appears in this "rouser of armies" role in Book 5, and again in Book 11, where Zeus sends Eris to rouse

4368-552: The instructions given by an oracle of the late Hellenistic era to various cities of Pamphylia (in Anatolia) including Syedra , Lycia and Cilicia , places almost perpetually under threat from pirates. Each was told to set up a statue of "bloody, man-slaying Ares" and provide it with an annual festival in which it was ritually bound with iron fetters ("by Dike and Hermes") as if a supplicant for justice, put on trial and offered sacrifice. The oracle promises that "thus will he become

4446-404: The late 2nd or early 3rd century refers to "my greatest god, Ares, who also begat me, through whom I brought under my sway [various peoples]". The monumental throne celebrating the king's conquests was itself dedicated to Ares. In the early 4th century, the last pagan king of Aksum, Ezana , referred to "the one who brought me forth, the invincible Ares". Ares was one of the Twelve Olympians in

4524-522: The monstrous Typhon attacked Olympus the gods transformed into animals and fled to Egypt; Ares changed into a fish, the Lepidotus (sacred to the Egyptian war-god Anhur ). Liberalis's koine Greek text is a "completely inartistic" epitome of Nicander 's now lost Heteroeumena (2nd century BC). In Homer 's Iliad , Ares has no fixed allegiance. He promises Athena and Hera that he will fight for

4602-417: The most hateful of all gods who hold Olympus. Forever quarrelling is dear to your heart, wars and battles. ... And yet I will not long endure to see you in pain, since you are my child, and it was to me that your mother bore you. But were you born of some other god and proved so ruinous long since you would have been dropped beneath the gods of the bright sky." This ambivalence is expressed also in

4680-411: The mother—with no father mentioned—of many children (the only child of Nyx with offspring) who are also personifications representing various misfortunes and harmful things which, in Eris' case, might be thought to result from discord and strife All of Eris' children are little more than allegorizations of the meanings of their names, with virtually no other identity. The following table lists

4758-729: The name is the Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀩 , a-re , written in the Linear B syllabic script. The adjectival epithet , Areios ("warlike") was frequently appended to the names of other gods when they took on a warrior aspect or became involved in warfare: Zeus Areios , Athena Areia , even Aphrodite Areia ("Aphrodite within Ares" or "feminine Ares"), who was warlike, fully armoured and armed, partnered with Athena in Sparta , and represented at Kythira 's temple to Aphrodite Urania . In

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4836-490: The ownership of the sanctuary. The names of Ares and Aphrodite appear as witness to sworn oaths, and there is a Victory thanks-offering to Aphrodite, whom Millington believes had capacity as a "warrior-protector acting in the realm of Ares". There were cultic links between the Sta Lenika sanctuary, Knossos and other Cretan states, and perhaps with Argos on the mainland. While the Greek literary and artistic record from both

4914-463: The ridicule of the other gods. Ares' nearest counterpart in Roman religion is Mars , who was given a more important and dignified place in ancient Roman religion as ancestral protector of the Roman people and state. During the Hellenization of Latin literature , the myths of Ares were reinterpreted by Roman writers under the name of Mars, and in later Western art and literature , the mythology of

4992-413: The strength of their hands. There the goddess stood and uttered a great and terrible shout, a shrill cry of war, and in the heart of each man of the Achaeans she roused strength to war and to battle without ceasing. And to them at once war became sweeter than to return in their hollow ships to their dear native land. Her lust for bloodshed is insatiable. Later in Book 11, she is the last of the gods to leave

5070-581: The tomb of dead Kroisos Whom raging Ares destroyed one day, fighting in the foremost ranks. He is one of the Twelve Olympians , and the son of Zeus and Hera . In the Argonautica , the Golden Fleece hangs in a grove sacred to Ares, until its theft by Jason . The Birds of Ares ( Ornithes Areioi ) drop feather darts in defense of the Amazons ' shrine to Ares, as father of their queen, on

5148-539: The two figures became virtually indistinguishable. The etymology of the name Ares is traditionally connected with the Greek word ἀρή ( arē ), the Ionic form of the Doric ἀρά ( ara ), "bane, ruin, curse, imprecation". Walter Burkert notes that "Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war." R. S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin of the name. The earliest attested form of

5226-480: The two: the former being "blameworthy" who "fosters evil war and conflict", the latter worthy of "praise", have been created by Zeus to foster beneficial competition: So there was not just one birth of Strifes after all, but upon the earth there are two Strifes. One of these a man would praise once he got to know it, but the other is blameworthy; and they have thoroughly opposed spirits. For the one fosters evil war and conflict—cruel one, no mortal loves that one, but it

5304-586: The war-goddess Enyo , bring "Tumult" to both sides of a battle. There are few certain representations of Eris in art. Her earliest appearances (mid-sixth-century BC) are found on the Chest of Cypselus and in the tondo of a black-figure cup (Berlin F1775). The geographer Pausanias describes seeing Eris depicted on the Chest, as a "most repulsive" [ aischistê ] woman standing between Ajax and Hector fighting. On

5382-515: The wedding feast of Peleus and Thetis (who would become the parents of Achilles ). To settle the dispute, Zeus orders the three goddesses to go to Mount Ida to be judged by Paris. Paris, having been offered Helen, by Aphrodite, in return for Paris choosing her, does so. The fith-century BC playwright Euripides , describes the Judgement of Paris several times with no mention of either Eris, or an apple. Later accounts include details, such as

5460-526: The wedding of Peleus and Thetis . Like Eris, a malevolent fairy curses a princess after not being invited to the princess's christening . Eris is the principal figure of worship in the modern Discordian religion invented as an "absurdist joke" in 1957 by two school friends Gregory Hill and Kerry Wendell Thornley . As mythologized in the religion's satirical text Principia Discordia , written by Hill with Thornely and others, Eris (apparently) spoke to Hill and Thornley in an all-night bowling alley, in

5538-406: Was "solid gold" and that it was inscribed: "For the queen of Beauty" ( ἡ καλὴ λαβέτω ). Eris personifies strife, particularly the strife associated with war. In Homer's Iliad , Eris is described as being depicted on both Athena 's battle aegis , and Achilles ' shield, where she appears alongside other war-related personifications: Phobos ("Rout"), Alke ("Valor"), and Ioke ("Assault"), on

5616-480: Was Athena. Reports of historic human sacrifice to Ares in an obscure rite known as the Hekatomphonia represent a very long-standing error, repeated through several centuries and well into the modern era. The hekatomphonia was an animal sacrifice to Zeus; it could be offered by any warrior who had personally slain one hundred of the enemy. Pausanias reports that in Sparta, each company of youths sacrificed

5694-512: Was an archaic Spartan statue of Ares in chains in the temple of Enyalios (sometimes regarded as the son of Ares, sometimes as Ares himself), which Pausanias claimed meant that the spirit of war and victory was to be kept in the city. The Spartans are known to have ritually bound the images of other deities, including Aphrodite and Artemis (cf Ares and Aphrodite bound by Hephaestus), and in other places there were chained statues of Artemis and Dionysos. Statues of Ares in chains are described in

5772-495: Was given an important and dignified place in ancient Roman religion , as a guardian deity of the entire Roman state and its people. Under the influence of Greek culture , Mars was identified with Ares, but the character and dignity of the two deities differed fundamentally. Mars was represented as a means to secure peace , and he was a father (pater) of the Roman people. In one tradition, he fathered Romulus and Remus through his rape of Rhea Silvia . In another, his lover,

5850-531: Was not satisfied with his revenge, so he invited the Olympian gods and goddesses to view the unfortunate pair. For the sake of modesty, the goddesses demurred, but the male gods went to witness the sight. Some commented on the beauty of Aphrodite, others remarked that they would eagerly trade places with Ares, but all who were present mocked the two. Once the couple was released, the embarrassed Ares returned to his homeland, Thrace, and Aphrodite went to Paphos. In

5928-514: Was one of three otherwise unnamed deities that Thracian commoners were said to worship. Herodotus recognises and names the other two as "Dionysus" and "Artemis", and claims that the Thracian aristocracy exclusively worshiped "Hermes". In Herodotus' Histories , the Scythians worship an indigenous form of Greek Ares, who is otherwise unnamed, but ranked beneath Tabiti (whom Herodotus claims as

6006-468: Was refused admission. In anger, she threw a golden apple among the wedding guests inscribed with "For the fairest", which the three goddesses each claimed. Homer alludes to the Judgement of Paris, but with no mention of Eris. An account of the story, was told in the Cypria , one of the poems in the Epic Cycle , which told the entire story of the Trojan War. The Cypria which is the first poem in

6084-688: Was thought by some to reflect his likely origins as a Thracian deity. Some cities in Greece and several in Asia Minor held annual festivals to bind and detain him as their protector. In parts of Asia Minor, he was an oracular deity. Still further away from Greece, the Scythians were said to ritually kill one in a hundred prisoners of war as an offering to their equivalent of Ares. The later belief that ancient Spartans had offered human sacrifice to Ares may owe more to mythical prehistory, misunderstandings, and reputation than to reality. Though there are many literary allusions to Ares' love affairs and children, he has

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