89-558: The Supermarine Sea Lion s were a series of flying boats built for the Schneider Trophy race. Supermarine Sea Lion I , competing for the 1919 Schneider Trophy Supermarine Sea Lion II , winner of the 1922 Schneider Trophy Supermarine Sea Lion III, the Sea Lion II fitted with a different engine for the 1923 Schneider Trophy [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with
178-574: A Savoia S.51 . The 1923 trophy, contested at Cowes , went to the Americans with a sleek, liquid-cooled engined craft designed by Glenn Curtiss . It used the Curtiss D-12 engine. US Navy Lieutenant David Rittenhouse won the cup, and his teammate Rutledge Irvine was second in an identical aircraft. The British Sea Lion III (flown by 1922 winner Henry Biard), and the French entry withdrew from
267-463: A Sopwith Tabloid flown by Howard Pixton at 139.74 km/h (86.83 mph); the 1914 race was contested by three nations: France, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland. The United States and Germany failed to qualify. From 1915 to 1918, competition was suspended for the duration of World War I . After the war, the competition resumed in 1919 at Bournemouth where in foggy conditions
356-569: A 1-centime copper coin with a 1795 design. 2, 5 and 10-centime coins were issued from 1853. The quarter franc was discontinued, with silver 20-centime coins issued between 1849 and 1868 as the smallest silver coin produced in France. The gold coinage also changed. 40-franc coins were last struck in 1839 (with just 23 coins minted). Several new denomination were introduced as gold coinage: 5 gold francs (1856), 10 gold francs (1850), 50 gold francs (1855), and 100 gold francs (1855). A second design for
445-591: A BBC television documentary series; and in 1988, when it was a central part of that year's ITV Telethon Appeal. DEC invited customers and partners to each year's event as guests, and the general public watched in increasing numbers as the series grew in size and popularity. For the pilots taking part, the event became, along with the King's Cup air race , the highlight of the UK's air racing season, and regularly attracted entrants from continental Europe. DEC continued to sponsor
534-534: A French Mark of fine gold (hence, 3.885 g in a franc). Gold as circulating currency would henceforth continue in the form of Écu d'ors of varying gold content. The gold franc worth one livre tournois was introduced in 1360 to pay the ransom of King John II of France . This coin secured the king's freedom and showed him on a richly decorated horse earning it the name franc à cheval (meaning "free on horse" in French). The obverse legend, like other French coins, gives
623-619: A Mark of silver, 11/12 fine (hence 27.03 g fine silver), and valued at 6 livres. A new gold Louis d'Or was also issued at 30 to a Mark of gold, 11/12 fine (hence 7.4785 g fine gold), and valued at 24 livres. The rise in the value of gold at the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and elsewhere as well as King Louis XVI 's reign led to the rise in the Gold-Silver Ratio to 15.5, resulting in
712-504: A broader commercial sponsorship programme designed to increase DEC's presence in the UK market at that time. DEC sponsored this revived race series from 1984 until 1991, which also marked the diamond jubilee of the final race in the original series. DEC and Infopress turned to the expertise of the Royal Aero Club's Records, Racing & Rally Association which again administered and ran the actual races. The 1981 Solent course, itself
801-467: A close approximation of the original 1929 and 1931 Schneider Trophy courses over the Solent, was also used and adapted from year to year. This sponsorship had a profound effect on the awareness and popularity of handicapped air racing in the UK and further afield, as well as markedly increasing DEC's commercial profile in the UK. The appeal of the race, its historic connections, and the fact that prize money
890-558: A coin for the next 500 years, with the sou and livre functioning as accounting multiples of the denier. The first livre and denier weighed 407.92 g and 1.7 g, respectively, of the finest silver available. Livres and deniers issued c. 1000 under the Capetian dynasty contained 305.94 g and 1.27475 g fine silver, respectively. The French Mark of 8 ounces was a unit of weight equal to 244.752 grams, and equal in weight to 192 deniers or 16 sols of this period. In subsequent centuries
979-447: A contest for pure speed with laps over a (usually) triangular course, initially 280 km (170 mi) and later extended to 350 km (220 mi). The contests were staged as time trials, with aircraft setting off individually at set intervals, usually 15 minutes apart. The contests were very popular, and some of them attracted crowds of over 200,000 spectators. The race was significant in advancing aeroplane design, particularly in
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#17327939700391068-481: A decimal unit (1 franc = 10 décimes = 100 centimes) of 4.5 g of fine silver . This was slightly less than the livre of 4.505 g, but the franc was set in 1796 at 1.0125 livres (1 livre, 3 deniers ), reflecting in part the past minting of sub-standard coins. Silver coins now had their denomination clearly marked as "5 FRANCS" and it was made obligatory to quote prices in francs. This ended the ancien régime's practice of striking coins with no stated denomination, such as
1157-492: A minimum of 100 hours as pilot-in-command, and a valid air racing licence. Following that event, the UK subsidiary of US computer company Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) independently decided to sponsor a long-term revival of the Schneider Trophy, with the first race held in 1984, and races held annually, with a few omissions, since then. The idea was submitted by DEC's then UK PR consultancy Infopress as part of
1246-476: A new world speed record of 610 km/h (380 mph) and won the trophy outright with a third straight win. The following days saw the winning Supermarine S.6B further break the world speed record twice, making it the first craft to break the 400 mph barrier on 29 September at an average speed of 655.8 km/h (407.5 mph). Although the British team had secured the trophy for the UK permanently with
1335-516: A private board of executives, was created and commissioned to produce the national currency. In 1803, the Franc germinal (named after the month Germinal in the revolutionary calendar ) was established, creating a gold franc containing 290.034 mg of fine gold. From this point, gold and silver-based units circulated interchangeably on the basis of a 1:15.5 ratio between the values of the two metals ( bimetallism ) until 1864, when all silver coins except
1424-448: A speed of 682.36 km/h (424.00 mph). Eighteen months later in the same venue, it broke the 700 km/h barrier with an average speed of 709.202 km/h (440.678 mph). Both times the plane was piloted by Francesco Agello . This speed remains the fastest speed ever attained by a piston-engined seaplane. For a complete list of the aircraft which competed in the competitions, see List of Schneider Trophy aircraft . In 1981
1513-606: A standing figure of the king on its obverse, pictured under a canopy. Its value in money of account was one livre tournois, just like the franc à cheval , and this coin is universally known as a franc à pied . In accordance with the theories of the mathematician, economist and royal advisor Nicole Oresme , Charles struck fewer coins of better quality gold than his ancestors. In the accompanying deflation, both prices and wages fell, but wages fell faster and debtors had to settle up in better money than they had borrowed. The Mayor of Paris, Étienne Marcel , exploited their discontent to lead
1602-465: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Schneider Trophy The Coupe d'Aviation Maritime Jacques Schneider , also known as the Schneider Trophy , Schneider Prize or (incorrectly) the Schneider Cup is a trophy that was awarded first annually, and later biennially, to the winner of a race for seaplanes and flying boats . In 1931 Britain met the conditions to retain
1691-451: The French franc ( FF ), was a currency of France . Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. It was reintroduced (in decimal form ) in 1795. After two centuries of inflation, it was redenominated in 1960, with each new franc ( NF ) being worth 100 old francs. The NF designation
1780-516: The Euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use the term "old francs" ( anciens francs ) for large sums, for example for the prices of houses, apartments, and cars. This was common until the introduction of the euro and even later. Many people, old and young – even those who had never used
1869-621: The Grande Semaine d'Aviation de Tours , in the possession of the RAF College Cranwell , is also known as the Schneider Cup. Aircraft taking part had to be seaworthy, having to float for six hours and travel about 550 yards (503m) on water. Twice during the flight they had to land on or "come in contact" with the water (which allowed contestants to carry out a fast bouncing manoeuvre). If the pontoons took on water,
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#17327939700391958-572: The Habsburg Netherlands . The loose enforcement of monetary standards in the Dutch provinces resulted in a significant 1 ⁄ 3 rd reduction in the value of the French livre by 1549, with debasements continuing into the 17th century. The French ounce (30.594 g) of fine silver was raised in value from 1 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 Livre Parisis (or from 25 to 37 + 1 ⁄ 2 sols Tournois). The écu au soleil of 3.2754 g fine gold
2047-474: The Jacquerie revolt which forced Charles V out of the city. The franc fared better. It became associated with money stable at one livre tournois. A certain degree of peace achieved at the start of the 15th century helped settle the value of French currency. After 1422 the gros of 1 sol Parisis was minted at 96 to a French Mark, 3 ⁄ 4 fine (hence 1.912 g per gros), while the Écu of 20 sols Parisis
2136-658: The Livre Tournois , would eventually become the preferred accounting system under a more centralized French kingdom. The emergence of the Livre Tournois as France's preferred accounting system occurred during the reign of King Louis IX with the issuance of the silver Gros tournois with 58 issued to a French Mark of silver of fineness 23 ⁄ 24 (hence 4.044 g fine silver in a gros), and valued at 1 sol (12 deniers) in France's Touraine region though valued less than 1 sol Parisis. The new coin's reputation and handling convenience versus those of debased deniers assured
2225-541: The Louis d'or , and periodically issuing royal edicts to manipulate their value in terms of money of account, i.e. the Livre tournois . The franc became the official currency of France in 1799. Coinage with explicit denominations in decimal fractions of the franc also began in 1795. Decimalization of the franc was mandated by an act of 7 April 1795, which also dealt with the decimalization of weights and measures . France led
2314-470: The Republican U.S. federal government and World War Foreign Debts Commission that France's war debts be repaid within 25 years at a minimal 4.25 percent interest per year. The currency devaluation contributed to French demands for high reparations payments from Germany . After a brief return to the gold standard between 1928 and 1936, the currency was allowed to resume its slide, until in 1959 it
2403-786: The Vichy regime added. After the Liberation , the US attempted to impose the use of the US occupation franc , which was averted by General De Gaulle . After World War II, France devalued its currency within the Bretton Woods system on several occasions. Beginning in 1945 at a rate of 480 francs to the British Pound (119.1 to the U.S. dollar ), by 1949 the rate was 980 to the Pound (350 to
2492-461: The 1-ounce silver coins coming out of Spain, the Netherlands and Germany, leading to the 1641 currency reform under King Louis XIII . Henry III exploited the association of the franc as sound money worth one livre tournois when he sought to stabilize French currency in 1577. By this time, inflows of gold and silver from Spanish America had caused inflation throughout the world economy and
2581-404: The 100 gold franc coin was released in 1878 depicting standing genius writing the constitution. The pictured example (1889) was issued as a proof and only 100 coins were struck. The last gold 5-franc pieces were minted in 1869, and silver 5-franc coins were last minted in 1878. After 1815, the 20-franc gold coin was called a " napoléon " (royalists still called this coin a " louis "), and so that
2670-608: The 1420s also resulted in the 1434 realignment of the Flemish monetary system with the French livre. The new Flemish Guilder (Pound) of 20 Stuiver (shilling) contained 32.6 g fine silver and was approximately par with the Livre Parisis of 20 sols (38.24 g). Such parities between the French livres to the Flemish and English currencies would persist up to the 1560s and would facilitate the issue of identical coin denominations across these countries. The Great Bullion Famine of
2759-527: The 1926 race, as the military was unwilling to fund entrants. In 1927 at Venice the British responded by enlisting government backing and RAF pilots (the High Speed Flight ) for the Supermarine , Gloster , and Shorts entries. Supermarine's Mitchell-designed S.5s took first and second places; no other entrants finished. The race was witnessed by an estimated 250,000 spectators. 1927 was
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2848-586: The 1929 contest but was disqualified, is preserved at Solent Sky maritime museum in Southampton . Schneider was a hydroplane racer who came from a wealthy family; his interest in aircraft began after he met Wilbur Wright in 1908, but a boating accident in 1910 crippled him and prematurely ended his racing and flying career. Schneider served as a race referee at the Monaco Hydroplane Meet in 1912, where he noted that seaplane development
2937-574: The 1931 uncontested win, the development of the other 1931 entrants continued. The proposed Italian entrant (the Macchi M.C.72), which had pulled out of the contest due to engine problems, later went on to set two new world speed records with the help of British fuel expert Rod Banks, who had worked on the Rolls Royce R engine of the S6B. In April 1933 it set a record over Lake Garda in northern Italy with
3026-475: The 19th and 20th centuries. Between 1998 and 2002, the conversion of francs to euros was carried out at a rate of 6.55957 francs to 1 euro. The French Franc traces its origins to the Carolingian monetary system of the 8th century AD, and more specifically to the Livre Tournois , an offshoot of the same system which emerged in the 13th century. Here is a table of changes to the value of the Livre Parisis and
3115-432: The 5-franc piece were debased from 90% to 83.5% silver without the weights changing. This coinage included the first modern gold coins with denominations in francs. It abandoned the revolutionary symbols of the coinage 1795, now showing Napoleon in the manner of Roman emperors , first described as "Bonaparte Premier Consul" and with the country named as "République Française". After his coronation in 1804 coins changed
3204-678: The Americans won again, with US pilot Jimmy Doolittle winning in a Curtiss R3C ahead of the British Gloster III and the Italian Macchi M.33 . R. J. Mitchell 's Supermarine S.4 and the other Gloster III were damaged before the race and did not compete. Two of the American planes did not finish. Benito Mussolini instructed the Italian aircraft industry to "win the Schneider Trophy at all costs" and so demonstrate
3293-534: The Dollar). This was reduced further in 1957 and 1958, reaching 1382.3 to the Pound (493.7 to the Dollar, equivalent to 1 franc = 1.8 mg pure gold). In January 1960 the French franc was revalued, with 100 existing francs making one nouveau franc . The abbreviation "NF" was used on the 1958 design banknotes until 1963. Old one- and two-franc coins continued to circulate as new centimes (no new centimes were minted for
3382-428: The French and Italian teams dropped out, leaving no other competitors, the British team flew the course alone on 13 September and won the coveted Schneider Trophy outright, having beaten the time record from the 1929 competition. Reportedly half a million spectators lined the beachfronts. The Italian, French, and German entrants failed to ready their aircraft in time for the competition. The remaining British team set both
3471-531: The French kings would struggle to implement fixed standards for the livre over a decentralized realm of Frankish feudal rulers, many of whom claimed the right to issue currency within their own domains, and often resorting to currency debasements in moments of stringency. While monetary values as proclaimed by French kings would eventually be identified as the Livre Parisis , other regions almost always got by with currencies of lower standard. One such currency,
3560-484: The Italian team won. They were later disqualified and the race was voided, as the referees ruled they had incorrectly flown around a marker buoy. In 1920 and 1921 at Venice the Italians won again; in 1920 no other nation entered and in 1921 the French entry did not start. Had it not been for the 1919 disqualification, Italy would have been awarded the trophy permanently. After 1921, an additional requirement
3649-662: The Livre Tournois in terms of silver or gold until the French Franc was introduced in 1795. Emperor Charlemagne's monetary system was introduced in 781 AD to the Frankish Carolingian Empire and spread over the centuries to much of Western Europe , with a Livre (pound) of silver divided into 20 Sols or Sous (shillings) and the Sol divided into 12 Deniers (penny). Only the denier existed as
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3738-489: The Mark, 23 + 1 ⁄ 8 karats fine (3.2754 g fine gold), and was valued at 25 Sols Parisis. The close of the 15th century saw the beginnings of a more centralized French currency system and the discontinuation of competing currency systems within France. The Livre Parisis of 1 French ounce approximately matched the silver content of 1 ⁄ 6 th pound sterling (1 troy ounce of sterling silver). It would also become
3827-622: The Republic: the old gold and silver coins were taken out of circulation and exchanged for printed assignats , initially issued as bonds backed by the value of the confiscated goods of churches, but later declared as legal tender currency . The withdrawn gold and silver coins were used to finance the French Revolutionary Wars and to import food, which was in short supply. As during the " Mississippi Bubble " in 1715–1720, too many assignats were put in circulation, exceeding
3916-620: The Trophy permanently; it was held at the Science Museum in South Kensington, London. Announced in 1912 by Jacques Schneider , a French financier, balloonist and aircraft enthusiast, the competition offered a prize of approximately £1,000. The race was held twelve times between 1913 and 1931, the year when it was finally won permanently by the British. It was intended to encourage technical advances in civil aviation but became
4005-521: The adoption of the gros tournois to the rest of Western Europe. Towards the reign of King Philip IV le Bel came pressures to further debase the denier, which occurred in 1317 when the Gros Tournois was raised to 15 deniers Tournois or 12 deniers (1 sol) Parisis , thus commencing the fixed parity of 4 deniers Parisis to 5 deniers Tournois . While French kings would continue to prescribe coin values in multiples of 4 and 12 deniers Parisis until
4094-528: The aero club in the hosting country. Each club could enter up to three competitors with an equal number of alternatives. The Schneider Trophy is a sculpture of silver and bronze set on a marble base. It depicts a zephyr skimming the waves, and a nude winged figure is seen kissing a zephyr recumbent on a breaking wave. The heads of two other zephyrs and of Neptune , the god of the Sea, can be seen surrounded by octopus and crabs. The symbolism represents speed conquering
4183-448: The course (both Macchi M.67s ), with the older Macchi M.52R taking second and Supermarine S.5 taking third. Although France had ordered racing seaplanes from Bernard and Nieuport-Delage in 1928, they were unable to complete them in time for the 1929 race. In 1931 the British government withdrew support, but a private donation of £100,000 from the wealthy and ultra-patriotic Lucy, Lady Houston , allowed Supermarine to compete. When
4272-489: The effectiveness of his Fascist government. In 1926, the Italians returned with a Macchi M.39 and won against the Americans with a 396.69 km/h (246.49 mph) run at Hampton Roads . The United States, short of funds, did not develop new aircraft for the 1926 title defence; the M.39, designed by Mario Castoldi , used a Fiat AS2 engine and was streamlined in the manner of the 1925 Supermarine and Curtiss entrants. The American teams withdrew from further competition after
4361-693: The elements of sea and air. The cost of the trophy was 25,000 francs. After the British finally won permanent possession of the trophy in 1931, the sculpture was displayed for many years at the end of the corridor outside the ballroom of the Lansdowne Club. It has since been entrusted to the Royal Aero Club and can be viewed along with the winning Supermarine S.6B floatplane at the London Science Museum Flight exhibition hall. Supermarine S.6, N248 , which competed in
4450-646: The end of the 15th century, the rest of France would gradually choose to recognize their increased values in multiples of 5 and 15 deniers Tournois. The start of the Hundred Years' War against England in 1337 would increase the pressure to further debase the French livre. An attempt in 1343 to reverse earlier depreciations of circulating deniers and reinstate the old 1317-era gros tournois (forte monnaie, or strong money) caused financial havoc especially with borrowers who received depreciated coins and who then had to repay debts in forte monnaie. Lower valuations for
4539-604: The fields of aerodynamics and engine design, and showed its results in the best fighters of World War II. The streamlined shape and the low drag, liquid-cooled engine pioneered by Schneider Trophy designs are obvious in the British Supermarine Spitfire , the American North American P-51 Mustang , and the Italian Macchi C.202 Folgore . An earlier 1910 trophy for land planes presented by Jacques Schneider, in France,
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#17327939700394628-463: The first two years). The one-centime coin never circulated widely. Inflation continued to erode the franc's value: between 1950 and 1960, price levels increased 72 per cent (5.7% per year on average); between 1960 and 1970, it increased 51 per cent (4.2%). Only one further major devaluation occurred (11% in August 1969) before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When
4717-520: The flight had to continue with the added weight. Each competition was to be held in and managed by the country currently holding the trophy. If a country won three consecutive races, as the British finally did, they would retain the trophy permanently and the winning pilot would receive 75,000 French francs for each of the first three wins. The races were supervised by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale and
4806-538: The franc entirely between 1 January and 1 March 2002. In August 1795, the Monetary Law replaced the livre ("pound") with the franc , which was divided into 10 décimes ("tenths") and 100 centimes ("hundredths"). Copper coins were issued in the denominations of 1 centime, 5 centimes, 1 décime, and 2 décimes, designed by Augustin Dupré . After 1801, French copper coins became rare. The 5-centime copper coin
4895-462: The franc's strength: war expenditure, inflation and postwar reconstruction, financed partly by printing ever more money, reduced the franc's purchasing power by 70% between 1915 and 1920. After a brief appreciation of the franc during the Depression of 1920–1921 , it depreciated a further 43% between 1922 and a balancing of the budget in 1926. This devaluation was aggravated by the insistence of
4984-521: The king's title as Francorum Rex (" King of the Franks " in Latin) and provides another reason to call the coin a franc. John's son, Charles V , continued this type. It was copied exactly at Brabant and Cambrai and, with the arms on the horse cloth changed, at Flanders. Conquests led by Joan of Arc allowed Charles VII to return to sound coinage and he revived the franc à cheval . John II , however,
5073-444: The kings of France, who weren't getting much of this wealth, only made things worse by manipulating the values assigned to their coins. The States General which met at Blois in 1577 added to the public pressure to stop currency manipulation. Henry III agreed to do this and he revived the franc, now as a silver coin valued at one livre tournois. This coin and its fractions circulated until 1641 when Louis XIII of France replaced it with
5162-534: The last annual competition, the event was then mutually agreed to be held biennially to allow more development time. In 1929, at Calshot , Supermarine won again in the Supermarine S.6 with the new Rolls-Royce R engine with an average speed of 528.89 km/h (328.64 mph). Both Britain and Italy entered two new aircraft and a backup plane from the previous race. Three of the four new aircraft were disqualified (Supermarine S.6 N.248 ) or failed to finish
5251-471: The livre had to be accepted subsequently as the war raged on. In 1361 the gros tournois of 15 deniers Tournois (1 sol Parisis) was minted at 84 to a French Mark of silver, 23/24 fine (hence, 2.79 g fine silver in a gros). At the same time gold flowing from Southern Europe started to become an important medium of exchange in the North, so gold francs worth 1 livre Tournois (16 sols Parisis) were minted at 63 to
5340-478: The mid-15th century resulted in yet another debasement during the reign of King Louis XI , with the Livre Parisis reduced to 1 French ounce (30.594 g) fine silver or 2.620 g fine gold. The silver gros was minted at 69 to the French Mark, 23 ⁄ 24 fine (3.4 g fine silver) and was valued at 1 ⁄ 9 th the Livre Parisis (or 2 + 2 ⁄ 9 sols). The gold écu au soleil was minted at 72 to
5429-476: The model for Germany when it started issuing the 1-ounce silver Guldengroschen divided into 21 Groschen (gros, shillings) or 252 Pfennige (pence). A considerable acceleration in the debasement of the French, English and Dutch currencies occurred during the reign of the Valois-Angoulême kings in the 16th century amidst the huge influx of precious metals from the American continent arriving through
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#17327939700395518-524: The name franc already being used in Switzerland and Belgium , whilst other countries minted local denominations, redeemable across the bloc with 1-to-1 parity, though with local names: e.g., the peseta . In 1873, the LMU went over to a purely gold standard of 1 franc = 0.290322581 grams of gold. The outbreak of World War I caused France to leave the gold standard of the LMU. The war severely undermined
5607-444: The obverse legend to "Napoleon Empereur", dropping his family name in the manner of regnal names . In 1807, the reverse legend changed to name France as " Empire Français ". In analogy with the old Louis d'or these coins were called Gold Napoleons . Economically, this sound money was a great success and Napoleon's fall did not change that. Succeeding governments maintained Napoleon's weight standard, with changes in design which traced
5696-418: The old franc – still quoted prices in old francs, confusing tourists and people abroad. For example, lottery prizes were most often advertised in amounts of centimes, equivalent to the old franc, to inflate the perceived value of the prizes at stake. Multiples of 10NF were occasionally referred to as "mille francs" (thousand francs) or "mille balles" ("balle" being a slang word for franc) in contexts where it
5785-700: The political fall of the French Convention . Then followed the economic failure of the Directoire : coins were still very rare. After a coup d'état that led to the Consulate , the First Consul progressively acquired sole legislative power at the expense of the other unstable and discredited consultative and legislative institutions. In 1800 the Banque de France , a federal establishment with
5874-662: The political history of France. In particular, this currency system was retained during the Bourbon Restoration and perpetuated until 1914. France was a founding member of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU), a single currency employed primarily by the Romance -speaking and other Mediterranean states between 1865 and the First World War. The common currency was based on the franc germinal, with
5963-598: The race was revived, no longer for seaplanes and under different rules, by the Royal Aero Club of Great Britain to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Britain's ultimate retention of the Schneider Trophy. The original trophy remained in the Science Museum, a full-size replica was cast, and the race opened on a handicapped basis to any propeller–driven landplane capable of maintaining 100 miles per hour (160 km/h; 87 kn) in straight and level flight, and weighing up to 12,500 lb (5,700 kg). Pilots had to have
6052-559: The race. The preparation of the United States team, backed by government support and using Curtiss racing biplanes derived from inter-military competitions, increased the speed and the investment of a winning entry significantly. In 1924 the competition was cancelled as no other nation turned out to face the Americans: the Italians and the French withdrew; and both British craft crashed in pre-race trials. In 1925 at Chesapeake Bay
6141-489: The races until 1991. Since that time, the race has been run by the Royal Aero Club Records Racing and Rally Association along with the King's Cup and the British air racing championship . The venue has varied but is still flown on most occasions around a Solent-based course, usually around September of each year. French franc The franc ( / f r æ ŋ k / ; French : franc français , [fʁɑ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛ] ; sign : F or Fr ), also commonly distinguished as
6230-415: The reduced 24-livre Louis contained 6.88 g fine gold. The livre tournois was swapped in 1795 for the French Franc (or franc germinal), worth 4.5 g silver or 9 ⁄ 31 g = 0.29032 g gold (ratio 15.5), at a rate of 1 franc = 1 + 1 ⁄ 80 livres or 1 livre, 3 deniers. The decimal "franc" was established as the national currency by the National Convention of Revolutionary France in 1795 as
6319-405: The reduction in the gold content of the 24-livre Louis d'Or from 1/30th to 1/32nd of a Mark, 11/12 fine. While the silver standard remained unchanged, assays of the period indicate that coins contained approximately 1.5% less bullion than officially specified. The 1795 swapping of livres to francs at the rate of 1.0125 livres = 1 franc suggest that the 6-livre ecu contained 26.67 g fine silver while
6408-496: The same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermarine_Sea_Lion&oldid=944953514 " Categories : Set index articles Flying boats Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
6497-615: The silver écu . Nevertheless, the name "franc" continued in accounting as a synonym for the livre tournois . In the 17th century King Louis XIII abolished its unpopular coinage of francs and ecus in favour of Spanish-modelled coins. It also abolished the Livre Parisis system in favour of exclusive use of the Livre Tournois. The Spanish dollar was the model for the Louis d'Argent – 9 to a French Mark (244.752 g) of silver, 11 ⁄ 12 fine (hence 24.93 g fine silver), and valued at 3 livres tournois. The Spanish doubloon or two-escudo coin
6586-478: The value of the "national properties", and the coins, due also to military requisitioning and hoarding, rarefied to pay foreign suppliers. With national government debt remaining unpaid, and a shortage of silver and brass to mint coins, confidence in the new currency declined, leading to hyperinflation , more food riots , severe political instability and termination of the First French Republic and
6675-545: The world in adopting the metric system and it was the second country to convert from a non-decimal to a decimal currency, following Russia 's conversion in 1704, and the third country to adopt a decimal coinage, also following the United States in 1787. France's first decimal coinage used allegorical figures symbolizing revolutionary principles, like the coinage designs the United States had adopted in 1793. The circulation of this metallic currency declined during
6764-528: Was added: the winning seaplane had to remain moored to a buoy for six hours without human intervention. In 1922 in Naples the British and French competed with the Italians. The British private entry, a Supermarine Sea Lion II , was the victor, flown by Henry Biard . The French aircraft did not start the race, which became a competition between the Sea Lion and three Italian aircraft, two Macchi M.17s and
6853-546: Was called a sou , referring to "sole" (fr. Latin: solidus ), until the 1920s. An Imperial 10-décime coin was produced in billon from 1807 to 1810. During the Consulship period (1799–1804) silver francs were struck in decimal coinage. A five-franc coin was first introduced in 1801–02 ( L'AN 10), half-franc, one-franc, and gold 40-franc coins were introduced in 1802–03 (L'AN 11), and quarter-franc and two-franc coins in 1803–04 (L'AN 12). The 5-franc silver coin
6942-424: Was called an écu , after the six-livre silver coin of the ancien regime , until the 1880s. Copper coins were rarely issued between 1801 and 1848, so the quarter franc was the lowest current denomination in circulation. But during this period, copper coins from earlier periods circulated. A Napoleon 5-centime coin (in bell metal ) and Napoleon and Restoration 1-décime coins were minted. Most pre-decimal silver
7031-550: Was clear that the speaker did not mean 1,000 new francs. The expression "heavy franc" ( franc lourd ) was also commonly used to designate the new franc. All franc coins and banknotes ceased to be legal tender in January 2002, upon the official adoption of the Euro . From 1 January 1999, the value exchange rate of the French franc against the Euro was set at a fixed parity of €1 = 6.55957 F. Euro coins and notes replaced
7120-407: Was continued for a few years before the currency returned to being simply the franc. Many French residents, though, continued to quote prices of especially expensive items in terms of the old franc (equivalent to the new centime ), up to and even after the introduction of the euro (for coins and banknotes) in 2002. The French franc was a commonly held international reserve currency of reference in
7209-468: Was lagging land-based aircraft; seeking to spur amphibious aircraft development, capable of reliable operation, extended range, and reasonable payload capacity, he announced the annual Schneider Trophy competition at a race banquet on 5 December, to cover a distance of at least 150 nautical miles (280 km; 170 mi). The first competition was held on 16 April 1913, at Monaco , consisting of six laps, 300 kilometres (190 mi) distance in total. It
7298-487: Was minted at 64 to a French Mark, 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 karats or 15 ⁄ 16 fine (hence 3.585 g per écu). The gros and the écu compared favourably with England's 2-pence coin of 1.8 g silver and 40-pence ( 1 ⁄ 6 th of a pound) half-noble coin of 3.48 g gold, resulting in an approximate exchange rate of 1 pound sterling to six Livres Parisis. Peace in the Burgundian Netherlands after
7387-468: Was not able to strike enough francs to pay his ransom and he voluntarily returned to English captivity. John II died as a prisoner in England and his son Charles V was left to pick up the pieces. Charles V pursued a policy of reform, including stable coinage. An edict dated 20 April 1365 established the centrepiece of this policy, a gold coin officially called the denier d'or aux fleurs de lis which had
7476-429: Was now on offer, meant that the entry list for the race was large enough to warrant the introduction of heats from 1985 onwards. (There were 62 entrants to the 1984 race, believed at the time to be the largest-ever in all forms of air racing.) The event received further boosts in 1986, when it was started by Prince Andrew, Duke of York and his fiancée Sarah Ferguson; in 1987, when the event was featured as one episode in
7565-648: Was raised in value from 25 to 37 + 1 ⁄ 2 sols Parisis (or 31 + 1 ⁄ 4 to approximately 47 sols Tournois). This 50% advance was also seen in England in 1551 when it raised its troy ounce of sterling silver from 40 to 60 pence, and in the 17th century when Germany raised its one-ounce silver Thaler from 1 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 silver gulden. The 16th century saw the issuance of larger silver coins, first in testoons (9 g fine silver, valued at 11 sols Tournois in 1549), and later on in silver francs (12.3 g fine silver, valued at 1 Livre Tournois in 1577). These French coins, however, were much less popular than
7654-425: Was removed from circulation by 1834. Until they were also demonetized in 1845, 15- and 30-sou coins from 1791-1793 continued to circulate with a value of 0.75 and 1.50 francs, and 18th-century billon coins that had come to be known as “pièces de 6 liards” (originally issued with various values) were valued at 7.5 centimes. A new bronze coinage was introduced from 1848. The Second Republic Monetary Authority minted
7743-522: Was the model for the Louis d'Or – 36 + 1 ⁄ 4 to a French Mark of gold, 11 ⁄ 12 fine (hence 6.189 g fine gold), and valued at 10 livres. France entered another turbulent period during the War of the Spanish Succession from 1701 to 1714, resulting in another debasement of the livre tournois. Under King Louis XV 's reign in 1726 the silver Écu d'Argent was issued at 8.3 to
7832-469: Was won by Maurice Prévost , piloting a French Deperdussin Monocoque (Coupe Schneider) at an average speed of 73.56 km/h (45.71 mph). Although Prévost had averaged a faster flying speed, he lost 50 minutes when he landed prematurely after losing count of the laps completed. All four entrants were flying French-made aircraft; two withdrew before completing the race. The British won in 1914 with
7921-587: Was worth less than 2.5% of its 1934 value. During the Nazi occupation of France (1940–44), the franc was a satellite currency of the German Reichsmark . The exchange rate was 20 francs for 1 RM. The coins were changed, with the words Travail, famille, patrie (Work, Family, Fatherland) replacing the Republican triad Liberté, égalité, fraternité (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity), with the emblem of
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