Pro-Toussaint victory
40-495: Sud-Est (French for southeast) may refer to: Places [ edit ] Sud-Est (department) , Haiti Sud-Est (development region) , Romania Sud Department (Ivory Coast) , defunct administrative subdivision of Ivory Coast Île Sud-Est, the largest island in the Egmont Islands (Six Iles) Companies and transportation [ edit ] Ferrovie del Sud Est ,
80-622: A location in Haiti is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . War of Knives The War of Knives ( French : Guerre des couteaux ), also known as the War of the South , was a civil war from June 1799 to July 1800 between the Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture , a black ex-slave who controlled the north of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti ), and his adversary André Rigaud ,
120-642: A mixed-race free person of color who controlled the south. Louverture and Rigaud fought over de facto control of the French colony of Saint-Domingue during the war. Their conflict followed the withdrawal of British forces from the colony earlier during the Haitian Revolution . The war resulted in Toussaint taking control of the entirety of Saint-Domingue, and Rigaud fleeing into exile. The Haitian Revolution had begun in 1791, when black slaves on
160-416: A pact to collaborate against Hédouville's meddling. However, those efforts soon came undone, as Hédouville intentionally treated Rigaud with more favor than Toussaint, in an effort to sow tension between the two leaders. In a letter to Rigaud, Hédouville criticized "the perfidy of General Toussaint Louverture" and absolved Rigaud of Toussaint's authority as general-in-chief. He invited Rigaud to "take command of
200-626: A railway company LGV Sud-Est , a French high-speed train line SNCASE (Société Nationale des Constructions Aéronautiques du Sud-Est), a former French aircraft manufacturer SNCF TGV Sud-Est , a TGV train Other [ edit ] Sud-Est (magazine) 3rei Sud Est , a Romanian band See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Look up sud-est in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Southeast (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Sud-Est Topics referred to by
240-510: A significant presence around the port of Les Cayes . In May 1792, Saint-Domingue's French Republican commissioners formed an alliance with Rigaud, allowing him to march his forces into the capital of Port-au-Prince and dissolve the city's restive government of white planters. In August 1793, the new Republican commissioner, Sonthonax , proclaimed freedom for all enslaved persons in Saint-Domingue in an attempt to secure control over
280-640: Is a famous beach in the department. Jacmel has a notable carnival activity in the Caribbean region10, and one of its characters (the robalagallina, imitation or caricature of the planter's wife) has been adopted by the carnival of the Dominican Republic11. The festive behavior of the Jacmelians earned them international fame. During the Easter celebrations, a great parade of rara bands under
320-402: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sud-Est (department) Sud-Est ( French ) or Sidès ( Haitian Creole ; both meaning "South East") is one of the ten departments of Haiti located in southern Haiti. It has an area of 2,034.10 km and a population of 632,601 (2015). Its capital is Jacmel . The department is part of
360-461: Is subdivided into three arrondissements , which are further subdivided into ten communes . There are fifteen other smaller towns or villages, including: Banane, Bourcan-Bélier, Cavalier, Coutelas, Forêt-des-Pins, La Fond, La Vallée, Mare Rouge, Mayette, Mombin, Platon-Besace, Saint Antoine, Savane-Zombi, and Seguin. 18°14′00″N 72°32′00″W / 18.2333°N 72.5333°W / 18.2333; -72.5333 This article about
400-578: The Xaragua kasika under the leadership of Bohecio and Anacaona . The settlement of Yakimèl was in the area of actual Jacmel City . Jacmel is one of the earliest Spanish towns in the Caribbean when it was settled by Nicolas Ovando in 1504. One year after the Treaty of Ryswick , the french formally settle the city through La Compagnie de St-Domingue . Like many of the actual departments in Haiti, by 1791,
440-683: The South Department , the south by the Caribbean Sea and on the east by the province of Pedernales province. The Bay of Jacmel is the biggest bay of the department, followed by the Bay of Bainet (meaning clear bay). The most important rivers are the Jacmel river and the Bainet river. The coastal plain of the department allows a possible expansion of the capital. The department has one of
SECTION 10
#1732776272850480-556: The Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue rose up against their French owners amidst the French Revolution . Toussaint came to prominence as a leader of rebel slaves in the North of Saint-Domingue, operating in territories surrounding the port of Le Cap-Français . Simultaneously, Rigaud emerged as a rebel leader among the gens de couleur libres (free people of color), who were based in the south of Saint-Domingue, where they had
520-681: The Department of the South." Hédouville eventually fled Saint-Domingue, sailing from Le Cap in October 1798 due to threats by Toussaint. The conflict took place mainly within Rigaud's domains in the southern part of Saint-Domingue. Rigaud struck first; after slaughtering many whites in South Province to secure his rear, on June 16-18, 1799, Rigaud sent 4,000 troops to seize the southern border towns of Petit-Goâve and Grand-Goâve , routing
560-678: The Jacmeliens celebrate their flag with large parades of brass bands throughout the city. In November Jacmel perpetuates the traditional "Feast of the Dead" (November 1 and 2). Jacmel also hosts a Francophone film festival in 201912,13, and a festival dedicated to jazz. The S-E has great potential for mining notably for iridium in the area of Belot. The RN4 connects the department to the West and Léogane . RD402 connects to Anse-à-Pitres RD401 connects to Cote-de-Fer . The Department of Sud-Est
600-494: The South, Rigaud instigated smaller revolts in the northern regions around Le Cap, Port-de-Paix , and Môle-Saint-Nicolas , as well as the west-central Artibonite plain. Many of these regions had repeatedly revolted against Toussaint in the past, in response to his strict labor policies and attempt to accommodate remaining white planters. He tried to establish labor regimes in order to produce enough sugar cane and other commodities for export. Toussaint responded rapidly to crush
640-523: The black offensive was played by an American fleet, which destroyed Rigaud's marauding barges, transported blacks to the southern front, and bombarded mulatto positions. For instance, the frigate USS General Greene , commanded by Captain Christopher Perry , providing fire support to the blacks as Toussaint laid siege to Jacmel. By mid-November, Toussaint's southern offensive was stalled at Jacmel, symbol of mulatto resistance. Led by Pétion ,
680-744: The buildings have been rebuilt. The S-E shares the La Visite National Park with the West. Around Belle-Anse the S-E harbors the Three Lagoons National Park . With a sizable port like Jacmel and direct access to the Dominican Republic , the S_E has great potential for economic development, especially in tourism and arts. Jacmel, Marigot, and Belle-Anse have the capacity to receive tourists. Raymond-des-Bains
720-717: The colony in the face of a counter-revolutionary revolt by white planters in Le Cap and invasions by rival European powers as part of the War of the First Coalition . After they abolished slavery, Sonthonax and his fellow commissioner Polverel successfully convinced Toussaint to join the French Republican side of the conflict. Toussaint and Rigaud had become allies by 1794. In early 1795, the French National Convention promoted both men to
760-512: The contemporary French general François Joseph Pamphile de Lacroix suggested 10,000 deaths, while C. L. R. James , a 20th-century historian from Trinidad, later claimed only a few hundred persons had been killed in contravention of the amnesty. Five months after the war, in December 1800, Toussaint ordered an invasion of the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo , which occupied the eastern half of
800-503: The defenders refused to succumb to fierce attacks by Toussaint's forces. Early 1800 found the city almost without food but still repulsing the slashing assaults of Dessalines' army; one time the blacks even broke inside the beleaguered city, only to be cut off and slaughtered by the defenders. On the night of March 11, 1800, Pétion hacked his way out of Jacmel, but Toussaint's forces fell on his retreating army and killed or captured hundreds of soldiers. In June, an emissary of France sent by
840-721: The different social classes of St-Domingue started rebelling against the status quo. The enslaved under the leadership of Romaine-La-Prophétesse, a mulatto coffee plantation owner, asked for the abolition of slavery and liberty for all. The mixed race under the leadership of André Rigaud asked for equal rights with the whites. These revendications reach their heights in the Pre-Independence Civil War opposing Toussaint 's northern troops with lieutenants like Dessalines and Rigaud 's southern troops with lieutenants like Pétion . On September, 17th 1803, Magloire Ambroise, helped by Cangé and Yayou's troops freed Jacmel from
SECTION 20
#1732776272850880-877: The eastern portion of Hispaniola. Toussaint suspected that the Spanish had also been offering direct military aid to Rigaud; for instance, the gens de couleur officer Antoine Chanlatte had traveled to Santo Domingo in 1800 to acquire munitions for Rigaud's cause. The American consul Edward Stevens claimed that Toussaint had launched the invasion in response to a rumor that France was sending 15,000 troops to Santo Domingo in support of Riguad. Toussaint also claimed that black "French citizens" were being kidnapped and sold as slaves in Santo Domingo. Additionally, Toussaint may have wished to emancipate Santo Domingo's remaining enslaved population, although he made no mention of slavery in his declaration of war. With his victory over Rigaud and conquest of Santo Domingo, Toussaint controlled
920-413: The entire island of Hispaniola by 1801. However, Rigaud returned less than two years later, when he and his fellow exile Pétion joined Charles Leclerc's unsuccessful 1802 campaign to reassert French control over the colony. During the campaign, Leclerc would deport both Rigaud and Toussaint from Saint Domingue; Toussaint died in a French prison in 1803. In presenting the war, historians often point to
960-414: The ethnic divide between Saint-Domingue's black and mulatto populations. Rigaud, a free mulatto, is seen as being favored by the whites and other mulattoes, who were part of the gens de couleur . In contrast, Toussaint was held in high regard by the colony's black population. Under Rigaud's regime, gens de couleur had filled many officer posts in his army and acquired many abandoned plantation properties in
1000-758: The french troops under the leadership of Pageot. Magloire Ambroise , commander of Jacmel is a signatory of the Act of Independence on January 1. During the Haitian-Civil war opposing King Henry 1st and President Pétion , the South-East was part of the republic. During that period the Jacmel received the South American Liberator Simon Bolivar , providing him shelter, merchandise, guns, and soldiers. The Grand-Colombia flag
1040-489: The island of Hispaniola . Although Spain had technically ceded Santo Domingo to France in the 1795 Peace of Basel , the colony was still controlled by a Spanish administration at the time. The invasion was virtually unopposed, and the Spanish governor capitulated a month later. Toussaint's reasons for invading Santo Domingo remain multifaceted and murky. Throughout the war, the Spanish authorities in Santo Domingo had generally supported Rigaud, fearing Toussaint's own designs on
1080-608: The last two years as part of the Quasi-War . After consolidating his rule in the north by late October, preparations were being made by Toussaint to attack Rigaud in every part of the South. For this invasion, Toussaint possessed a stark numerical advantage; he had 45,000-50,000 troops in his army, compared with Rigaud's 15,000. Early in November, Christophe led one wing of the army against Jacmel, and Dessalines led another one to recapture Grand and Petit Goâve. No small part in
1120-500: The longest coastal lines in the country. Like the whole Xaragua Peninsula the department is on the fault line of Plantain-Garden-Enriquillo resulting in many earthquakes in the department's history. Jacmel in Jacmel Arrondissement , a city with many Haitian colonial heritage buildings, was devastated by a 7.0 magnitude tremblor on 12 January 2010, collapsing much of that heritage architecture. Since then many of
1160-462: The newly empowered First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte (who had recently overthrown the Directory ) reaffirmed Toussaint's position as general-in-chief. This undermined Rigaud's claims that Hédouville had voided Toussaint's authority. By late July, Rigaud had fled the colony with his family to France, and Toussaint entered Rigaud's former base of Les Cayes shortly afterward. By August, 1800, Toussaint
1200-424: The ongoing Quasi War between the U.S. and France. These developments significantly augmented Toussaint's power and demonstrated his emergence as a de facto independent ruler. Going forward, Toussaint and Rigaud effectively controlled all of the troops and territory within Saint-Domingue, although the colony was still nominally under French oversight. Toussaint ruled the colony's northern region around Le Cap and
1240-603: The other intended to betray the Rights of Man propagated by the French Revolution and reinstate slavery. As a result, historians such as Laurent Dubois argue that the conflict "was not driven by differences in racial identity... it was a conflict over territorial and political power." Both Toussaint and Rigaud had an economic interest in maintaining the colony's plantation system and cultivating economic ties with British and American merchants. The question that remained
Sud-Est - Misplaced Pages Continue
1280-631: The rank of brigadier general. By 1798, Toussaint and Rigaud had jointly contained both the external and internal threats to the colony. In April 1798, the British commander Thomas Maitland approached Toussaint to negotiate a British withdrawal, which was concluded in August. In early 1799, Toussaint also independently negotiated "Toussaint's Clause" with the United States government , allowing American merchants to trade with Saint-Domingue despite
1320-572: The rhythms of petro and congo, is organized there. The civil authorities organize it in order to promote Haitian culture which is closely linked to that of southern Africa. Jacmel is also known for its manifestations of the patronal feast on the first of May each year. It is the feast of the patron saint of the city, Saint Jacques and Saint Philippe. During this festival, the musical groups of Haiti meet in Jacmel and its surroundings for concerts which are called in Haitian Creole "ball". On May 18,
1360-449: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sud-Est . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sud-Est&oldid=784344855 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1400-422: The smaller forces of Louverture's officer Laplume. Laplume narrowly escaped capture as his army collapsed in a flurry of confusion and desertions. Taking no prisoners, the mulattoes put blacks and whites to the sword. Following this decisive strike, Alexandre Pétion , a free colored officer (and future Haitian president) defected to Rigaud's side, bringing with him a large contingent of veteran troops. Outside of
1440-465: The south. Meanwhile, most of the officers in Toussaint's army were predominately former slaves of African ancestry. That said, there was still substantial diversity on both sides. Many ex-slaves supported Rigaud's faction, such as the former maroon Lamour Desrances , who was among those who thought that Toussaint was excessively conciliatory to white planters and the British. Both sides claimed that
1480-543: The uprisings in the North. Under the leadership of his officers Henri Christophe and Jean-Jacques Dessalines , Toussaint's troops orchestrated widespread executions of suspected conspirators. Meanwhile, in August 1799, Toussaint wrote to U.S. president John Adams , convincing the U.S. Navy to blockade ports controlled by Rigaud. To the United States, Rigaud's ties to France represented a threat to American commerce, which had been harassed by French privateers for
1520-481: The western region around the capital of Port-au-Prince. Meanwhile, Rigaud independently ruled the southern region around Les Cayes , although Toussaint was technically his superior. In July 1798, Toussaint and Rigaud traveled in a carriage together from Port-au-Prince to Le Cap to meet the recently arrived representative Théodore-Joseph d'Hédouville , sent by France's new Directory regime. Oral tradition asserts that during this carriage ride, Toussaint and Rigaud made
1560-525: Was designed in Jacmel based on the Haitian republican flag . The department knew a great financial time at the beginning of the 20th century with the exportation of coffee, resulting in Jacmel's unique architecture and culture. The capital city was the first to have electricity and a telephone line in the Caribbean. The South-East is bordered in the north by the West Department , on the west, by
1600-529: Was ruler of all Saint-Domingue. Following his victory over Rigaud, Toussaint declared a general amnesty in July 1800. But Toussaint's general Jean-Jacques Dessalines became infamous during this period for carrying out brutal reprisals and massacres against Rigaud's supporters. Some historians have asserted that Toussaint himself ordered massacres, but delegated the killing to his generals to avoid culpability. The number of victims in these massacres remains disputed:
#849150